Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Endothelins

  • Chapter
Airways Smooth Muscle: Peptide Receptors, Ion Channels and Signal Transduction

Part of the book series: Respiratory Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy ((RPP))

Abstract

The endothelium is a critical cellular layer in the cardiovascular system which releases a variety of biologically active substances[1,2]. In the 1980s considerable attention in the field of endothelial cell biology was directed towards the isolation and characterization of endotheliumderived modulators of the responsiveness of the underlying vascular smooth muscle. The focus of these studies was on relaxant substances released from the endothelium, such as prostacyclin and, in particular, an unknown material which was designated endothelium-derived relaxing factor or EDRF. Recent research has provided convincing evidence that EDRF is nitric oxide or a nitric oxide-containing moiety [3]. During this period there was limited research and information on endotheliumderived vasoconstrictor substances. However, evidence was provided that thromboxane and superoxide elicited contraction of vascular smooth muscle following their release from the endothelium [1]. Furthermore, two groups of researchers reported that a protease-sensitive material in the supernatant of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells contracted vascular smooth muscle [4–6]. This suggested the presence of a vasoconstrictor peptide that was released from the endothelium.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Furchgott RF, Vanhoutte PM. Endothelium-derived relaxing and contracting factors. FASEB J. 1989; 3: 2007–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Löscher TF. Endothelium-derived relaxing and contracting factors: potential role in coronary artery disease. Eur. Heart J. 1989; 10: 847–57.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Moncada S, Palmer RMJ, Higgs, EA. Nitric oxide: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Pharmacology. Pharmacol. Rev. 1991; 43: 109–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Hickey KA, Rubanyi G, Paul RJ, Highsmith RF. Characterization of a coronary vasoconstrictor produced by cultured endothelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 1985; 248: C550–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Gillespie MN, Owasoyo JO, McMurtry IF, O’Brien RF. Sustained coronary vasoconstriction provoked by a peptidergic substance released from endothelial cells in culture. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1986; 236: 339–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. O’Brien RF, Robbins RJ, McMurtry IF. Endothelial cells in culture produce a vasoconstrictor substance. J. Cell Physiol. 1987; 132: 263–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Yanagisawa M, Kurihara H, Kimura S, Tomobe Y, Kobayashi M, Mitsui Y et al A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature 1988; 322: 411–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Inoue A, Yangisawa M, Kimura S, Kasuya Y, Miyauchi T, Goto K et al The human endothelin family: three structurally and pharmacologically distinct isopeptides predicted by three separate genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1989; 86: 2863–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Bloch KD, Friedrich SP, Lee M-E, Eddy RL, Shows TB, Quetermous T. Structural organization and chromosomal assignment of the gene encoding endothelin. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 264: 10851–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Bloch KD, Hong CC, Eddy RL, Shows TB, Quertermous T. eDNA cloning and chromosomal assignment of the endothelin 2 gene: Vasoactive intestinal contractor peptide is rat endothelin 2. Genomics 1991; 10: 236–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Bloch KD, Eddy RL, Shows TB, Quertermous T. cDNA cloning and chromosomal assignment of the gene encoding endothelin 3. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 264: 18156–61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Yanagisawa M, Masaki T. Endothelin, a novel endothelium-derived peptide. Pharmacological activities, regulation and possible roles in cardiovascular control. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1989; 38: 1877–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Yanagisawa M, Masaki T. Molecular biology and biochemistry of the endothelins. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 1989; 10: 374–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Masaki T, Yanagisawa M, Goto K. Physiology and pharmacology of endothelins. Medicinal Res. Rev. 1992; 12: 391–421.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Kitamura K, Tanaka T, Kata J, Eto T, Tanaka K. Regional distribution of immunoreactive endothelin in porcine tissue: abundance in inner medulla of kidney. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1989; 161: 348–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Matsumoto H, Suzuki N, Onda H, Funjo M. Abundance of endothelin-3 in rat intestine, pituitary gland and brain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1989; 164: 74–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Pernow J, Hemsén A. Lundberg JM. Tissue specific distribution, clearance and vascular effects of endothelin in the pig. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1989; 161: 647–53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Yoshimi H, Hirata Y, Fukuda Y, Kawano Y, Emori T, Kuramochi M et al Regional distribution of immunoreactive endothelin in rats. Peptides 1989; 10: 805–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Nunez DJR, Brown MJ, Davenport AP, Neylon CB, Schofield JP, Wyse RK. Endothelin-1 mRNA is widely expressed in porcine and human tissues. J. Clin. Invest. 1989; 85: 1537–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Rozengurt N, Springall DR, Polak JM. Localization of endothelin-like immunoreactivity in airway epithelium of rats and mice. J. Pathol. 1990; 707: 5–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Rennick RE, Loesch A, Burnstock G. Endothelin, vasopressin, and substance P like immunoreactivity in cultured and intact epithelium from rabbit trachea. Thorax 1992; 47: 1044–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. MacCumber MW, Ross CA, Glaser BM, Snyder SH. Endothelin: visualization of mRNAs by in situ hybridization provides evidence for local action. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1989; 86: 7285–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Giaid A, Polak JM, Gaitonde V, Hamid QA, Moscoso G, Legon S et al Distribution of endothelin-like immunoreactivity and mRNA in the developing and adult human lung. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 1991; 4: 50–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Ehrenreich H, Anderson RW, Fox CH, Rieckmann P, Hoffman GS, Travis WD et al Endothelins, peptides with potent vasoactive properties, are produced by human macrophages. J. Exp. Med. 1990; 172: 1741–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Ehrenreich H, Burd PR, Rottem M, Milner L, Hylton JB, Garfield M et al. Endothelins belong to the assortment of mast cell-derived and mast cell-bound cytokines. New Biologist 1992; 4: 147–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Itoh Y, Yanagisawa M, Ohkubo S, Kimura C, Kosaka T, Inoue A et al. Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA encoding the precursor of a human endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor peptide, endothelin: identity of human and porcine endothelin. FEBS Letts. 1988; 231: 440–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Emori T, Hirata Y, Ohta K, Shichiri M, Shimokado K, Marumo F. Concomitant secretion of big endothelin and its C-terminal fragment from human and bovine endothelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1989; 162: 217–23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Sawamura T, Kimura S, Shinmi O, Sugita Y, Yanagisawa M, Masaki T. Analysis of endothelin related peptides in culture supernatant of porcine aortic endothelial cells: evidence for biosynthetic pathway of endothelin-1. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1989; 162: 1287–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Miyauchi T, Yanagisawa M, Tomizawa T, Sugishita Y, Suzuki N, Funino M et al. Increased plasma concentration of endothelin-1 and big endothelin-1 in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1989; 2: 53–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Kashiwabara T, Inagaki Y, Ohta H, Iwamatsu A, Nomizu M, Morita A et al. Putative precursors of endothelin have less vasoconstrictor activity in vitro but a potent pressor effect in vivo. FEBS Letts. 1989; 247: 73–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Kimura S, Kaysuya Y, Sawamura T, Shinmi O, Sugita Y, Yanagisawa M et al Conversion of big endothelin-1 to 21-residue endothelin-1 is essential for expression of full vasoconstrictor activity: structure-activity relationships of big endothelin-1. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 1989; 13 (Suppl. 5): S5 - S7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Opgenorth TJ, Wu-Wong JR, Shiosaki K. Endothelin-converting enzymes. FASEB J. 1992; 6: 2653–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Takaoka M, Shiragami K, Fujino K, Miki K, Miyake Y, Yasuda M et al Phosphoramidon-sensitive endothelin converting enzyme in rat lung. Biochem. Internat. 1991; 25: 697–704.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Sawamura, T, Shinmi O, Kishi N, Sugita Y, Yanagisawa M, Goto K et al Characterization of phosphoramidon-sensitive metalloproteinases with endothelin-converting enzyme activity in porcine lung membrane. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1993; 1161: 295–302.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Takahashi M, Matsushita Y, lijima Y, Tanzawa K. Purification and characterization of endothelin-converting enzyme from rat lung. J. Biol. Chem. 1993; 268: 21394–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Gui G, Xu D, Emoto N, Yanagisawa M. Intracellular localization of membane-bound endothelin-converting enzyme from rat lung. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 1993; 22 (Suppl. 8): S53–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. D’Orléans-Juste P, Télémaque S, Claing A. Different pharmacological profiles of big-endothelin-3 and big-endothelin-1 in vivo and in vitro. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1991; 104: 440–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Ishikawa S, Tsukada H, Yuasa H, Fukue M, Wei S, Onizuka M et al. Effects of endothelin-1 and conversion of big endothelin-1 in the isolated perfused rabbit lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 1992; 72: 2387–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Pons F, Touvay C, Lagente V, Mencia-Huerta JM, Braquet P. Involvement of a phosphoramidon-sensitive endopeptidase in the processing of big endothelin-1 in the guinea-pig. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1992; 217: 65–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Vemulapalli S, Rivelli M, Chiu PJS, del Prado M, Hey JA. Phosphoramidon abolishes the increases in endothelin-1 release induced by ischemia-hypoxia in isolated perfused guinea pig lungs. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 1992; 262: 1062–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Wu-Wong JR, Budzik GP, Devine EM, Opgenorth TJ. Characterization of endothelin converting enzyme in rat lung. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1990; 171: 1291–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Watanabe T, Yokosawa H. The generation of big-endothelin (1–22) (endothelin-valine) from big-endothelin in the soluble fraction of porcine lung. Biochem. Internat. 1992; 27: 1–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Wypij DM, Nichols JS, Novak PJ, Stacy DL, Berman J, Wiseman JS. Role of mast cell chymase in the extracellular processing of big-endothelin-1 to endothelin-1 in the perfused rat lung. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1992; 43: 845–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Schwartz J-C, Costentin J, Lecomte J-M. Pharmacology of enkephalinase inhibitors. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 1985; 6: 472–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Matsumura Y, Fujita K, Takaoka M, Morimoto S. Big endothelin-3-induced hypertension and its inhibition by phosphoramidon in anaesthetized rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1993; 230: 89–93.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Télémaque S, Gratton J-P, Claing A, D’Orleans-Juste P. Pharmacologic evidence for the specificity of the phosphoramidon-sensitive endothelin-converting enzyme for big endothelin-l. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 1993; 22 (Suppl. 8): 585–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Black PM, Ghatei MA, Takahashi K, Bretherton-Watt D, Krausz T, Dollery CT et al Formation of endothelin by cultured airway epithelial cells. FEBS Letts., 1989; 225: 129–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Mattoli S, Mezzetti M, Riva G, Allegra L, Fasoli A. Specific binding of endothelin on human bronchial smooth muscle cells in culture and secretion of endothelin-like material from bronchial epithelial cells. A.. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 1990; 3: 145–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Ninomiya H, Uchida Y, Ishii Y, Nomura A, Kameyama M, Saotome M et al Endotoxin stimulates endothelin release from cultured epithelial cells of guinea-pig trachea. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1991; 203: 299–302.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Endo T, Uchida Y, Matsumoto H, Suzuki N, Nomura A, Hirata F et al Regulation of endothelin-1 synthesis in cultured guinea pig airway epithelial cells by various cytokines. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1992; 186: 1594–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Rennick RE, Milner P, Burnstock G. Thrombin stimulates release of endothelin and vasopressin, but not substance P, from isolated rabbit tracheal epithelial cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1993; 230: 367–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Franco-Cereceda A, Rydh M, Lou Y-P, Dalsgaard C-J, Lundberg JM. Endothelin as a putative sensory neuropeptide in the guinea-pig: different properties in comparison with calcitonin gene-related peptide. Regul. Peptides 1991; 31: 253–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Hay DWP. Guinea-pig tracheal epithelium and endothelin. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1989; 171: 241–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Johnson AR, Asthon J, Schulz WW, Erdös EG. Neutral metalloendopeptidases in human lung tissue and cultured cells. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1985; 132: 564–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Vijayaraghavan J, Scicli AG, Carretero OA, Slaughter C, Moomaw C, Hersh LB. The hydrolysis of endothelins by neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (enkephalinase). J. Biol. Chem. 1990; 265: 14150–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Fagny C, Michel A, Léonard I, Berkenboom G, Fontaine J, Deschodt-Lanckman M. In vitro degradation of endothelin-1 by endopeptidase 24.11 (enkephalinase) Peptides 1991; 12: 773–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Noguchi K, Fukuroda T, Ikeno Y, Hirose H, Tsukada Y, Nishikibe M et al Local formation and degradation of endothelin-1 in guinea pig airway tissues. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1991; 179: 830–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Di Maria GU, Katayama M, Borson DB, Nadel JA. Neutral endopeptidase modulates endothelin-l-induced airway smooth muscle contraction in guinea-pig trachea. Regul. Peptides 1992; 39: 137–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Boichot E, Pons F, Lagente V, Touvay C, Mencia-Huerta JM, Braquet P. Phosphorami-don potentiates the endothelin-l-induced bronchopulmonary response in guinea-pigs. Neurochem. Internat. 1991; 18: 477–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. McKay KO, Black JL, Armour CL. Phosphoramidon potentiates the contractile response to endothelin-3, but not endothelin-1 in isolated airway tissue. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1992; 105: 929–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Candenas M-L, Naline E, Sarnia B, Advenier C. Effect of epithelium removal and of enkephalin inhibition on the bronchoconstrictor response to three endothelins of the human isolated bronchus. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1992; 210: 291–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Yamaguchi T, Kohrogi H, Kawano O, Ando M, Araki S. Neutral endopeptidase inhibitor potentiates endothelin-l-induced airway smooth muscle contraction. J. Appl. Physiol. 1992; 73: 1108–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Murphy LJ, Greenhough KJ, Turner AJ. Processing and metabolism of endothelin peptides by porcine lung membranes. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 1993; 22 (Suppl. 8): S94–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Fagny C, Michel A, Nortier J, Deschodt-Lanckman M. Enzymatic degradation of endothelin-I by activated human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Regul. Peptides 1992; 42: 27–37.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Koseki C, Imai M, Hirata Y, Yanagisawa M, Masaki, T. Autoradiographic distribution in rat tissues of binding sites for endothelin: a neuropeptide ? Am. J. Physiol. 1989; 256: R858–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Shiba R, Yanagisawa M, Miyauchi T, Ishii Y, Kimura S, Uchiyama Y et al Elimination of intravenously injected endothelin-1 from the circulation of the rat. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 1989; 13 (Suppl. 5): S98–101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Sirviö M-L, Metsärinne K, Saijonmaa O, Fyhrquist F. Tissue distribution and half-life of 1251-endothelin in the rat: importance of pulmonary clearance. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1990; 167: 1191–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. De Nucci G, Thomas R, D’Orleans-Juste P, Antunes E, Walder C, Warner TD et al. Pressor effects of circulating endothelin are limited by its removal in the pulmonary circulation and by the release of prostacyclin and endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1988; 85: 9797–800.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Rimar S, Gillis CN. Differential uptake of endothelin-1 by the coronary and pulmonary circulations. J. Appl. Physiol. 1992; 73: 557–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Wagner OF, Vierhapper H, Gasic S, Nowotny P, Waldhäusl W. Regional effects and clearance of endothelin-1 across pulmonary and splanchnic circulation. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 1992; 22: 277–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Weitzberg E, Ahlborg G, Lundberg JM. Differences in vascular effects and removal of endothelin-I in human lung, brain, and skeletal muscle. Clin. Physiol. 1993; 13: 65362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Ray SG, McMurray JJ, Morton JJ, Dargie HJ. Circulating endothelin is not extracted by the pulmonary circulation in man. Chest 1992; 102: 1143–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Sakurai T, Yanagisawa M, Masaki T. Molecular characterization of endothelin receptors. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 1992; 13: 103–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Masaki T, Kimura S, Yanagisawa M, Goto K. Molecular and cellular mechanism of endothelin regulation. Implications for vascular function. Circulation 1989; 30: 219–33.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Warner TD, de Nucci G, Vane JR. Rat endothelin is a vasodilator in the isolated perfused mesentery of the rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1989; 159: 325–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Yanagisawa M, Inoue A, Ishikawa T, Kasuya Y, Kimura S, Kumagaye S-I et al. Primary structure, synthesis and biological activity of rat endothelin, an endothelinderived vasoconstrictor peptide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1988; 85: 6964–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Masuda Y, Miyazaki H, Kondoh M, Watanabe H, Yanagisawa M, Masaki T et al. Two different forms of endothelin receptors in rat lung. FEBS Letts. 1989; 257: 208–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Takayanagi R, Ohnaka K, Takasaki C, Ohashi M, Nawata H. Multiple subtypes of endothelin receptors in porcine tissues: characterization by ligand binding, affinity labeling and regional distribution. Regul. Peptides 1991; 32: 23–37.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Kundu GC, Misono KS Affinity labeling of endothelin receptors in bovine and rat lung membranes by Nr9-azidobenzoyl-125I-endothelin-1. Mol. Cell. Endocrin. 1991; 79: 85–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Arai H, Hori S, Aramori I, Ohkubo H, Nakanishi S. Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding and endothelin receptor. Nature Lond. 1990; 348: 730–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Sakurai T, Yanagisawa M, Takuwa Y, Miyazaki H, Kimura S, Goto K et al. Cloning of a cDNA encoding a non-isopeptide-selective subtype of the endothelin receptor. Nature 1990; 348: 732–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Sakamoto A, Yanagisawa M, Sakurai T, Takuwa Y, Yanagisawa H, Masaki T. Cloning and functional expression of human cDNA for the ETB endothelin receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1991; 178: 656–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Martin ER, Brenner BM, Ballermann BJ. Heterogeneity of cell surface endothelin receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 1990; 265: 14044–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Samson WK, Skala KD, Alexander BD, Huang F-LS. Pituitary site of action of endothelin: selective inhibition of prolactin release in vitro. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1990; 169: 737–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Karne S, Jayawickreme CK, Lerner MR. Cloning and characterization of an endothelin3 specific receptor (ETc Receptor) from Xenopus laevis dermal melanophores. J. Biol. Chem. 1993; 268: 19126–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Adachi M, Yang Y-Y, Furuichi Y, Miyamoto C. Cloning and characterization of cDNA encoding human A-type endothelin receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1991; 180: 1265–72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Cyr C, Huebner K, Druck T, Kris R. Cloning and chromosomal localization of a human endothelin ETA receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1991; 181: 184–90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Hosoda K, Nakao K, Arai-H, Suga S-i, Ogawa Y, Mukoyama M et al. Cloning and expression of human endothelin-1 receptor cDNA. FEBS Letts. 1991; 287: 23–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Nakamuta, M, Takayanagi R, Sakai Y, Sakamoto S, Hagiwara H, Mizuno T, et al Cloning and sequence analysis of a cDNA encoding human non-selective type of endothelin receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1991; 177: 34–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Ogawa Y, Nakao K, Arai H, Nakagawa O, Hosoda K, Suga S-i et al. Molecular cloning of a non-iosopeptide-selective human endothelin receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1991; 178: 248–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Kondoh M, Miyazaki H, Uchiyama Y, Yanagisawa M, Masaki T, Murakami K. Solubilization of two types of endothelin receptors, ETA and ETB, from rat lung with retention of binding activity. Biomed. Res. 1991; 12: 417–23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Kozuka M, Ito T, Hirose S, Lodhi KM, Hagiwara H. Purification and characterization of bovine lung endothelin receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 1991; 266: 16892–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Hagiwara H, Nagasawa T, Lodhi KM, Kozuka M, Ito T, Hirose S. Affinity chromatographic purification of bovine lung endothelin receptor using biotinylated endothelin and avidin-agarose. J. Chromat. 1992; 597: 331–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Maggi CA, Giuliani S, Patacchini R, Rovero P, Giachetti A, Meli A. The activity of peptides of the endothelin family in various mammalian smooth muscle preparations. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1989; 174: 23–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Maggi CA, Giuliani S, Patacchini R, Santicioli P, Rovero P, Giachetti A. The C-terminal hexapeptide, endothelin-(16–21), discriminates between different endothelin receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1989; 166: 121–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Maggi CA, Giuliani S, Patacchini R, Santicioli P, Giachetti A, Meli A. Further studies on the response of the guinea-pig isolated bronchus to endothelins and sarafotoxin S6b. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1990; 176: 1–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Tschirhart EJ, Drijfhout JW, Pelton JT, Miller RC, Jones CR. Endothelins: functional and autoradiographic studies in guinea pig trachea. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 1991; 258: 381–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Cardell LO, Uddman R, Edvinsson L. Evidence for multiple endothelin receptors in the guinea-pig pulmonary artery and trachea. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1992; 105: 376–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Williams Jr DL, Jones KL, Pettibone DJ, Lis EV, Clineschmidt BV Sarafotoxin S6c: an agonist which distinguishes between endothelin receptor subtypes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1991; 175: 556–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Ihara M, Noguchi K, Saeki T, Fukuroda T, Tsuchida S, Kimura S et al Biological profiles of highly potent novel endothelin antagonists selective for the ETA receptor. Life Sci. 1991; 50: 247–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Sogabe K, Nirei H, Shoubo M, Nomoto A, Henmi K, Notsu Y et al A novel endothelin receptor antagonist: studies with FR 139317. Jap. J. Pharmacol. 1992; 58: 105 P.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Hay, DWP. Pharmacological evidence for distinct endothelin receptors in guinea-pig bronchus and aorta. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1992; 106: 759–61.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Cardell LO, Uddman R, Edvinsson L. A novel ETA-receptor antagonist, FR 139317, inhibits endothelin-induced contractions of guinea-pig pulmonary arteries, but not trachea. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1993; 108: 448–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Hay DWP, Luttmann MA, Hubbard WC, Undem BJ. Endothelin receptor subtypes in human and guinea-pig pulmonary tissues. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1993; 110: 1175–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Tomlinson PR, Wilson JW, Stewart AG. Inhibition by salbutamol of the proliferation of human airway smooth cells grown in culture. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1994; 111: 641–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Battistini B, Warner TD, Fournier A, Vane, JR. Characterization of ETB receptors mediating contractions induced by endothelin-1 or IRL 1620 in guinea-pig isolated airways: effects of BQ-123, FR139317 or PD 145065. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1994; 111: 1009–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Noguchi K, Noguchi Y, Hirose H, Niskikibe M, Ihara M, Ishikawa K et al. Role of endothelin ETB receptors in bronchoconstrictor and vasoconstrictor responses in guinea-pigs. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1993; 233: 47–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. D’Orléans-Juste P, Télémaque S, Claing A, Ihara M, Yano M. Human big-endothelin-1 and endothelin-1 release prostacyclin via the activation of ET, receptors in the rat perfused lung. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1992; 105: 773–5.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Fujimoto M, Mihara S-i, Nakajima S, Ueda M, Nakamura M, Sakurai K-s. A novel non-peptide endothelin antagonist isolated from bayberry, Myrica cerifera. FEBS Letts. 1992; 305: 41–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Ihara M, Saeki T, Fukuroda T, Kimura S, Ozaki S, Patel AC et al. A novel radio-ligand [’25IjBQ-3020 selective for endothelin (ETB) receptors. Life Sci. 1992; 51: PL4752.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Clozel M, Breu V, Burri K, Cassai J-M, Fischli W, Gray GA, Hirth G, Löffler B-M, Müller M, Neidhart W, Ramuz H. Pathophysiological role of endothelin revealed by the first orally active endothelin receptor antagonist. Nature 1993; 365: 759–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Ohlstein EH, Nambi P, Douglas SA, Edwards RM, Gellai M, Lago A et al. SB 209670, a rationally designed potent nonpeptide endothelin receptor antagonist. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1994; 91: 8052–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Shetty SS, Okada T, Webb RL, DelGrande D, Lappe RW. Functionally distinct endothelin B receptors in vascular endothelium and smooth muscle. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1993; 191: 459–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Karaki H, Sudjarwo SA, Hori M, Sakata K, Urade Y, Takai M et al. ETB receptor antagonist, IRL 1038, selectively inhibits the endothelin-induced endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1993; 231: 371–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Fukuroda T, Nishikibe M, Ohta Y, Ihara M, Yano M, Ishikawa K et al. Analysis of responses to endothelins in isolated porcine blood vessels by using a novel endothelin antagonist, BQ-153. Life Sci. 1991; 50: 107–12.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Sudjarwo SA, Hori M, Takai M, Urade Y, Okada T, Karaki H. A novel subtype of endothelin B receptor mediating contraction in swine pulmonary vein. Life Sci. 1993; 53: 431–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. White DG, Cannon TR, Garratt H, Mundin JW, Sumner MJ, Watts IS. Endothelin ET, and ETB receptors mediate vascular smooth-muscle contraction. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 1993; 22 (Suppl. 8): S144–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Sokolovsky M, Ambar I, Galron R. A novel subtype of endothelin receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 20551–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Lippton HL, Hauth TA, Cohen GA, Hyman AL. Functional evidence for different endothelin receptors in the lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 1993; 75: 38–48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Saeki T, Ihara M, Fukuroda T, Yamagiwa M, Yano M. [Ala’•3.11•’5]Endothelin-1 analogs with ETB agonistic activity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1991; 179: 286–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Takai M, Umemura I, Yamasaki K, Watakabe T, Fujitani Y, Oda K et al. A potent and specific agonist, Suc4G1u9, Ala“•11-Endothelin-1 (8–21), IRL 1620, for the ETB receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1992; 184: 953–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Urade Y, Fujitani Y, Oda K, Watakabe T, Umemura I, Takai M et al. An endothelin B receptor-selective antagonist: IRL 1038, [Cys-Cys]-endothelin-1 (11–21). FEBS Letts. 1992; 311: 12–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Mugrage B, Moliterni J, Robinson L, Webb RL, Shetty SS, Lipson KE et al. CGS 27830, a potent nonpeptide endothelin receptor antagonist. Bioorganic Med. Chem. Letts. 1993; 3: 2099–104.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Mihara S-i, Fujimoto M. The endothelin ET, receptor-specific effect of 50–235, a nonpeptide endothelin antagonist. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1993; 246: 33–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Harrison VJ, Randriantsoa A, Schoeffter P. Heterogeneity of endothelin-sarafoxin receptors mediating contraction of pig artery. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1992; 105: 511–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Eglezos A, Cucehi P, Patacchini R, Quartara L, Maggi CA, Mizrahi J. Differential effects of BQ-123 against endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 on the rat vas deferens: evidence for an atypical endothelin receptor. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1993; 109: 736–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Schoeffter P, Randriantsoa A. Differences between endothelin receptors mediating contraction of guinea-pig aorta and pig coronary artery. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1993; 249: 199–206.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Warner TD, Allcock GH, Mickley EJ, Corder R, Vane JR. Comparative studies with the endothelin receptor antagonists BQ-123 and PD 142893 indicate at least three endothelin receptors. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 1993; 22 (Suppl. 8): 5117–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. Power RF, Wharton J, Zhao Y, Bloom SR, Polak JM. Autoradiographic localization of endothelin-1 binding sites in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. J. Cardiovas. Pharmacol. 1989; 13 (Suppl. 5): 550–6.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Turner NC, Power RF, Polak JM, Bloom SR, Dollery CT. Endothelin-induced contractions of tracheal smooth muscle and identification of specific endothelin binding sites in the trachea of the rat. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1989; 98: 361–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Hemsén A, Franco-Cereceda A, Matran R, Rudehill A, Lundberg JM. Occurrence, specific binding sites and functional effects of endothelin in human cardiopulmonary tissue. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1990; 191: 319–28.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Henry PJ, Rigby PJ, Self GJ, Preuss JM, Goldie RG. Relationship between endothelin-1 binding site densities and constrictor activities in human and animal airway smooth muscle. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1990; 100: 786–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Brink C, Gillard V, Roubert P, Mencia-Huerta JM, Chabrier PE, Braquet P et al. Effects and specific binding sites of endothelin in human lung preparations. Pulmon. Pharmacol. 1991; 4: 54–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. McKay KO, Black JL, Diment LM, Armour CL. Functional and autoradiographic studies of endothelin-1 and endothelin-2 in human bronchi, pulmonary arteries, and airway parasympathetic ganglia. J. Cardiovasc. Pharm. 1991; 17 (Suppl. 7): S206–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Wu T, Rieves RD, Larivee P, Logun C, Lawrence MG, Shelhamer JH. Production of eicosanoids in response to endothelin-1 and identification of specific endothelin-1 binding sites in airway epithelial cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 1993; 8: 282–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Sen M, Grunstein MM, Chander A. Stimulation of lung surfactant secretion by endothelin-1 from rat alveolar type II cells. Am. J. Physiol. 1994; 266: L255–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Durham SK, Goller NL, Lynch JS, Fisher SM, Rose PM. Endothelin receptor B expression in the rat and rabbit lung as determined by in situ hybridization using nonisotropic probes. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 1993; 22 (Suppl. 8): S1–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Bolger GT, Liard F, Krogsrud R, Thibeault D, Jaramillo J. Tissue specificity of endothelin binding sites. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 1990; 16: 367–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Hagiwara H, Nagasawa T, Yamamoto T, Lodhi KM, Ito T, Takemura N et al Immunochemical characterization and localization of endothelin ETB receptor. Am. J. Physiol. 1993; 264: R777–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Goldie RG, Henry PJ, Self GJ, Knott PG, Luttmann M, Hay DWP. Endothelin receptor subtype distribution, density and function in human isolated asthmatic and non-diseased bronchus. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med., 1994; 149: A472.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Nakamichi K, Ihara M, Kobayashi M, Saeki T, Ishikawa K, Yano M. Different distribution of endothelin receptor subtypes in pulmonary tissues revealed by the novel selective ligands BQ-123 and [Ala’°3°“°’1ET-1. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1992; 182: 144–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Cioffi CL, Neale RF Jr, Jackson RH, Sills MA. Characterization of rat lung endothelin receptor subtypes which are coupled to phosphoinositide hydrolysis. J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. 1992; 262: 611–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Kobayashi M, Ihara M, Sato N, Saeki T, Ozaki S, Ikemoto F et al A novel ligand, [’25I]BQ-3020, reveals the localization of endothelin ETB receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1993; 234: 95–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  144. Henry PJ. Endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced contraction in rat isolated trachea: involvement of ETA and ETB receptors and multiple signal transduction systems. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1993; 110: 435–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Noguchi K, Ishikawa K, Yano M, Ahmed A, Cortes A, Hallmon J et al An endothelin (ET)A receptor antagonist, BQ-123, blocks ET-1 induced bronchoconstriction and tracheal smooth muscle (TSM) contraction in allergic sheep. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1992; 145: A858.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Goldie RG, Grayson PS, Henry PJ. Endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced contraction of ovine tracheal smooth muscle is mediated via ETA receptors. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1993; 147: A182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  147. Inui T, James AF, Fujitani Y, Takimoto M, Okada T, Yamamura T et al. ETA and ETB receptors on single smooth muscle cells cooperate in mediating guinea pig tracheal contraction. Am. J. Physiol. 1994; 266: L113–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Uchida Y, Ninomiya H, Saotome M, Nomura A, Ohtsuka M, Yanagisawa M et al. Endothelin, a novel vasoconstrictor peptide, as potent bronchoconstrictor. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1988; 154: 227–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Maggi CA, Patacchini S, Meli A. Potent contractile effect of endothelin in isolated guinea-pig airways. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1989; 160: 179–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Advenier C, Sarria B, Naline E, Puybasset L, Lagente V. Contractile activity of three endothelins (ET-I, ET-2 and ET-3) on the human isolated bronchus. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1990; 100: 168–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Hay DWP. Mechanism of endothelin-induced contraction in guinea-pig trachea: comparison with rat aorta. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1990; 100: 383–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Hay DWP, Henry PJ, Goldie RG. Endothelin and the respiratory system. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 1993; 14: 29–32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Hay DWP, Hubbard WC, Undem BJ. Endothelin-induced contraction and mediator release in human bronchus. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1993; 110: 392–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Lee H-K, Leikauf GD, Sperelakis N. Electromechanical effects of endothelin on ferret bronchial and tracheal smooth muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 1990; 68: 417–20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Nally JE, McCall R, Young LC, Wakelam MJO, Thomson NC, McCrath JC. Mechanical and biochemical responses to endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 in bovine bronchial smooth muscle. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1994; l II: 1163–9.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Filep JG, Battistini B, Sirois P. Endothelin induces thromboxane release and contraction of isolated guinea-pig airways. Life Sci. 1990; 47: 1845–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Sarrid B, Naline E, Morcillo E, Cortijo J, Esplugues J, Advenier C. Calcium dependence of the contraction produced by endothelin (ET-1) in isolated guinea-pig trachea. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1990; 187: 445–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  158. Hay DWP, Hubbard WC, Undem BJ. Relative contributions of direct and indirect mechanisms mediating endothelin-induced contraction of guinea-pig trachea. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1993; 110: 955–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Battistini B, Sirois P, Braquet P, Filep JG. Endothelin-induced constriction of guinea-pig airways: role of platelet-activating factor. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1990; 186: 307–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Filep JG, Battistini B, Sirois P. Pharmacological modulation of endothelin-induced contraction of guinea-pig isolated airways and thrmoboxane release. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1991; 103: 1633–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Ninomiya H, Uchida Y, Saotome M, Nomura A, Ohse H, Matsumoto H et al. Endothelins constrict guinea pig tracheas by multiple mechanisms. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 1992; 262: 570–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Cardell LO, Uddman R, Edvinsson L. Two functional endothelin receptors in guinea-pig pulmonary arteries. Neurochem. Internat. 1991; 18: 571–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Rodman DM, Stelzner TJ, Zamora MR, Bonvallet ST, Oka M, Sato K et al. Endothelin-1 increases the pulmonary microvascular pressure and causes pulmonary edema in salt solution but not blood-perfused rat lungs. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 1992; 20: 658–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Raffestin B, Adnot S, Eddahibi S, Macquin-Mavier I, Braquet P, Chabrier PE. Pulmonary vascular response to endothelin in rat. J. Appl. Physiol. 1991; 70: 567–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Hasunuma K, Rodman DM, O’Brien RF, McMurtry IF. Endothelin 1 causes pulmonary vasodilation in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 1990; 259: H48–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Eddahibi S, Adnot S, Carville C, Blouquit Y, Raffestin B. L-arginine restores endothelium-dependent relaxation in the pulmonary circulation of chronically hypoxic rats. Am. J. Physiol. 1992; 263: L194–200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Adnot S, Raffestin B, Eddahibi S, Braquet P, Chabrier PE. Loss of endothelium-dependent relaxant activity in the pulmonary circulation of rats exposed to chronic hypoxia. J. Clin. Invest. 1991; 87: 155–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Eddahibi S, Springall D, Mannan M, Carville C, Chabrier P-E, Levame M et al. Dilator effect of endothelins in pulmonary circulation: changes associated with chronic hypoxia. Am. J. Physiol. 1993; 265: L571 80.

    Google Scholar 

  169. White SR, Hathaway DP, Umans JG, Tallet J, Abrahams C, Leff AR. Epithelial modulation of airway smooth muscle response to endothelin-1. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1991; 144: 373–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Filep JG, Battistini B, Sirois P. Induction by endothelin-1 of epithelium-dependent relaxation of guinea-pig trachea in vitro: role for nitric oxide. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1993; 109: 637–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Grunstein MM, Chuang ST, Schramm CM, Pawlowski NA. Role of endothelin 1 in regulating rabbit airway contractility. Am. J. Physiol. 1991; 260: L75–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Cocks TM, Broughton A, Dib M, Sudhir K, Angus JA. Endothelin is blood vessel selective: studies on a variety of human and dog vessels in vitro and on regional blood flow in the conscious rabbit. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 1989; 16: 243–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Clozel M, Gray GA, Breu V, Löffler B-M, Osterwalder R. The endothelin ETB receptor mediates both vasodilation and vasoconstriction in vivo. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1992; 186: 867–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Johnson DE. Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells. In: Farmer SG, Hay DWP, editors. The Airway Epithelium. Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Pharmacology. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc, 1991: 335–97.

    Google Scholar 

  175. O’Byrne PM. The airway epithelium and asthma. In: Farmer SG and Hay DWP, editors. The Airway Epithelium. Physiology, Pathphysiology, and Pharmacology. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc, 1991: 171–86.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Stutts MJ, Knowles MR, Chinet T, Boucher RC. Abnormal ion transport in cystic fibrosis airway epithelium. In: Farmer SG and Hay DWP, editors. The Airway Epithelium. Physiology, Pathphysiology, and Pharmacology. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1991: 301–34.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Webber SE, Yurdakos E, Woods AJ, Widdicombe JG. Effects of endothelin-1 on tracheal submucosal gland secretion and epithelial function in the ferret. Chest 1992; 101: 63S - 67S.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Satoh M, Shimura S, Ishihara H, Nagaki M, Sasaki H, Takishima T. Endothelin-1 stimulates chloride secretion across canine tracheal epithelium. Respiration 1992; 59: 145–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Plews PI, Abdel-Malek ZA, Doupnik CA, Leikauf GD. Endothelin stimulates chloride secretion across canine tracheal epithelium. Am. J. Physiol. 1991; 261: L188 - L194.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Tamaoki J, Kanemura T, Sakai N, Isono K, Kobayashi K, Takizawa T. Endothelin stimulates ciliary beat frequency and chloride secretion in canine cultured tracheal epithelium. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 1991; 4: 426–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Casasco A, Benazzo M, Casasco M, Cornaglia AI, Springall DR, Calligaro A et al Occurrence, distribution and possible role of the regulatory peptide endothelin in the nasal mucosa. Cell Tissue Res. 1993; 274: 241–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Mullol J, Chowdhury BA, White MV, Ohkubo K, Rieves RD, Baraniuk J et al Endothelin in human nasal mucosa. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 1993; 8: 393–402.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Shimura S, Ishihara H, Satoh M, Masuda T, Nagaki N, Sasaki H et al Endothelin regulation of mucus glycoprotein secretion from feline tracheal submucosal glands. Am. J. Physiol. 1992; 262: L208–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Wu T, Mullol J, Rieves RD, Logun C, Hausfield J, Kaliner MA et al Endothelin-1 stimulates eicosanoid production in cultured human nasal mucosa. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 1992; 6: 168–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Noveral JP, Rosenberg SM, Anbar RA, Pawlowski NA, Grunstein MM. Role of endothelin-1 in regulating proliferation of cultured rabbit airway smooth muscle cells. Am. J. Physiol. 1992; 263: L317–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Glassberg MK, Ergul A, Wanner A, Puett D. Endothelin-1 promotes mitogenesis in airway smooth muscle cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 1994; 10: 316–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Komuro I, Kurihara H, Sugiyama T, Takaku F, Yazaki Y. Endothelin stimulates c-fos and c-myc expression and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Febs Letts. 1988; 238: 249–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Bobik A, Grooms A, Millar JA, Mitchell A, Grinpukel S. Growth factor activity of endothelin on vascular smooth muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 1990; 258: C408–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Demoly P, Basset-Seguin N, Chanez P, Campbell AM, Gauthier-Rouvière C, Godard P et al. c-fos proto-oncogene expression in bronchial biopsies of asthmatics. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 1992; 7: 128–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Takuwa Y, Kasuya Y. Takuwa N, Kudo M, Yanagisawa M, Goto K et al Endothelin receptor is coupled to phospholipase C via a pertussis toxin-insensitive guanine-nucleotide binding regulatory protein in vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Clin. Invest. 1990; 85: 653–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Brewster CEP, Howarth PH, Djukanovic R, Wilson J, Holgate ST, Roche WR. Myofibroblasts and subepithelial fibrosis in bronchial asthma. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 1990; 3: 507–11.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Peacock AJ, Dawes KE, Shock A, Gray AJ, Reeves JT, Laurent GJ. Endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 induce chemotaxis and replication of pulmonary artery fibroblasts. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 1992; 7: 492–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Hassoun PM, Thappa V, Landman MJ, Fanburg BL. Endothelin 1: mitogenic activity on pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells and release from hypoxic endothelial cells. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1992; 199: 165–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Zamora MA, Dempsey EC, Walchak SJ, Stelzner TJ. BQ123, an ET, receptor antagonist, inhibits endothelin-l-mediated proliferation of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 1993; 9: 429–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Janakidevi K, Fisher MA, Del Vecchio PJ, Tiruppathi C, Figge J, Malik AB. Endothelin-1 stimulates DNA synthesis and proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Am. J. Physiol. 1992; 263: C1295–303.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Ricagna F, Miller VM, McGregor CGA. Mitogenic activity of endothelin-1 in canine lung organ cultures. Clin. Res. 1993; 41: 149A.

    Google Scholar 

  197. Payne AN, Whittle BJR. Potent cyclo-oxygenase-mediated bronchoconstrictor effects of endothelin in the guinea-pig vivo. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1988; 158: 303–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Lagente V, Chabrier PE, Mencia-Huerta JM, Braquet P. Pharmacological modulation of the bronchopulmonary action of the vasoactive peptide, endothelin, administered by aerosol in the guinea-pig. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1989; 158: 625–32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Macquin-Mavier I, Levame M, Istin N, Harf A. Mechanisms of endothelin-mediated bronchoconstriction in the guinea pig. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 1989; 250: 740–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Uchida Y, Ninomiya H, Sakamoto T, Lee JY, Endo T, Nomura A et al. ET-1 released histamine from guinea pig pulmonary but not peritoneal mast cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1992; 189: 1196–201.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Nagase T, Fukuchi Y, Jo C, Teramoto S, Uejima Y, Ishida K et al Endothelin-1 stimulates arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase activity and oxygen radical formation in the rat distal lung. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1990; 168: 485–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Ninomiya H, Yu XY, Hasegawa S, Spannhake EW. Endothelin-1 induces stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis in cells obtained from canine airways by bronchoalveolar lavage. Prostaglandins 1992; 43: 401–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Helset E, Kjæva J, Hauge A. Endothelin-l-induced increases in microvascular permeability in isolated, perfused rat lungs requires leukocytes and plasma. Circul. Shock 1993; 39: 15–20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Horgan MJ, Pinheiro JMB, Malik AB. Mechanism of endothelin-l-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction. Circul. Res. 1991; 69: 157–64.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Pons F, Touvay C, Lagente V, Mencia-Huerta JM, Braquet P. Comparison of the effects of intra-arterial and aerosol administration of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the guinea-pig isolated lung. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1991; 102: 791–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Ercan ZS, Kiling M, Yazar Ö, Korkusuz P, Türker RK. Endothelin- 1-induced oedema in rat and guinea-pig isolated perfused lungs. Arch. int. Pharmacodyn. 1993; 323: 74–84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Mann J, Farrukh IS, Michael JR. Mechanisms by which endothelin 1 induces pulmonary vasoconstriction in the rabbit. J. Appl. Physiol. 1991, 71: 410–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Barnard JW, Barman SA, Adkins WK, Longenecker GL, Taylor AE. Sustained effects of endothelin-1 on rabbit, dog and rat pulmonary circulations. Am. J. Physiol. 1991; 261: H479–86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Achmad TH, Rao GS. Chemotaxis of human blood monocytes toward endothelin-I and the influence of calcium channel blockers. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1992; 189: 994–1000.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Bath PMW, Mayston SA, Martin JF. Endothelin and PDGF do not stimulate peripheral blood monocyte chemotaxis, adhesion to endothelium, and superoxide production. Exper. Cell Res. 1990; 187: 339–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Millul V, Lagente V, Gillardeaux O, Boichot E, Dugas B, Mencia-Huerta K-M et al. Activation of guinea pig alveolar macrophages by endothelin-1. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 17, (Suppl. 7) 1991; S233–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Haller H, Schaberg T, Lindschau C, Lode H, Distler A. Endothelin increases [Caz+]., protein phosphorylation, and OZ production in human alveolar macrophages. Am. J. Physiol. 1991; 261: L478–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Helset E, Sildnes T, Seljelid R, Konoski ZS. Endothelin-1 stimulates human monocytes in vitro to release TNF-a, IL-lß and IL-6. Mediators Inflamm. 1993; 2: 417–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Tabuchi Y, Nakamaru M, Rakugi H, Nagano M, Mikami H, Ogihara T. Endothelin inhibits presynaptic adrenergic neurotransmission in rat mesenteric artery. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1989; 161: 803–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Wiklund NP, Öhlén A, Cederqvist B. Adrenergic neuromodulation by endothelin in guinea pig pulmonary artery. Neurosci. Letts. 1989; 101: 269–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Wiklund NP, Wiklund CU, Öhlén A, Gustafsson LE. Cholinergic neuromodulation by endothelin in guinea pig ileum. Neurosci. Letts. 1989; 101: 342–46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Wiklund NP, Öhlén A, Wiklund CU, Hedqvist P, Gustafsson LE. Endothelin modulation of neuroeffector transmission in rat and guinea pig vas deferens. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1990; 185: 25–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Nishimura T, Kier J, Akasu T. Endothelin causes prolonged inhibition of nicotinic transmission in feline colinic parasympathetic ganglia. Am. J. Physiol. 1991; 261: G628–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. McKay KO, Armour CL, Black BL. Endothelin-3 increases transmission in the rabbit pulmonary parasympathetic nervous system. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 1993; 22 (Suppl. 8): S181–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Takimoto M, Inui T, Okada T, Urade Y. Contraction of smooth muscle by activation of endothelin receptors on autonomic neurons. Febs Letts. 1993; 324: 27–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  221. Lueddeckens G, Becker K, Rappold R, Förster W. Influence of aminophylline and ketotifen in comparison to the lipoxygenase inhibitors Ndga and esculetin and the PAF antagonists WEB 2107 and BN 52021 on endothelin-1 induced vaso-and bronchoconstriction. Prost. Leuk. Essential Fatty Acids 1991; 44: 155–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Touvay C, Vilain B, Pons F, Chabrier P-E, Mencia-Huerta JM, Braquet P. Bronchopulmonary and vascular effect of endothelin in the guinea pig. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1990; 176: 23–33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Boichot E, Lagente V, Mencia-Huerta JM, Braquet P. Effect of phosphoramidon and indomethacin on the endothelin-1 (ET-1) induced bronchopulmonary response in aerosol sensitized guinea pigs. J. Vasc. Med. Biol. 1990; 2: 206.

    Google Scholar 

  224. Uchida Y, Hamada M, Kameyama M, Ohse H, Nomura A, Hasegawa S et al ET-1 induced bronchoconstriction in the early phase but not late phase of anesthetized dogs is inhibited by indomethacin and ICI 198615. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1992; 183: 1197–202.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Matsuse T, Fukuchi Y, Suruda T, Nagase T, Ouchi Y, Orimo H. Effect of endothelin-1 on pulmonary resistance in rats. J. Appl. Physiol. 1990; 68: 2391–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Abraham WM, Ahmed A, Cortes A, Spinella MJ, Malike AB, Anderson TT. A specific endothelin-I antagonist blocks inhaled endothelin-l-induced bronchoconstriction in sheep. J. Appl. Physiol. 1993; 74: 2537–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Lagente V, Boichot E, Mencia-Huerta J, Braquet P. Failure of aerosolized endothelin (ET-1) to induced bronchial hyperreactivity in the guinea pig. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 1990; 4: 275–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Boichot E, Carré C, Lagente V, Pons F, Mencia-Huerta JM, Braquet P. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in the guinea-pig. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 1991; 17 (Suppl. 7): S329–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Kanazawa H, Kurihara N, Kirata K, Fujiwara H, Matsushita H, Takeda T. Low concentration endothelin-1 enhanced histamine-mediated bronchial contractions of guinea pigs in vivo. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1992; 187: 717–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Pons F, Boichot E, Lagente V, Touvay C, Mencia-Huerta JM, Braquet P. Role of endothelin in pulmonary function. Pulmon. Pharmacol. 1992; 5: 213–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Wong J, Vanderford PA, Fineman JR, Chang R, Soifer SJ. Endothelin-1 produces pulmonary vasodilation in the intact newborn lamb. Am. J. Physiol. 1993; 265: H1318–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Minkes RK, Bellan JA, Saroyan RM, Kerstein MD, Coy DH, Murphy WA et al Analysis of cardiovascular and pulmonary responses to endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 in the anesthetized cat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 1990; 253: 1118–25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Lippton HL, Cohen GA, McMurtry IF, Hyman AI. Pulmonary vasodilation to endothelin isopeptides in vivo is mediated by potassium channel activation. J. Appl. Physiol. 1991; 70: 947–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Barman SA, Ardell JL, Taylor AE. Effect of endothelin-1 on canine airway blood flow. J. Cardiovasc. Pharm. 1993; 22 (Suppl. 8): 5274–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  235. Bonvallet ST, Oka M, Yano M, Zamora MR, McMurtry IF, Stelzner TJ. BQ123, an ETA receptor antagonist, attenuates endothelin-l-induced vasoconstriction in rat pulmonary circulation. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 1993; 22: 39–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Pinheiro JMB, Malik AB. Mechanisms of endothelin-l-induced pulmonary vasodilation in neonatal pigs. J. Physiol. 1993; 469: 739–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Filep JG, Sirois MG, Földes-Filep E, Rousseau A, Plante GE, Fournier A et al Enhancement by endothelin-1 of microvascular permeability via the activation of ETA receptors. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1993; 109: 880–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Berridge MJ. Inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol: Two interacting second messengers. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 1987; 56: 159–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  239. Resink T, Scott-Burden T, Bühler FR. Endothelin stimulates phospholipase C in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1988; 157: 1360–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Van Renterghem C, Vigne P, Barhanin J, Schmid-Alliana A, Frelin C, Lazdunski M. Molecular mechanism of action of the vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1988; 157: 977–85.

    Google Scholar 

  241. Griendling KK, Tsuda T, Alexander RW. Endothelin stimulates diacylgylcerol accumulation and activates protein kinase C in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 264: 8237–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Muldoon LL, Rodland KD, Forsythe ML, Magun BE. Stimulation of phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis, diacylglycerol release, and gene expression in response to endothelin, a potent new agonist for fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 264: 8529–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Ohlstein EH, Horohonich S, Hay DWP. Cellular mechanisms of endothelin in rabbit aorta. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1989; 250: 548–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Marsden PA, Danthuluri NR, Brenner BM, Ballermann BJ, Brock TA. Endothelin action of vascular smooth muscle involves inositol and calcium mobilization. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1989; 158: 86–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Xuan, Y-T, Whorton AR, Watkins WD. Inhibition by nicardipine on endothelin-mediated inositol phosphate formation and Cat+ mobilization in smooth muscle cell. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1989; 160: 758–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Takuwa N, Takuwa Y, Yanagisawa M, Yamashita K, Masaki T. A novel vasoactive peptide endothelin stimulates mitogenesis through inositol lipid turnover in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 264: 7856–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Sugiura M, Inagami T, Hare GMT, Johns JA. Endothelin action: inhibition by a protein kinase C inhibitor and involvement of phosphoinositols. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1989; 158: 170–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Pitkänen M, Mäntymaa P, Ruskoaho H. Staurosporine, a protein kinase C inhibitor, inhibits atrial natriuretic peptide secretion induced by sarafotoxin, endothelin and phorbol ester. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1991; 195: 307–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  249. Cardell LO, Uddman R, Edvinsson L. Analysis of endothelin- 1-induced contractions of guinea-pig trachea, pulmonary veins and different types of pulmonary arteries. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1990; 139: 130–11.

    Google Scholar 

  250. Oda K, Fujitani Y, Watakabe T, Inui T, Okada T, Urade Y et al Endothelin stimulates both cAMP formation and phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis in cultured embryonic bovine tracheal cells. FEBS Letts. 1992; 299: 187–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Battistini B, Filep JG, Cragoe EJ Jr., Fournier A, Sirois P. A role of Na+/H+ exchange in contraction of guinea-pig airways by endothelin-1 in vitro. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1991; 175: 583–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. McKay, KO, Black JL, Armour CL. The mechanism of action of endothelin in human lung. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1991; 102: 422–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Hay DWP, Luttmann MA, Goldie RG. Calcium (Cap+) translocation mechanisms mediating endothelin-1 (ET-1)- and sarafotoxin S6c (S6c)-induced contractions in isolated human bronchus. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1994; 149: A1083.

    Google Scholar 

  254. Mattoli S, Soloperto M, Mezzetti M, Fasoli A. Mechanisms of calcium mobilization and phosphoinositide hydrolysis in human bronchial smooth muscle cells by endothelin I. A.. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 1991; 5: 424–30.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Steffan M, Russell JA. Signal transduction in endothelin-induced contraction of rabbit pulmonary vein. Pulmonary Pharmacol. 1990; 3: 1–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Kay AB. Asthma and inflammation. J. Allergy Clin. Pharmacol. 1991; 87: 893–910.

    Google Scholar 

  257. Nomura A, Uchida Y, Kameyama M, Saotome M, Oki K, Hasegawa S. Endothelin and bronchial asthma. Lancet 1989; 2 (8665): 747–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Mattoli S, Soloperto M, Marini M, Fasoli A. Levels of endothelin in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with symptomatic asthma and reversible airflow obstruction. J. A.lergy Clin. Immunol. 1991; 88: 376–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Vittori E, Marini M, Fasoli A, De Franchis R, Mattoli S. Increased expression of endothelin in bronchial epithelial cells of asthmatic patients and effect of coritcosteroids. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1992; 146: 1320–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Springall DR, Howarth PH, Counihan H, Djukanovic R, Holgate ST, Polak JM. Endothelin immunoreactivity of airway epithelium in asthmatic patients. Lancet 1991; 337: 697–701.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Sofia M, Mormile M, Farane S, Alifano M, Zofra S, Romano L et al Increased endothelin-like immunoreactive material on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with bronchial asthma and patients with interstitial lung disease. Respiration 1993; 60: 89–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Kraft M, Beam WR, Wenzel SE, Zamora MR, O’Brien RF, Martin RJ. Blood and bronchoalveolar lavage endothelin-1 levels in nocturnal asthma. Am J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1994; 149: 947–52.

    Google Scholar 

  263. Reid, L. The pulmonary circulation: remodeling in growth and disease. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1979; 119: 531–47.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Wagenvoort CA. Grading of pulmonary vascular lesions–a reappraisal. Histopathol. 1981; 5: 595–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Heath D, Smith P, Gosney J, Mulcahy D, Fox K, Yacoub M et al The pathology of the early and late stages of primary pulmonary hyptertension. Br. Heart J. 1987; 58: 204–13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Cernacek P, Steward DJ. Immunoreactive endothelin in human plasma: marked elevations in patients in cardiogenic shock. Biochem, Biophys. Res. Comm. 1989; 161: 562–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Stewart DJ, Levy RD, Cernacek P, Langleben D. Increased plasma endothelin-1 in pulmonary hypertension: marker or mediator of disease ? Ann. Intern. Med. 1991; 114: 464–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Yoshibayashi M, Nishioka K, Nakao K, Saito Y, Matsumura M, Ueda T et al Plasma endothelin concentrations in patients with pulmonary hypertension associated with congenital heart defects. Circulation 1991; 84: 2280–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Allen SW, Chatfield BA, Koppenhafer SA, Schaffer MS, Wolfe RR, Abman SH. Circulating immunoreactive endothelin-1 in children with pulmonary hypertension. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1993; 148: 519–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. Cacoub P, Dorent R, Maistre G, Nataf P, Carayon A, Piette JC et al Endothelin-1 in primary pulmonary hypertension and the Eisenmenger Syndrome. Am. J. Cardiol. 1993; 71: 448–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Chang H, Wu G-J, Wang S-M, Hung C-R. Plasma endothelin levels and surgically correctable pulmonary hypertension. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1993; 55: 450–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. Rosenberg AA, Kennaugh J, Koppenhafer SL, Loomis M, Chatfield BA, Abman SH. Elevated immunoreactive endothelin-1 levels in newborn infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension. J. Pediatr. 1993; 123: 109–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Giaid A, Yanagisawa M, Langleben D, Michel RP, Levy R, Shennib H et al Expression of endothelin-1 in the lungs of patients with pulmonary hypertension. New Eng. J. Med. 1993; 328: 1732–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Lippton HL, Hauth TA, Summer WR, Hyman AL. Endothelin produces pulmonary vasoconstriction and systemic vasodilation. J. Appl. Physiol. 1989; 66: 1008–12.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Yoshizumi M, Kurihara H, Sugiyama T, Takaku F, Yanagisawa M, Masaki T et al Hemodynamic shear stress stimulates endothelin production by cultured endothelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1989; 161: 859–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Stelzner TJ, O’Brien RF, Yanagisawa M, Sakurai T, Sato K, Webb S et al Increased lung endothelin-1 production in rats with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. Am. J. Physiol. 1992; 262: L614–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Miyauchi T, Yorikane R, Sakai S, Sakurai T, Okada M, Nishikibe M et al Contribution of endogenous endothelin-1 to the progression of cardiopulmonary alterations in rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Circul. Res. 1993; 73: 887–97.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Wong J, Vanderford PA, Winters JW, Chang R. Soifer SJ, Fineman JR. Endothelin-1 does not mediate acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the intact newborn lamb. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 1993; 22 (Suppl. 8): S262–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Wiebke JL, Montrose-Rafizadeh C, Zeitlin PL, Guggino WB. Effect of hypoxia on endothelin-1 production by pulmonary vascular endothelial cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1992; 1134: 105–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Giaid A, Hamid QA, Springall DR, Yanagisawa M, Shinmi O, Sawamura T et al Detection of endothelin immunoreactivity and mRNA in pulmonary tumours. J. Pathol. 1990; 162: 15–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Mitaka C, Hirata Y, Nagura T, Tsunoda Y, Amaha K. Circulating endothelin-1 concentrations in acute respiratory failure. Chest 1993; 104: 476–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Giaid A, Michel RP, Stewart DJ, Sheppard M, Corrin B, Hamid Q. Expression of endothelin-1 in lungs of patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Lancet 1993; 341: 1550–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. Marciniak SJ, Plumpton C, Barker PJ, Huskisson NS, Davenport AP. Localization of immunoreactive endothelin and proendothelin in the human lung. Pulmon. Pharmacol. 1992; 5: 175–82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. Andersson SE, Zackrisson C, Hemsén A, Lundberg JM. Regulation of lung endothelin content by the glucocorticosteroid budesonide. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1992; 188: 1116–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. Morel DR, Lacroix JS, Hemsen A, Steinig DA, Pittet J-F, Lundberg JM. Increased plasma and pulmonary lymph levels of endothelin during endotoxin shock. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1989; 167: 427–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. Filep JG, Télémaque S, Battistini B, Sirois P, D’Orléans-Juste P. Increased plasma levels of endothelin during anaphylactic shock in the guinea-pig. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1993; 239: 231–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Giaid A, Stewart DJ, Michel RP. Endothelin-l-like immunoreactivity in postobstructive pulmonary vasculopathy. J. Vase. Res. 1993; 30: 333–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. Simmet T, Pritz S, Thelen KI, Peskar BA. Release of endothelin in the oleic acid-induced respiratory distress syndrome in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1992; 211: 319–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Shirakami G, Nakao K, Saito Y, Magariibuchi T, Jougasaki M, Mukoyama M et al Acute pulmonary alveolar hypoxia increases lung and plasma endothelin-1 levels in conscious rats. Life Sci. 1991; 48: 969–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. McLarty AJ, Miller VM, Tazelaar HD, McGregor CGA. Bronchial contractions in transplanted lungs: influence of denervation, acute rejection, and the bronchial epithelium. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1993; 106: 797.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. Scherstén H, Aarnio P, Burnett Jr JC, McGregor CGA, Miller VM. Endotheíin-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage during rejection of allotransplanted lungs. Transplant. 1994; 57: 159–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  292. Kurihara Y, Kurihara H, Suzuki H. Kodama T, Maemura K, Nagai R et al Elevated blood pressure and craniofacial abnormalities in mice deficient in endothelin-1. Nature 1994; 368: 703–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pulmonary Pharmacology, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Douglas W. P. Hay

Authors
  1. Douglas W. P. Hay
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dagenham Research Centre, Discovery Biology Rhône-Poulenc Rorer Ltd, RM10 7XS, Dagenham, Essex, England

    David Raeburn (Department Head) (Department Head)

  2. Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Brompton National Heart and Lung Institute, Dovehouse Street, SW3 6LY, London, England

    Mark A. Giembycz (Lecturer) (Lecturer)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Birkhäuser Verlag Basel/Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hay, D.W.P. (1995). Endothelins. In: Raeburn, D., Giembycz, M.A. (eds) Airways Smooth Muscle: Peptide Receptors, Ion Channels and Signal Transduction. Respiratory Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy. Birkhäuser Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7362-8_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7362-8_1

  • Publisher Name: Birkhäuser Basel

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-0348-7364-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-7362-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation