Abstract
“The European Union (EU) has been misunderstood for a long time as a purely economic community. Although the EU economy plays an important role, it should not be forgotten that the EU is a community of values in the first place.” With these words the former president of the European Commission, Jose Manuel Barroso, inaugurated one of his speeches in the European Parliament, and he added (giving the gist of his words): “For both, the ‘Treaty on European Union, 2009’ and in, the ‘EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, 2000’ as well in the ‘European Convention for the protection of Human Rights and fundamental Freedoms, 1950’, values are laid down, which are applicable to all EU citizens and which impose on all of them equal rights and equal duties. These values often extend the significance of what is codified in the national constitutions of the 28 States of the EU.”
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Notes
- 1.
A general direct horizontal effect of the fundamental rights of the Charter is rejected by the prevailing view, but an indirect effect is supported; cf. recently Müller‐Graff 2014, p. 5 (with footnote 28) and 29; for a direct horizontal effect, Sonnevend 2011 who refers to Case C‐438/05, Viking (ECJ 11 December 2007) para 84.
- 2.
Regenbogen and Regenbogen 2001.
- 3.
European Commission, SEC (2000) 1832, http://tvu.acs.si/dokumenti/LLLmemorandum_Oct2000.pdf
- 4.
With respect to this digression cf. Mokrosch 2013, p. 43–64.
- 5.
- 6.
Ancient Near Eastern term for a mythological figure, in: Hobbes 1651, frontispiece: an emblematic of an artificial human form that is capable of acting the state manmade.
- 7.
Aristotle (322 BC/1934), Vol. V.
- 8.
Perelman 1945/67.
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Mokrosch, R., Regenbogen, A. (2015). Can Values Education Promote Cohesion in Europe?. In: Blanke, HJ., Cruz Villalón, P., Klein, T., Ziller, J. (eds) Common European Legal Thinking. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19300-7_20
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