Abstract
This chapter provides insights into women entrepreneurship in the United Republic of Tanzania (URT). Authors provide an introduction and background of women entrepreneurship in Tanzania with the historical overview of sociopolitical and economic development as well as the general entrepreneurial ecosystem. Government initiatives and policies for promoting women entrepreneurship within the country have been discussed together with some highlights of Tanzanian women entrepreneurship towards the future.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Acs, Z. Arenius, P., Hay, M, & Minnitti, M. (2005). Global entrepreneurship monitor 2004 executive report. Babson College and London Business School, US and UK.
Amine, L. S., & Staub, K. M. (2009). Women entrepreneurs in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Institutional theory analysis from a social marketing point of view. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 21(2), 183–211.
Anna, A. L., Chandler, G. N., Jansen, E., & Mero, N. P. (2000). Women business owners in traditional and non-traditional industries. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(3), 279–303.
Blanc, X. (1997). Industrial change under structural adjustment: Tanzania 1993–96. Centre for International Business Research.
Brindley, C. (2005). Barriers to women achieving their entrepreneurial potential: Women and risk. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 11(2), 144–161.
Canning, D., Sangeeta, R., & Abdo, Y. S. (2015). “Africa’s demographic transition: Dividend or disaster?” Africa development forum. World Bank; and Agence Française de Développement. World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/22036
Calice, P., Victor, M. C., & Sofiane, S. (2012). Bank Financing to small and medium enterprises in East Africa: Findings of a survey in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia. Working Paper Series, Working Papers. Retrieved December 11, 2020, from http://www.afdb.org
Carter, S., & Shaw, E. (2006). Women’s business ownership: Recent research and policy developments (pp. 1–96). DTI Small Business Service Research Report, London, November.
CEDAW Committee. (2017). General recommendation No.35 on gender-based violence against women, updating general recommendations No.19. Retrieved March, 2021, from https://www.right-to-education.org/resource/cedaw-general-recommendation-35-gender-based-violence-against-women-updating-general
Convention on Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). (2000). Committee in the elimination of discrimination against Women. United Nation Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women. Retrieved July 23, 2020, from http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/22sess.htm
Cornia, G. A., Van der Hoeven, R., & Makandawire, T. (1992). Africa’s recovery in the 1990s: From stagnation and adjustment to human development. St. Martin’s Press.
Elder, S., & Kone, K. (2014). Labour market transitions of young women and men in sub-Saharan Africa. International Labour Organization Work4Youth Publication Series No.9. International Labour Organisation (ILO), Geneva.
Ellis, A., Mark, B., Jozefina, C., & Holger, S., (2007). Gender and economic growth in Tanzanian: Creating opportunities for women. World Bank Report, Washington DC.
Fike, R. (2017). Adjusting for gender disparity in economic freedom and why it matters. In J. Gwartney, R. Lawson, & J. Hall (Eds.), Economic freedom of the world (pp. 189–211). Fraser Institute.
Gwartney, J., Lawson, R., Hall, J., Murphy, R., Berggren, N., McMahon, F., & Nilsson, T. (2020). Economic freedom of the world: Annual report 2020. Fraser Institute, Vancouver, Canada.
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). (2019). GEM 2018/2019 global report. Retrieved March 15, 2021, from https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2018-2019-global-report
Henry, C., Orser, B., Coleman, S., Foss, L., & Welter, F. (2017). Women entrepreneurship policy: A 13cross-country comparison. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 9(3), 206–228.
Idris, I. (2018). Mapping women’s economic exclusion in Tanzania. K4D Helpdesk Report. Institute of Development Studies. Brighton, United Kingdom.
ILO. (2007, June). Conclusions concerning the promotion of sustainable enterprises. International Labour Office.
International Finance Corporation (IFC). (2005). SMEs access to finance. IFC, World Bank Group.
International Labour Organization (ILO). (2003). Tanzanian women entrepreneurs: Going for growth: Jobs, gender and small enterprises in Africa. International Labour Organization (ILO).
International Labour Organisation (ILO). (2017). Gender in employment policies and programmes: What works for women?. Employment Working Paper No. 325, International Labour Office, Geneva.
Isaga, N. (2018). The relationship of personality to cognitive characteristics and SME performance in Tanzania. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 25(4), 667–686.
Isenberg, J. G. (2010). The big idea: How to start an entrepreneurial revolution. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved June 25, 2021, from https://hbr.org/2010/06/the-big-idea-how-to-start-anentrepreneurial-revolution
Isenberg, D. (2014). What an entrepreneurship ecosystem actually is? Harvard Business Review, 5(1), 1–7.
Jennings, J. E., & Brush, C. G. (2013). Research on women entrepreneurs: Challenges to (and from) the broader entrepreneurship literature? The Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), 663–715.
Kahama, C. G., Maliyamkono, T. L., & Stuart, W. (1986). The challenge for Tanzania’s economy. Tanzania Publishing House.
Kirumba, E. (2005). Tanzania’s SME policy policies and policy formulation in SADC countries, Part. II. Tanzania Publishing House.
Kuzilwa, J. A. (2005). The role of credit for small business success: A study of the national entrepreneurship development fund in Tanzania. Journal of Entrepreneurship, 14(2), 131–161.
Leitch, C., Welter, F., & Henry, C. (2018). Women entrepreneurs’ financing revisited: Taking stock and looking forward. Venture Capital, 20(2), 103–114.
Makombe, I. A. M. (2006). Women entrepreneurship development and empowerment in Tanzania: The case of SIDO/UNIDO-supported women micro-entrepreneurs in the food processing sector. Research Report No.99.1. Dar es Salaam: Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA). Tanzania.
Mboya, S., Bagachwa, D., Mbelle, A., & Van Arkadie, B. (1992). Market reforms and parastatal restructuring in Tanzania. University of Dar es Salaam.
McMahon, R. G. P. (2001). Growth and performance of manufacturing SMEs: The influence of financial management characteristics. International Small Business Journal, 19(3), 10–28.
McPherson, M. A. (1996). Growth of micro and small enterprises in Southern Africa. Journal of Development Economics, 48(2), 253–277.
Mfaume, R. M., & Leonard, W. (2004). Small business entrepreneurship in Dar es Salaam -Tanzania: Exploring problems and prospects for future development. Forum Paper at African development and poverty reduction: The macro-micro linkage, Somerset West, South Africa, 13–15 October.
Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs. (2010). Tanzania gender indicators booklet 2010. Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) on behalf of: Poverty Eradication and Economic Empowerment Division, Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs.
Ministry of Industry and Trade (MIT). (2012). Small and medium enterprises development policy 2002–2012. Ministry of Industry and Trade (MIT).
Mori, N. (2014). Women’s entrepreneurship development in Tanzania: Insights and recommendations. International Labour Office.
Naegels, V., Mori, N., & D’Espallier, B. (2018). An institutional view on access to finance by Tanzanian women-owned enterprises. Venture Capital, 20(2), 191–210.
National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). (2014). Tanzania United Republic of—Integrated labour force survey 2014: Analytical Report. National Bureau of Statistics, Tanzania.
Nkya, E. J. (2003). Institutional barriers to small-scale business development: A need for flexibility in Tanzanian tax regulatory systems. Journal of Entrepreneurship, 12(1), 43–73.
Nziku, D. (2014). Tanzania female entrepreneurship: Strategies for sustainability and growth (Doctoral Thesis). Southampton Solent University. United Kingdom.
Nziku, D. (2016). Strategies and policies influencing entrepreneurship start-up decisions: Evidence from Tanzania. In C. Diaz-Garcia, C. G. Brush, E. J. Gatewood, & F. Welter (Eds.), Women’s entrepreneurship in global and local contexts. Cheltenham, UK.
Nziku, D. M., & Henry, C. (2020). Policies for supporting women entrepreneurs in developing countries: The case of Tanzania. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy. https://www.emerald.com/insight/2045-2101.html
Nziku, M. D. (2012). Tanzanian education and entrepreneurial influence among females. Journal of Women’s Entrepreneurship and Education, 1(2), 52–73.
Nziku, M. D. (2018). Tanzanian women entrepreneurship: Does SMEs strategies contribute to women entrepreneurship policy. Full Paper Presented at the Institute of Small Business and Enterprise (ISBE): Birmingham 7th–8th November.
Nziku, M. D., & Struthers, J. J. (2018). Female entrepreneurship in Africa: Strength of Weak Ties in Mitigating Principal-Agent Problems. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, (25)3, 349–367. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-03-2017-0115
Ojong, N., Simba, A., & Dana, L.-P. (2021). Female entrepreneurship in Africa: A review, trends, and future research directions. Journal of Business Research, 132(2021), 233–248.
Olomi, D. R. (2001). Entrepreneurial motivation in a developing country context-incidence-antecedents, and consequences of growth-seeking behaviour among Tanzanian owner-manager (PhD. Thesis). University of Dar es Salaam.
Olomi, D. R. (2009). African entrepreneurship and small business development: Context and process. Otme.
Palalic, R., Knezovic, E., & Dana, L.-P. (2020). Women’s entrepreneurship in Former Yugoslavia. Springer.
Ramadani, V., Dana, L.-P., Sadiku-Dushi, N., Ratten, V., & Welsh, D. H. B. (2017). Decision-making challenges of women entrepreneurs in the family business succession process. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 24(4), 411–439.
Ramadani, V., Hisrich, R. D., Dana, L. P., Palalic, R., & Panthi, L. (2019). Beekeeping as a family artisan entrepreneurship business. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research., 25(4), 717–730.
Ramadani, V., Gërguri, S., Dana, L.-P., & Tašaminova, T. (2013). Women entrepreneurs in the Republic of Macedonia: Waiting for directions. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 19(1), 95–121.
Ramadani, V., Hisrich, R., & Gerguri-Rashiti, S. (2015). Female entrepreneurs in Transition Economies: Insights from Albania, Macedonia and Kosovo. World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 11(4), 391–413.
Ramadani, V., Memili, E., Palalic, R., & Chang, E. (2020). Entrepreneurial family BUSINESSES: Innovation, governance, and succession. Springer.
Rao, S. (2014). Nurturing entrepreneurial women: Insights from a developing country. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 6(3), 268–297.
Robinson, M. (2001). The microfinance revolution: Sustainable finance for the poor. World Bank.
Rweyemamu, J. (1979). The historical and institutional setting of Tanzanian industry. Papers on the Political Economy of Tanzania, Heinemann: London.
Satta, T. A. (2004). An assessment of the business environment for micro and small-scale enterprises in Tanzania. Journal of small Business and Entrepreneurship, 17(3), 205–220.
Spigel, B. (2020). Entrepreneurial ecosystems: Theory, practice and feature. Edwards Elgar.
Ssendi, L., & Anderson, A. R. (2009). Tanzanian micro enterprises and micro finance: The role and impact for poor rural women. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 18(1), 1–9.
Stevenson, L., & St-Onge, A. (2005). Support for growth-oriented women entrepreneurs in Tanzania. International Labour Organization (ILO).
The Six African Development Forum (ADF). (2008). Achieving gender equality and women’s empowerment in Africa: Progress report. United Nations Conference Centre (19th–21st November), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
TIC. (2008). Report on the study of growth and impact of investment in Tanzania. The United Republic of Tanzania (URT)—Tanzania Investment Centre (TIC).
UNCTAD. (2004). World investment report 2004: The shift towards services. New York/Geneva.
UNCTAD. (2018). Entrepreneurship for structural transformation: Beyond business as usual. The Least Developed Countries Report 2018, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), New York and Geneva.
United National Development Programme (UNDP); International Labour Organisation (ILO); United Nations Industry Development Organisation (UNIDO). (2002, December). Roadmap informal sector study for Tanzania mainland: Why MSEs find formalization daunting.
United Nations (UN). (1995) Beijing platform for action. Retrieved June 5, 2021, from http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/platform/plat1.htm
United Nations (UN). (1997, 4–15 Sept). The fourth world conference on women: Action for equality, development and peace Beijing.
United Nations Women. (2016). Empowering young women entrepreneurs in Tanzania. Retrieved February 03, 2021, from https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2016/8/empowering-young-women-entrepreneurs-in-tanzania
United Republic of Tanzania (URT). (1982). Structural Adjustment Programme. Ministry of Economic Affairs and Planning, Dar es Salaam—Tanzania.
United Republic of Tanzania (URT). (1991) National informal sector survey (NISS). Planning Commission, The United Republic of Tanzania (URT), Dar es Salaam—Tanzania.
United Republic of Tanzania (URT). (2001). Draft: Small and medium enterprises development policy 2002–2012. Ministry of Industry and Trade (MIT), Dar es Salaam—Tanzania.
United Republic of Tanzania (URT). (2006). The Regional Commissioner Office Iringa. Retrieved September 5, 2021, from http://www.tanzania.go.tz/regions/IRINGA.pdf
United Republic of Tanzania (URT) Policy. (2002). Ministry of Industry and Trade: Small and medium enterprise development policy. The United Republic of Tanzania (URT).
United Republic of Tanzania (URT). (2003). Small and medium enterprise development policy. Ministry of Industry and Trade, Dar es Salaam.
United Republic of Tanzania (URT). (2007). Poverty and human development report 2007. Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA), Dar es Salaam, Tunizia.
United Republic of Tanzania (URT) Policy. (2002). Ministry of industry and trade: Small and medium enterprise development policy. The United Republic of Tanzania (URT), Dar es Salaam—Tanzania.
University of Dar es Salaam Entrepreneurship Centre (UDEC). (2002). Women entrepreneurs in tanzania. Preliminary Report, Prepared for the ILO Office, Dar es Salaam. Geneva.
Utz, R. J. (2008). Sustaining and sharing economic growth in Tanzania. World Bank Group.
Weiler, S., & Bernasek, A. (2001). Dodging the glass ceiling? Networks and the New wave of women entrepreneurs. The Social Science Journal, 38(1), 85–103.
Women and Work Commission (WWC) (2006). Shaping a fairer future. Women and Equality Unit, DTI, London.
World Bank. (2001). Tanzania at the turn of the century: From reforms to sustained growth and poverty reduction. World Bank, Washington DC.
World Bank. (2007a). Tanzania pilot rural investment climate assessment: Stimulating non-farm micro enterprise growth. Report No. 40108-TZ, Washington DC.
World Bank. (2007b) World development report 2008: Agriculture for development. World Bank, Washington, DC. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/5990
World Bank. (2017). World development report 2017: Governance and the law. World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0950-7
World Bank. (2019). World development report 2019: The changing nature of work. World Bank, Washington, DC. Retrieved January, 2021, from https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2019
World Bank. (2020). World Bank development report: Trading for development in the age of global value chains. World Bank, Washington, DC. Retrieved June, 2021, from https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2020
World Bank. (2009). Tanzania country Brief. World Bank Group, Washington, DC.
World Economic Forum (WEF). (2014). The global competitiveness report 2014–2015. Retrieved December 07, 2020, from https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2014-15.pdf
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nziku, D.M., Ramadani, V., Dana, LP. (2022). Women Entrepreneurs in Tanzania. In: Dabić, M., Dana, LP., Nziku, D.M., Ramadani, V. (eds) Women Entrepreneurs in Sub-Saharan Africa. Contributions to Management Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98966-8_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98966-8_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-98965-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-98966-8
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)