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Early Evolution of the Brain in Primates and Their Close Kin

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Paleoneurology of Amniotes

Abstract

The interpretation of early primate endocasts can be framed around four critical questions: (1) What are accurate estimates of endocranial capacity for known euprimate specimens? (2) What does the available data for stem primates tell us with respect to the earliest phases of primate brain evolution? (3) How should relative brain size be assessed? and (4) What is the appropriate comparative context for interpreting fossil primate endocasts? The widespread availability of CT data has allowed for better estimates of endocranial volume (#1), and for more data from stem primates (#2). From these data it is clear that the earliest primates had brains that were little differentiated in terms of form or size from their ancestors, although there might have been some modest increase in the relative size of the neocortex. Major changes in shape occurred at the euprimate node, with expansions in the temporal and occipital lobes (reflected in an expanded neocortex), and a lack of expansion in the olfactory bulbs. The brain of early fossil euprimates nonetheless still displayed primitive features such as narrow frontal lobes. Questions #3 and #4 remain contentious, although a much-expanded comparative sample of fossil endocasts allows for new perspectives on these issues.

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Acknowledgments

Thanks to M. Orliac for providing the stl file for Plesiadapis tricuspidens used to generate the relevant part of Fig. 12.2, and to E.C. Kirk for providing images of Rooneyia. We are also thankful to T.E. Macrini and two anonymous reviewers for comments that substantially improved this paper. Support from an NSERC Discovery Grant to MTS; Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions: Individual Fellowship (H2020-MSCA-IF-2018-2020; No. 792611) to OCB; and a Kalbfleisch Postdoctoral Research Fellowship to SLT.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Mary T. Silcox, Madlen M. Lang & Gabriela A. San Martin-Flores

  2. School of Geosciences, Grant Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland

    Ornella C. Bertrand

  3. Department of Biology, Dixie State University, St. George, UT, USA

    Arianna R. Harrington

  4. Southern Utah University, Cedar City, USA

    Arianna R. Harrington

  5. Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

    Sergi López-Torres

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Correspondence to Mary T. Silcox .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto Patagónico de Geología y Paleontología, CCT CONICET-CENPAT, Puerto Madryn, Argentina

    María Teresa Dozo

  2. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina

    Ariana Paulina-Carabajal

  3. Department of Biological Sciences, St. Mary’s University, San Antonio, TX, USA

    Thomas E. Macrini

  4. National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK

    Stig Walsh

12.1 Electronic Supplementary Material(s)

Fig. 12.S1

Visualization of ancestral state reconstruction for all species analyzed (same tree as in Fig. 12.6 but at the species level). See Fig. 12.6 caption for colour scheme and references (ZIP 6676 kb)

Table 12.S1

Data used for the analysis of EQ (Sect. 12.4.2; Fig. 12.6, 12.S1 and Table 12.2) (XLSX 75 kb)

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Silcox, M.T., Bertrand, O.C., Harrington, A.R., Lang, M.M., San Martin-Flores, G.A., López-Torres, S. (2023). Early Evolution of the Brain in Primates and Their Close Kin. In: Dozo, M.T., Paulina-Carabajal, A., Macrini, T.E., Walsh, S. (eds) Paleoneurology of Amniotes . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13983-3_12

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