Abstract
In line with policies of the dominant powers in the international system, democracy promoting influences can also stem from transnational relations, that is, cross-border interactions and exchanges with global civil society actors. These are predominantly human rights INGOs making up the core of the international human rights movement, which itself represents that faction within global civil society most directly involved in the promotion of democracy and human rights at a transnational level. Some of the best known INGOs in this field include Human Rights Watch (HRW) , Amnesty International (AI), and the International Federation of Human Rights (FIDH) .
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Notes
- 1.
See “The Helsinki Final Act 1975”; at: https://www.osce.org/mc/39501?download=true.
- 2.
“Human Rights and Civil Society: the Last Frontier”. A public lecture delivered by Iren Khan at the London School of Economics, 19 January 2005; at: <http://www2.lse.ac.uk/publicEvents/pdf/20050119-Khan-HumanRights.pdf>.
- 3.
“Egypt: Elections Concerns.” Human Rights Watch, 15 November 1990, p. 7; at: <http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/pdfs/e/egypt/egypt90n.pdf>.
- 4.
The HRW fact-finding mission was part of “The Prison Project” that was established in 1988 to focus international attention on prison conditions worldwide. The Prison Project cut across the five regional divisions of Human Rights Watch. It investigated conditions for sentenced prisoners, pre-trial detainees and those held in police lockups.
- 5.
“Egypt: Arrest and Detention Practices and Prison Conditions.” Human Rights Watch, 1 March 1992, pp. 3–4; at: <http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/pdfs/e/egypt/egypt923.pdf>.
- 6.
“Behind Closed Doors: Torture and Detention in Egypt.” Human Rights Watch, July 1992, p. 9; at: <http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/pdfs/e/egypt/egypt.927/egypt927full.pdf>.
- 7.
“Prison Conditions in Egypt: A Filthy System.” Human Rights Watch, February 1993, pp. 5–14; at: <http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/Egypt932.pdf>.
- 8.
“Black Hole: The Fate of Islamists Rendered to Egypt.” Human Rights Watch, May 2005; at: <http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/egypt0505.pdf>.
- 9.
“Egypt: Margins of Repression.” Human Rights Watch, July 2005, p. 1; at: <http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/egypt0705.pdf>.
- 10.
“Detention and Torture of Possible POC.” Amnesty International, 11 September 1990; at: https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/.../mde120061990en.pdf.
- 11.
“Egypt: Systematic Abuses in the Name of Security.” Amnesty International, April 2007; at: http://www.amnesty.ie/sites/default/files/report/2010/04/Egypt%20Systematic%20abuses%20in%20the%20name%20of%20security.pdf.
- 12.
“Human Rights in Arab Republic of Egypt.” Amnesty International, November 2009.
- 13.
“Recommendations on Human Rights in Egypt.” International Federation of Human Rights, January 2008.
- 14.
For further details about Freedom House reports, see at: <http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?search=Egypt&page=287>; and for details about Reporters without Borders’ reports, see at: <http://www.rsf.org/en-rapport149-id_rubrique144-Egypt.html>.
- 15.
Al-Ahram Weekly (Cairo), Issue No. 559, 8–14 November 2001.
- 16.
See the website of the EMHRN at: http://euromedrights.org/about-us/who-we-are/.
- 17.
Al-Ahram Weekly (Cairo), Issue No. 571, 31 January–6 February 2002.
- 18.
Ibid.
- 19.
See “European Neighbourhood Policy: Human Rights in EU-Egypt Relations.” A report published by the EMHRN, March 2006; at: http://www.medlinknet.org/documenti/doc.pdf/EMHRN%20EU-Egypt%20relations.pdf.
- 20.
“The First International Conference of the Arab Human Rights Movement.” A report by the Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies, 23 April 1999; at: http://www.cihrs.org/?p=11446&lang=en.
- 21.
“Would Americans Fight Terrorism by Any Means Necessary?.” Gallup, 1 March 2005; at: <http://www.gallup.com/poll/15073/Would-Americans-Fight-Terrorism-Any-Means-Necessary.aspx>.
- 22.
“Slim Majority Wants Bush-Era Interrogations Investigated.” Gallup, 27 April 2009; at: http://www.gallup.com/poll/118006/slim-majority-wants-bush-era-interrogations-investigated.aspx.
- 23.
“Public Remains Divided over the Use of Torture.” The Pew Research Center, 23 April 2009; at: http://www.people-press.org/2009/04/23/public-remains-divided-over-use-of-torture/.
- 24.
See the official website of ‘Freedom House’ at: <https://freedomhouse.org/?page=1>.
- 25.
See the USAID Yellowbook for a comprehensive listing of grants and contracts awarded over 2001; at: <http://www.usaid.gov/business/yellowbook/yellowbook01.pdf>.
- 26.
“Egypt Human Development Report 2008,” op.cit., pp. 79–80.
- 27.
Al-Ahram Weekly (Cairo), Issue No. 743, 19–25 May 2005.
- 28.
“The Muslim Brotherhood lays the foundations for a new police state by exceeding the Mubarak regime’s mechanisms to suppress civil society.” Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies, 30 May 2013; at: <http://www.cihrs.org/?p=6691&lang=en>.
- 29.
“UN rights chief warns Egypt at risk of drifting away from ideals that ignited revolution.” UN News Center, 8 May 2013; at: <http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=44858&Cr=egypt&Cr1>.
- 30.
Al-Ahram Weekly (Cairo), Issue 1141, 27 February 2013.
- 31.
Al-Ahram Weekly (Cairo), Issue No. 407, 10–16 December 1998.
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Selim, G.M. (2015). Global Civil Society and Egypt’s Transition: The Dynamics of the Boomerang Effect. In: The International Dimensions of Democratization in Egypt. Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace, vol 11. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16700-8_7
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