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Mesenteric Microbiology and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Improved Understanding Due to Accelerating Innovation and Sophistication of Molecular Technology

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The Mesentery and Inflammation

Part of the book series: Progress in Inflammation Research ((PIR,volume 90))

Abstract

It is incontrovertible that relationships exist between the intestinal microbiome and intestinal structure, function, health and disease. Understanding these relationships has been enabled through the evolution of microbiology techniques; from growth and enumeration using media selective for specific species to current exploitation of technologies that allow insight regarding the dialogue between complex microbial communities and host responses. In the context of inflammatory bowel disease, most initial microbiology studies involved analysis of stool or excreted mucus samples, in essence reflective of luminal contents transiting the intestinal environment. Endoscopy, biopsies and availability of resected intestinal tissues further enhanced the analysis. However, the majority of studies were observational and, in many cases, attempted to determine cause or effect interactions between predetermined species, mainly bacteria, inflammation or beneficial/probiotic characteristics. Exceptions to this approach included use of denaturing gradient or temperature gradient electrophoresis and shotgun sequencing approaches that facilitated characterisation of subsets of microbial communities. Notably, these advances explored the intestinal mesentery rarely and, when performed, investigations concentrated on adipose components and, as with prior studies on luminal contents or mucus-adhering microflora, failed to determine whether the presence of bacteria was due to passive or active translocation processes or whether detected microbial profiles were unambiguously characteristic of either Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC). We have employed next-generation sequencing of bacteria from mesenteric lymph nodes of IBD patients to clarify these questions somewhat by differentiating CD and UC unequivocally. We have also employed more sophisticated techniques to elucidate the metagenome of mesenteric lymph nodes and confirmed that the bacterial profiles of CD and UC are discrete and distinctive. Further, we have explored emerging data regarding metagenomic innovations and believe that these bacterial signatures, perhaps combined with complementary assays of systemic biomarkers, may allow resolution of the issue of unclassified IBD (IBDU) and selection of optimal therapeutic and/or surgical approaches.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the work of the Departments of Gastroenterology and Surgery at University Hospital Limerick and that of the technician team at the School of Medicine, University of Limerick.

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No funding.

Authors’ Contribution Statement Using CRediT with Degree of Contribution

MK: Writing—original draft (equal); Writing—review and editing (supporting), Data curation (equal); Methodology (equal). SSD: Writing—original draft (supporting); Writing—review and editing (supporting). KM: Writing—review and editing (supporting), Methodology (supporting). PJ: Writing—review and editing (supporting), Data curation (supporting); Methodology (supporting). BG: Conceptualization (supporting); review and editing (supporting). TT: Methodology (supporting); review and editing (supporting). SK: Conceptualization (supporting); Writing—original draft (supporting); review and editing (supporting). JCC: Writing—review and editing (supporting), Data curation (supporting); Methodology (supporting). CPD: Conceptualization (lead); Writing—original draft (lead); Data curation (lead); Methodology (lead); Writing—review and editing (lead).

Compliance with Ethical Standards

The work presented here has been approved by the appropriate institutional ethics committee and has been performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from individual participants.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organisation or entity with any financial interest, or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials directly or indirectly related to the work submitted for publication.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland

    Miranda G. Kiernan, Suzanne Shine Dunne, Kieran McDermott, J. Calvin Coffey & Colum P. Dunne

  2. Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (4i), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland

    Kieran McDermott, Phil Jakeman & Colum P. Dunne

  3. Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland

    Phil Jakeman

  4. School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK

    Brendan Gilmore, Thomas P. Thompson & Stephen Kelly

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    J. Calvin Coffey

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Kiernan, M.G. et al. (2023). Mesenteric Microbiology and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Improved Understanding Due to Accelerating Innovation and Sophistication of Molecular Technology. In: Coffey, J.C. (eds) The Mesentery and Inflammation . Progress in Inflammation Research, vol 90. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17774-3_7

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