Abstract
This chapter examines media narratives on the incarceration experiences of migrant families in detention centers on the US–Mexico border. Past literature analyses perceptions of migrants as a whole or focuses on adult detainees, being there is a lack of research on perceptions towards migrant children and families. By comparing three major media outlets in the US—CNN, FOX, and CBS—a thematic analysis is conducted to explore (i) how migrants are portrayed, either adults, children or several generations of migrant families, (ii) how their incarceration experiences are conveyed by the media, and (iii) what are the possible differences present in the various media outlets under analysis. We further discuss how the media portrays these different generations of migrants being held in migration detention centers, and how this may impact the public views of migrants.
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This work is financed by national funds through Foundation for Science and Technology within the scope of the project «UIDB / 04647/2020» of CICS.NOVA - Centro Interdisciplinar de Ciências Sociais da Universidade Nova de Lisboa.
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Appendix A: Codebook
Appendix A: Codebook
Pre-categories | Categories | Sub-categories |
|---|---|---|
A. Perceptions of Migrants Before their Detainment | A.1 Perceived as Financially Burdensome | A.1.1 Adults |
A.1.2 Children | ||
A.2 Perceived as bad parents | ||
A.3 Perceived as Innocent | ||
A.4 Perceived as Criminal | ||
A.5 Racism and xenophobia against migrants | ||
B. Detainment Conditions | B.1 Physical and Sanitation Conditions | B.1.1 Adults |
B.1.2 Children | ||
B.2 Medical Conditions | B.2.1 Adults | |
B.2.2 Children | ||
C. Neglect and Abuse Against Migrants | C.1 Death | C.1.1 Adults |
C.1.2 Children | ||
C.2 Abuse | C.2.1 Adults | |
C.2.2 Children | ||
C.3 Sex Crimes | C.3.1 Adults | |
C.3.2 Children | ||
D. Excuses towards detainment conditions | D.1 Overwhelmed | |
D.2 False Claims | ||
D.3 Good Conditions | ||
E. Legal Perceptions | E.1 Legal Interpretations | |
E.2 Reproductive Rights | ||
A. Perceptions of Migrants Before their Detainment—any recording unites about perceptions of the migrants before they were detained. This category excludes any perceptions about migrants after or during their detainment.
A.1 Perceived as Financially Burdensome: any discussion of immigrant-costs that are seen as burdensome. This could include poor funding for training guards, implementing positive practices, etc., or could also include justifications for having poor conditions.
-
A.1.1 Adults—any references about the financial burden caused by adult migrants.
-
A.1.2 Children—any references about the financial burden caused by child migrants.
A.2 Perceived as bad parents: migrant parents who are depicted through a narrative of being bad parents and/or criminal for transporting themselves and child/family are included in this category. This also includes narratives of parents (fathers and mothers) that villainize them as a parent for transporting children across Central America and over the US–Mexico border.
A.3 Perceived as Innocent: narrative that focuses on immigrant children that are depicted as fragile or helpless at any point while immigrating to the US. This can include stories of their immigration, detainment, family-separation, death, etc.
A.4 Perceived as Criminal: category includes all references criminalizing migrants (socially and/or legally) for any prior criminal action or for entering the country “illegally.”
A.5 Racism and xenophobia against migrants: any narrative that would categorize an immigrant(s) as an “out-group” that does not belong in the US for any reason. This can include hate-speech, racist speech directed at the migrants or about them.
B. Detainment Conditions—any recording units referring the physical, sanitation, or medical conditions the migrants have to endure.
B.1 Physical and Sanitation Conditions: physical and sanitation conditions which are being experienced by the migrants or are conditions which are listed that explain or depict the environment of a detainment facility or its sanitary upkeep. These conditions are not forced (abuse) but can be the result of non-abusive neglect. Non-abusive neglect would be defined as neglect that does not cause immediate physical harm. Examples include references to poor collective hygiene, dirty, or otherwise unsanitary practices; sleeping conditions; characterization of the cells; etc.
-
B.1.1 Adults—all references to physical and sanitation conditions of facilities for adults.
-
B.1.2 Children—all references to physical and sanitation conditions of facilities for children.
B.2 Medical Conditions: illnesses, poor personal hygiene, and any other form of “sicknesses” applies to this category. This category does not pertain to sanitary conditions or dirtiness/ “sickness” from being unsanitary. Medical conditions are viruses or bacterial infections, not the feeling of being sick from unsanitary or dirty conditions.
-
B.2.1 Adults—all references to medical conditions of facilities for adults or medical treatment of adults.
-
B.2.2 Children—all references to medical conditions of facilities for children or medical treatment of children.
C. Neglect and Abuse Against Migrants—any reports of behaviors against migrants that resulted in their death, physical or psychological abuse, exploitation, or sexual harassment or assault
C.1 Death: any death of a migrant while in custody or while detained.
-
C.1.1 Adults—reports of the death of adult migrants.
-
C.1.2 Children—reports of the death of child migrants.
C.2 Abuse: any reference to physical or psychological abuse, or exploitation against detained migrants. This category includes specifically all references to forceful neglect or physical harm/abuse done to migrants by guards or other law enforcement, any psychological abuse done to migrants by guards or other law enforcement, and exploitation practices against migrants. Examples include physical force against migrants, forcing them to drink from toilets, insulting migrants, forcing them to work for very low or no wages, etc.
-
C.2.1 Adults—any reference to abuse (as defined above) perpetrated against adult migrants.
-
C.2.2 Children—any reference to abuse (as defined above) perpetrated against child migrants.
C.3 Sex Crimes: sexual harassment, sexual assault or abuse, and rape of any immigrant while in custody or while detained.
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C.3.1 Adults—any reference to sex crimes perpetrated against adult migrants.
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C.3.2 Children—any reference to sex crimes perpetrated against child migrants.
D. Excuses towards detainment conditions—any excuses made by the government, agencies, shelters and detention centers, guards or any staff in official capacity aiming at providing an excuse or justifying the mistreatment of migrants, claiming their statements or those of witnesses are false, or statements claiming these detainment centers have good conditions for housing migrants.
D. 1 Overwhelmed: Any references too how the system is overwhelmed and does not have the capacity or resources to house or care for migrants. Specifically, this category applies to any strain that migration puts on the system, to include individuals singularly or the general notation of the mass influx overtime (but not influx from a particular group of migrants) and its effect on the US.
D.2 False Claims: this category includes all references to any statements made by migrants or witnesses about the entry into the US, detainment experiences or legal process as being false and unjustified or unfair.
D.3 Good Conditions: this excuse is produced by law enforcement or members of the government (not migrants) that insist conditions in custody or detainment centers are “good.” This would not be applicable for any narrative that would question the care or service provided at detainment facilities.
E. Legal Perceptions—any references to legal action, concerns, policy or enterprise undertaken regarding the regulation of the migrant’s detention, or their rights while detained.
E.1 Legal Interpretations: any interpretation provided by a court of law or legal counsel. This did not include the blatant mention of law, attorneys, court, or any specific immigrant trial.
E.2 Reproductive Rights: any mention of reproductive rights or access to an abortion is applicable to this category. This can include commentary on reproductive rights, individual immigrant accounts, politicians, legal and political institutions, as well as any other discourse on reproductive rights.
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Mills, J., Oliveira, R., Gomes, S. (2022). Lives in Cages: A Media Analysis of Incarceration Experiences Across Generations on the US-Mexico Border. In: Gomes, S., Carvalho, M.J.L.d., Duarte, V. (eds) Incarceration and Generation, Volume II. Palgrave Studies in Prisons and Penology. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82276-7_8
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