Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Literature Review

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Production of biodiesel using lipase encapsulated in κ-carrageenan

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Bioengineering ((BRIEFSBIOENG))

  • 900 Accesses

Abstract

The literature review of biodiesel production is presented in this chapter. In the first part, the various catalysts which are being used for biodiesel production was reviewed in detail. In the second part the need for immobilized enzyme, the various immobilization techniques and immobilized enzyme used for biodiesel production were reviewed critically. The third part in the literature review was devoted to κ-carrageenan, the enzymes, the methods used for immobilization using κ-carrageenan and applications were reviewed. In the fourth part the factors effecting the biodiesel production using immobilized lipase was reviewed critically and various suggestions were given based on the literature. The latter parts were devoted to the immobilized bioreactors, enzyme kinetics, life cycle assessment, and economics assessment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Akoh CC, Chang SS, Lee GG, Shaw JJ (2007) Enzymatic approach to biodiesel production. J Agric Food Chem 55:8995–9005

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Zuhair S (2005) Production of biodiesel by lipase-catalyzed transesterification of vegetable Oils: a kinetics study. Biotechnol Prog 21:1442–1448

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Zuhair S, Fan YW, Lim SJ (2007) Proposed kinetic mechanism of the production of biodiesel from palm oil using lipase. Process Biochem 42:951–960

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Zuhair S, Jayaraman KS, Smita K, Chan W (2006) The effect of fatty acid concentration and water content on the production of biodiesel by lipase. Biochem Eng J 30:212–217

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-zuhair S (2007) Production of biodiesel: possibilities and challenges. Biofuel Bioprod Bior 1:57–66

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bacovsky D, Körbitz W, Mittelbach M, Wörgetter M (2007) Biodiesel production: technologies and European providers. IEA Task 39 Report T39-B6

    Google Scholar 

  • Balcão VM, Paiva AL, Malcata FX (1996) Bioreactors with immobilized lipases: state of the art. Enzyme Microb Technol 18:392–416

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Be´Lafi-Bako K, Kova´Cs F, Gubicza L, Hancsok J (2002) Enzymatic biodiesel production from sunflower oil by Candida antarctica lipase in a solvent-free system. Biocatal Biotransfor 20:437–439

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bommarius AS, Riebel-Bommarius BR (2000) Biocatalysts: fundamentals and applications. John Wiley & sons, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bondioli P (2004) The preparation of fatty acid esters by means of catalytic reactions. Top Catal 27:77–82

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonrath W, Karge R, Netscher T (2002) Lipase-catalyzed transformations as key-steps in the large-scale preparation of vitamins. J Mol Catal B: Enzym 19:67–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosley JA, Peilow AD (1997) Immobilization of lipase on porous polypropylene: reduction in esterification efficiency at low loading. J Am Oil Chem Soc 74:107–111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Canakci M, Gerpen VJ (2001) Biodiesel production from oils and fats with high free fatty acids. Trans ASAE 44:1429–1436

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cao LQ, Langen VL, Sheldon RA (2003) Immobilized enzymes: carrier-bound or carrier-free? Curr Opin Biotechnol 14:387–394

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cao L (2005) Immobilized enzymes: science or art? Curr Opin Chem Biol 9:217–226

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caye MD, Nghiem PN, Terry HW (2008) Biofuels engineering process technology. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Cecilia GA, Amalia AC, Ferreira M (2007) Relation between lipase structures and their catalytic ability to hydrolyse triglycerides and phospholipids. Enzyme Microb Technol 41:35–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chamorro S, Sanchez-Montero JM, Alcantara AR, Sinisterra JV (1998) Treatment of Candida rugosa lipase with short-chain polar organic solvents enhances its hydrolytic and synthetic activities. Biotechnol Lett 20:499–505

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen JW, Wu WT (2003) Regeneration of immobilized Candida antarctica Lipase for transesterification. J Biosci Bioeng 95:466–469

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chisti Y (2007) Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnol Adv 25:294–306

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colton IJ, Ahmed SN, Kazlauskas RJ (1995) A2-propanol treatment increases the enantioselectivity of Candida rugosa lipase toward esters of chiral carboxylic acids. J Org Chem 60:212–217

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Concawe (2006) Well-to-wheels analysis of future automotive fuels and power trains in the European context, European commission. EUCAR and EC Joint Research Centre. Report. (http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/wtw.html)

  • Diasakou M, Louloudi A, Papayannakos N (1998) Kinetics of the noncatalytic transesterification of soybean oil. Fuel 77:1297–1302

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dizge N, Aydiner C, Derya YI, Mahmut B, Aziz T, Keskinler B (2009) Biodiesel production from sunflower, soybean, and waste cooking oils by transesterification using lipase immobilized onto a novel microporous polymer. Bioresour Technol 100:1983–1991

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dong HL, Jung MK, Seong WK, Ji WL, Seung WK (2006) Pretreatment of lipase with soybean oil before immobilization to prevent loss of activity. Biotechnol Lett 28:1965–1969

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dossat V, Combes D, Marty A (2002) Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of high oleic sunflower oil. Enzyme Microb Technol 30:90–94

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Du W, Xu Y, Liu D, Zeng J (2004) Comparative study on lipase-catalyzed transformation of soybean oil for biodiesel production with different acyl acceptors. J Mol Catal B: Enzym 30:25–129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du W, Xu Y, Liu D, Li Z (2005) Study on acyl migration in immobilized lipozyme TL-catalyzed transesterification of soybean oil for biodiesel production. J Mol Catal B: Enzym 37:68–71

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fjerbaek L, Christensen KV, Norddahl B (2009) A review of the current State of biodiesel production using enzymatic transesterification. Biotechnol Bioeng 102:1298–1315

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freedman BW, Kwolek F, Pryde EH (1986) Quantitation in the analysis of transesterified soybean oil by capillary gas chromatography. J Am Oil Chem Soc 63:1370–1375

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halim SFA, Kamaruddin AH (2008) Catalytic studies of lipase on FAME production from waste cooking palm oil in a tert-butanol system. Process Biochem 43:1436–1439

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halim SFA, Kamaruddin AH, Fernando WJN (2009) Continuous biosynthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking palm oil in a packed bed reactor: optimization using response surface methodology (RSM) and mass transfer studies. Bioresour Technol 100:710–716

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harding KG, Dennis JS, Blottnitz HV, Harrison STL (2008) A life-cycle comparison between inorganic and biological catalysis for the production of biodiesel. J Clean Prod 16:1368–1378

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu A, Jones K, Marmer WN, Foglia TA (2001) Production of alkyl esters from tallow and grease using lipase immobilized in a phyllosilicate sol-gel. J Am Oil Chem Soc 78:585–588

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • International Energy Agency (2007) Energy technology essentials: biomass for power generation and CHP. Report

    Google Scholar 

  • Iso M, Chen B, Eguchi M, Kudo T, Shrestha S (2001) Production of biodiesel fuel from triglycerides and alcohol using immobilized lipase. J Mol Catal B: Enzym 16:53–58

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jegannathan KR, Abang S, Poncelet D, Chan ES, Ravindra P (2008) Production of biodiesel using immobilized lipase- a critical review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 28:253–264

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jegannathan KR, Chan ES, Ravindra P (2009) Harnessing biofuels: a global renaissance in energy production? Renew Sust Energy Rev 13:2163–2168

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kang ST, Rhee JS (1989) Characteristics of immobilized lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of olive oil of high concentration in reverse phase systems. Biotechnol Bioeng 33:1469–1476

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karube I, Yugeta Y, Suzuki S (1977) Electric field control of lipase membrane activity. Biotechnol Bioeng 19:1493–1501

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kasteren VJMN, Nisworo AP (2007) A process model to estimate the cost of industrial scale biodiesel production from waste cooking oil by supercritical transesterification. Resour Conserv Recycle 50:442–458

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kayode Coker A (2001) Modeling of chemical kinetics and reactor design. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy JF, Melo EHM, Jumel K (1990) Immobilized enzymes end cells. Chem Eng Prog 86:81–89

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiwjaroun C, Tubtimdee C, Piumsomboon P (2009) LCA studies comparing biodiesel synthesized by conventional and supercritical methanol methods. J Clean Prod 17:143–153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kreiner M, Parker MC, Barry DM (2001) Enzyme-coated micro-crystals: a 1-step method for high activity biocatalyst preparation. Chem Commun 12:1096–1097

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumari V, Shah S, Gupta MN (2007) Preparation of biodiesel by lipase-catalyzed transesterification of high free fatty acid containing oil from Madhuca indica. Energy Fuel 21:368–372

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kusdiana D, Saka S (2001) Methyl esterification of free fatty acids of rapeseed oil as treated in supercritical methanol. J Chem Eng Japan 34:383–387

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li L, Du W, Liu D, Wang L, Li Z (2006) Lipase catalyzed transesterification of rapeseed oils for biodiesel production with a novel organic solvents as the reaction medium. J Mol Catal B: Enzym 43:58–62

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Licht FO (2008) World ethanol & biofuels. Report, no. 16

    Google Scholar 

  • López DE, Goodwin JG, Bruce DA (2007) Transesterification of triacetin with methanol on nafion acid resins. J Catal 245:379–385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu J, Nie K, Xie F, Wang F, Tan T (2007) Enzymatic synthesis of fatty acids methyl esters from lard with immobilized Candida sp. 99–125. Process Biochem 42:1367–1370

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malcata FX, Hill CG (1991) Use of a lipase immobilized in a membrane reactor to hydrolyze the glycerides of butter oil. Biotechnol Bioeng 38:853–868

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marchetti JM, Errazu AF (2008) Technoeconomic study of supercritical biodiesel production plant. Energy Conver Manag 49:2160–2164

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mittelbach M, Worgetter M, Pernkopf J, Junek H (1983) Diesel fuel derived from vegetable oils: preparation and use of rape oil methyl-ester. Energy Agric 2:369–384

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mittelbach M (1990) Lipase catalyzed alcoholysis of sunflower oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 67: 168–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Mittelbach M, Remschmidt C (2006) Biodiesel: the comprehensive handbook. Martin Mittelbach, Graz

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukesh D, Anil Kumar K, Gaikar VG (2004) Biotransformations and bioprocesses. Marcel Dekker, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukesh KM, Reddy JRC, Rao BVSK, Prasad RBN (2006) Lipase-mediated transformation of vegetable oils into biodiesel using propan-2-ol as acyl acceptor. Biotechnol Lett 28:637–640

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mukesh KM, Reddy JRC, Rao BVSK, Prasad RBN (2007) Lipase-mediated conversion of vegetable oils into biodiesel using ethyl acetate as acyl acceptor. Bioresour Technol 98:1260–1264

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson LA, Foglia TA, Marmer WN (1996) Lipase-catalyzed production of biodiesel. J Am Oil Chem Soc 73:1191–1195

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nie K, Xie F, Wang T, Tan T (2006) Lipase catalyzed methanolysis to produce biodiesel: optimization of the biodiesel production. J Mol Catal B: Enzym 43:142–147

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noureddini H, Gao X, Philkana RS (2005) Immobilized Pseudomonas cepacia lipase for biodiesel fuel production from soybean oil. Bioresour Technol 96:769–777

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira JV, Oliveira D (2001) Enzymatic alcoholysis of palm kernel oil in n-hexane and SCCO2. J Supercrit Fluid 19:141–148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orcaire O, Buisson P, Pierre AC (2006) Application of silica aerogel encapsulated lipases in the synthesis of biodiesel by transesterification reactions. J Mol Catal B: Enzym 42:106–113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piculell L (2006) Gelling carrageenans, food polysaccharides and their applications, 2nd edn. Taylor & Francis, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Pleiss J, Fisher M, Schmid RD (1998) Anatomy of lipase binding sites: the scissile fatty acid binding site. Chem Phys 93:67–80

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Posorske LH (1984) Industrial-Scale application of enzymes to the fats and oil industry. J Am Oil Chem Soc 61:1758–1760

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pronk W, Kerkhof PJA, Van Helden C, Vant Reit K (1988) The hydrolysis of triglycerides by immobilized lipase in a hydrophilic membrane reactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 32:512–518

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramachandra MV, Jayadev B, Muniswaran PKA (2002) Hydrolysis of oils by using immobilized lipase enzyme: a review. Biotechnol Bioproc Eng 7:57–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rayon D, Daz M, Ellenrieder G, Locatelli S (2007) Enzymatic production of biodiesel from cotton seed oil using t-butanol as a solvent. Bioresour Technol 98:648–653

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reyed M (2007) Novel hybrid entrapment approach for probiotic cultures and its application during lyophilization. Internet J Biol Anthr 3: 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • REN21 (2009) Renewables Global Status Report: Update

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakai T, Kawashima A, Koshikawa T (2009) Economic assessment of batch biodiesel production processes using homogeneous and heterogeneous alkali catalysts. Bioresour Technol 100:3268–3276

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salis A, Pinna M, Monduzzi M, Solinas V (2005) Biodiesel production from triolein and short chain alcohols through biocatalysis. J Biotechnol 119:291–299

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samukawa T, Kaieda M, Matsumoto T, Ban K, Kondo A, Shimada Y, Noda H, Fukuda H (2000) Pretreatment of immobilized Candida antarctica lipase for biodiesel fuel production from plant oil. J Biosci Bioeng 90:180–183

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sankalia MG, Mashru RC, Sankalia MJ, Sutariya VB (2006) Stability improvement of alpha-amylase entrapped in kappa-carrageenan beads: physicochemical characterization and optimization using composite index. Int J Pharm 312:1–14

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah S, Sharma S, Gupta MN (2004) Biodiesel preparation by lipase-catalyzed transesterification of Jatropha oil. Energy Fuel 18:154–159

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shah S, Gupta MN (2006) Lipase catalyzed preparation of biodiesel from Jatropha oil in a solvent free system. Process Biochem 42:409–414

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan J, Cambreco V, Duffield J, Garboski M, Shapouri H (1998) An overview of biodiesel and petroleum diesel life cycles. A report by US Department of Agriculture and Energy 1–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimada Y, Watanabe Y, Samukawa T (1999) Conversion of vegetable oil to biodiesel using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase. J Am Oil Chem Soc 76:789–793

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimada Y, Watanabe H, Sugihara A, Tominaga Y (2002) Enzymatic alcoholysis for biodiesel fuel production and application of the reaction to oil processing. J Mol Catal B: Enzym 17:133–142

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soumanou MM, Bornscheuer UT (2003) Improvement in lipase-catalyzed synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters from sunflower oil. Enzyme Microb Technol 33:97–103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sriappareddy T, Shinji H, Takanori T, Talukder MR, Kondo A, Fukuda H (2007) Immobilized recombinant Aspergillus oryzae expressing heterologous lipase: an efficient whole-cell biocatalyst for enantioselective transesterification in non-aqueous medium. J Mol Catal B: Enzym 48:33–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sriappareddy T, Talukder MR, Hama S, Numata T, Kondo A, Fukuda H (2008) Enzymatic production of biodiesel from Jatropha oil: a comparative study of immobilized-whole cell and commercial lipases as a biocatalyst. Biochem Eng J 39:185–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava A, Prasad R (2000) Triglycerides-based diesel fuels. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 4:111–113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Svendsen A (2000) Lipase protein engineering. Biochim Biophys Acta 1543:223–238

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sung HH, Lan MN, Lee SN, Hwang SM, Koo YM (2007) Lipase-catalyzed biodiesel production from soybean oil in ionic liquids. Enzyme Microb Technol 41:480–483

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Talukder MMR, Beatrice KLM, Song OP, Puah S, Wu JC, Won CJ, Chow Y (2007) Improved method for efficient production of biodiesel production from palm oil. Biocatal Biotransfor 22:141–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Talukder MMR, Puah SM, Wu JC, Won CJ, Chow Y (2006) Lipase-catalyzed methanolysis of palm oil in presence and absence of organic solvent for production of biodiesel. Biocatal Biotransfor 24:257–262

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tillman D, Hill J, Lehman C (2006) Carbon-negative biofuels from low input high-diversity grassland biomass. Science 314:1598–1600

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turkan A, Kalay S (2006) Monitoring lipase- catalyzed methanolysis of sunflower oil by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography: elucidation of the mechanism of lipases. J Chromatogr A 1127:34–44

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Velde FV, Ruiter GAD (2002) Polysaccharides II: polysaccharides from eukaryotes. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Du W, Liu D, Li L, Dai N (2006) Lipase-catalyzed biodiesel production from soybean oil deodorizer distillate with absorbent present in tert-butanol system. J Mol Catal B: Enzym 43:29–32

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe Y, Shimada Y, Sugihara A, Noda H, Fukuda H, Tominaga Y (2000) Continuous production of biodiesel fuel from vegetable oil using immobilized Candida antarctica Lipase. J Am Oil Chem Soc 77:355–360

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe Y, Shimada Y, Sugihara A, Tominaga Y (2001) Enzymatic conversion of waste edible oil to biodiesel fuel in a fixed-bed bioreactor. J Am Oil Chem Soc 78:703–707

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • West AH, Posarac D, Ellis N (2008) Assessment of four biodiesel production processes using HYSYS plant. Bioresour Technol 99:6587–6601

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu WH, Foglia TA, Marmer WN, Phillips JG (1999) Optimizing production of ethyl esters of grease using 95 % ethanol by response surface methodology. J Am Oil Chem Soc 76:517–521

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xavier MF, Hector RR, Hugo SG, Charles GH, Clyde HA (1990) Immobilized lipase reactors for modification of fats and oils- a review. J Am Oil Chem Soc 67:890–910

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu Y, Du W, Liu D, Zeng J (2003) A novel enzymatic route for biodiesel production from renewable oils in a solvent-free medium. Biotechnol Lett 25:1239–1241

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu Y, Du W, Liu D (2005) Study on the kinetics of enzymatic interesterification of triglycerides for biodiesel production with methyl acetate as the acyl acceptor. J Mol Catal B: Enzym 32:241–245

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yadav GD, Jadhav SR (2005) Synthesis of reusable lipases by immobilization on hexagonal mesoporous silica and encapsulation in calcium alginate: transesterification in non-aqueous medium. Micropor Mesopor Mat 86:215–222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yagiz F, Kazan D, Akin AN (2007) Biodiesel production from waste oils by using lipase immobilized on hydrotalcite and zeolites. Chem Eng J 134:262–267

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang G, Tian-Wei T, Kai-Li N, Fang W (2006) Immobilization of lipase on macroporous resin and its application in synthesis of biodiesel in low aqueous media. Chin J Biotechnol 22:114–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yazdani SS, Gonzalez R (2007) Anaerobic fermentation of glycerol: a path to economic viability for the biofuels industry. Curr Opin Biotechnol 18:213–21

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yee KF, Tan KT, Abdullah AZ, Lee KT (2009) Life cycle assessment of palm biodiesel: revealing facts and benefits for sustainability. Appl Energy 86:189–196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yesiloglu Y (2004) Immobilized lipase-catalyzed ethanolysis of sunflower oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 81:157–160

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • You YD, Shie JL, Chang CY, Huang SH, Pai CY, Yu YH, Chang CH (2008) Economic cost analysis of biodiesel production: case in soybean oil. Energy Fuel 22:182–189

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng HG, Liao K, Deng X, Jiang H, Zhang F (2009) Characterization of the lipase immobilized on Mg–Al hydrotalcite for biodiesel. Process Biochem 44:791–798

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University Malaysia Sabah School of Engineering & Info tech, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia

    Pogaku Ravindra

  2. École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Kenthorai Raman Jegannathan

Authors
  1. Pogaku Ravindra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kenthorai Raman Jegannathan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ravindra, P., Jegannathan, K.R. (2015). Literature Review. In: Production of biodiesel using lipase encapsulated in κ-carrageenan. SpringerBriefs in Bioengineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10822-3_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10822-3_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-10821-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-10822-3

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation