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Botanical Illustration and the Idea of the Garden in the Sixteenth Century Between Imitation and Imagination

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Gardens, Knowledge and the Sciences in the Early Modern Period

Part of the book series: Trends in the History of Science ((TRENDSHISTORYSCIENCE))

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Abstract

The paper presents some motifs of reflection on the idea and the image of the garden that developed during the course of the sixteenth century and on the relationship between art and science. In particular, the most relevant works in the first age of modern botany (by Brunfels, Fuchs, and Mattioli) that affirm the relevance of images as a method of investigation and identification, are strictly connected to a perception of the garden as a space of organization of knowledge, but also of new cultural and social relations. On one hand, an idea of the garden born from and for science, in which images play a central role in the condivision and communication of knowledge; on the other, the idea of the garden spread in the years 1570–1590 by a flourishing production of prints which underline this evocative, architectural, and emotional dimension. In this encounter between art and science at the end of the century, the garden finds new models of representation and definition ready for further development.

Translated by Lisa Chien.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    For the reference to Weiditz (“Ioannes pictor Guidictius”) in the epigram, see also Blunt (1950: 47) and Zucchi (2003: 424).

  2. 2.

    I need only cite the refined title pages of other works by Brunfels printed by Schott, such as Vereum Dei multo magis expedit audire… (1524), Pandectarum Veteris et Novi Testamenti Libri XII (1528), or Weiditz’s title page of Almanach ewig werend (1526); see also Ginzburg (1970: 3 ff).

  3. 3.

    See Hollstein (1954: 146 and 151) and for his Portrait of Brunfels (in Annotationes…, Strasbourg, Georgio Ulrichero, 1535) see also Ginzburg (1970: 111–112).

  4. 4.

    This title page would be the model for the title page of the Hortus sanitatis printed in Strasbourg by Mathias Apiarius in 1536, see Pigozzi (2006: 191).

  5. 5.

    See also Comito (1979: 23) and Zucchi (2003: 441–442); and, for the frontispieces and title pages as visual documents in the histories of botany and science, see MacDougall (1983: iv), Tongiorgi Tomasi (1988: 372–373) and Remmert (2006: 239–240).

  6. 6.

    See Conforti (1981: 18–19); and for a general discussion on the idea of the garden in the Renaissance, see Comito (1979), Azzi Visentini (1984) and Keene (2013).

  7. 7.

    For a description of the title page, attributed to Oronce Finé , see Hocquette (1951: 54).

  8. 8.

    Now in Battisti (2004: 9–11). See also MacDougall (1972).

  9. 9.

    See Ivins (1985: 44–46), Landau and Parshall (1994: 253–254), Kusukawa (1997), Ogilvie (2006: 194 ff), Tongiorgi Tomasi and Willis (2009: 37–45), Dackerman (2011: 142), Kusukawa (2012: 107 ff). The quotation is from the Dedicatory Epistle, in Fuchs (1999: 208).

  10. 10.

    See Eamon (1994: 108 ff) and Kusukawa (2012: 87–90). For the emblem of Isingrin , see Fuchs (1999: 49).

  11. 11.

    Mattioli (1554), Epistola Nuncupatoria addressed to Ferdinand I of the Hapsburgs (Gorizia, January 1554): “Adiecimus insuper quam plurimas plantarum et animalium imagines, quam fieri potuit diligentius, ad naturae imitationem expressas, magnis cum laboribus, tum sumptibus: non alia mehercle ratione, quam ut ijs, qui terras peragrare non possunt, nec praeceptores habent, quasi hortulum exhiberemus, in quo omni tempore, nullo cultu adhibito, vivas fere stirpium effigies spectarent.” On Mattioli and the editions of his works, see Ferri (1997).

  12. 12.

    Mattioli (1555), Epistola addressed to the cardinal Cristofano Madruzzo, prince of Trento (Gorizia, 20 January 1555): “acciò che coloro, che non possono andare per lo mondo alla cognitione de semplici, né hanno huomini periti, che glieli dimostrino, habbiano da me un giardino, ove possano in qual si voglia tempo dell'anno senza veruna coltura vederle, & conoscerle bene”. On Mattioli’s “paper garden”, see Findlen (1999: 382).

  13. 13.

    The same title page would also adorn the editions published in Anvers (1557, 1563) and London (1578): see Antwerp (1993: 102–103), Swan (1995: 363–364) and Ogilvie (2006: 87–89).

  14. 14.

    See de Nave and Imhof (1993: 92); and for the Naturalis historiae of Adam Lonicer , printed by Egenolph in 1551, see Tongiorgi Tomasi and Tongiorgi (1984: 57–58).

  15. 15.

    Mattioli (1555), Epistola: “nell’antichissima città di Pisa […] dove per opera del suo promotore verdeggiano hoggi molte rare piante, che altrove non si sono in Italia fin hora vedute, a commodo & ornamento publico de i medici, de gli scholari, & d’ogni altro, che di quella facultà si diletti”. On the botanical gardens of Pisa and Padova, see Garbari et al. (2002) and The Botanical Garden of Padova (2013).

  16. 16.

    Mattioli (1555), Epistola: “partecipare con tutti delle piante rare, che vi si trovano; a confusione d’alcuni altri invidiosi et avari, che hanno fatto giardini, nei quali non solamente non lasciano entrare i virtuosi […] ma non ne darebbono pure una foglia ad alcuno per ogni gran premio, non che per gentilezza & cortesia, per potersi vantare che essi soli hanno questa & quella altra rara pianta in prigione”.

  17. 17.

    See Tosi (1989: 21); and for Mattioli’s “respublica botanica”, see Findlen (1999: 380 ff).

  18. 18.

    Ibidem: 63, letter to Aldrovandi in Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, ms. 382, IV, c. 335r.: “… ne ho veduto qua copia infinita in un bellissimo giardino dell’illustrissimo signor di Piombino, che in quello la tiene questo signore per bellezza, né sa il nome, né tampoco altro di quella”.

  19. 19.

    “sì nel piccolo mio con li vasi delle cose de levante, come in quello di le Signorie Nostre a Padova, et anchora nel giardino che semper viret depinto …”: letter to Ulisse Aldrovandi , from Venice, 14 October 1553, in Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, ms. 382, I, cc. 175r.-175v., quoted in De Toni (1910: 39–41).

  20. 20.

    Letter to Ulisse Aldrovandi , from Venice, 10 April 1554, in Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, ms. 382, I, cc. 176r.-176v., quoted in De Toni (1910: 41–43): “… non mi è cosa nova che con uno ramusculo over una foglia secha, et parlare per relatione non è impossibile far cose buone, ma el ci vole una faticha simile alla mia che con diligenza et summo impazzio ho havuto suferenza in alevare le piante, nutrirle, et vedere da suo principio fino alla fine, et poi quando si ritrovano in sue tutte qualità et producione presentarle al pitore, et lui con il penelo et io con la pena cavarne tutte interamente le utilità che sia posibile. Io son trascorso in questo ragionamento per la impensata, ma mi perdonarete…”. See also Palmer (1985: 153), Palmer (1988: 59), Kusukawa (2000: 107), Findlen (2005: 60) and Egmond (2010: 102).

  21. 21.

    See Azzi Visentini (1984: 109–115, 2008: 154–155). On the celebrated painted herbal of Michiel (Venice, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana), see also Michiel (1940); Di sana pianta (1988: 157–159) and Tongiorgi Tomasi (2002b: 47).

  22. 22.

    Mattioli (1559), preface: “notevole sì per le piante peregrine che vi si ritrovano, come ancho per gl’acquedotti & groteschi di grandissimo valore con mirabil artificio ivi fabricati”. See also Findlen (2005: 60).

  23. 23.

    On Gessner , see Ogilvie (2006: 151–155).

  24. 24.

    Mattioli (1568), letter to the Princess Giovanna d’Austria (Insbruck, 1 april 1568): “…cresciuto & ampliato giardino, le porte del quale staranno in perpetuo aperte a ciascuno”; and also: “tutto quel poco di tempo, che m’è avanzato fra tanti travagli, disconci, & intrighi, che apportano i negotii & le faccende delle Corti, l’ho veramente speso tutto nel coltivare con ogni studio & in ampliare questo mio principiato giardino”. See also Findlen (1999: 382, Crisciani (1999: 7). For the Portrait of Pietro Andrea Mattioli by Giorgio Liberale (1550: private collection), see Tosi (1997: 378–380) and Tosi (2007: 33–35).

  25. 25.

    On the portrait, with the edition of Mattioli opened to the page with the description of Melanthium, now identified as Portrait of Francesco I de’ Medici and attributed to Francesco Morandini called il Poppi (Christie’s, sale 5964, lot 35, 4 December 2012), see also Nicolson (1955: 214). On Cordus see Ogilvie (2003: 30–31) and Swan (2011: 189). Writing to Ulisse Aldrovandi in 1567 when he was on an herborizing expedition near Camaldoli, Sebastiano Soavi requested “uno Mathiolo con le figure perché noi habbiamo il Fuchiscio , ma non serve molto” (“a copy of Mattioli with the illustrations because we have the [work by] Fuchs , but it is not very useful”); see Tosi (1989: 180) and Findlen (1999: 388).

  26. 26.

    For the Vertumnus by Floris and Cort , see Hellerstedt (1986: 22–23), Strauss and Shimura (1986: 195), Tongiorgi Tomasi and Tosi (1990: 65). For Bruegel’s Spring, see Hellerstedt (1986: 8–9), Clayton (1990: 44–45), Tongiorgi Tomasi and Tosi (1990: 60), Aikema and Brown (2000: 572), Tongiorgi Tomasi (2004: 113) and Sellink (2007: 147–150). On the work printed by Hill , A most briefe and pleasaunt treatyse, teatchynge howe to dress, sowe and set a Garden (Thomas Hill, London 1563), see Giorgetta (2010: 84–91).

  27. 27.

    In Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, ms. 382, I, c. 76r., quoted in De Toni (1919: 309–310): “Quell’herbario inglese intendo ch’habbia piante non dipinte da altri, ma non però che sii libro fatto per man di maestro, et cosi l'intende chi l’ha veduto”.

  28. 28.

    On Ligozzi , see Olmi (1992: 61–64) and Tongiorgi Tomasi (2002a). For the letter to Francesco I , see Tosi (1989: 231–247).

  29. 29.

    See Tongiorgi Tomasi and Tosi (1990: 71–72), De Jong (2000, 2004: 62–64, 2008); see also Gothein (2006: 621–624); and, on Lodovico Pozzeserrato (Limentani Virdis 1988).

  30. 30.

    This is the title of an engraving by Crispijn de Passe from the series Deliciarum juvenilium libellus: see Veldman (2001: 14–15, 21–23 and 137–146). For the inventions by Maarten de Vos (Ver, c. 1587–1588, engraved by Philips Galle ; Ver, c. 1588, engraved by A. Collaert ; April, engraved by C. De Passe ; Ver, engraved by Julius Goltzius , and later by Nicolas de Bruyn ), see Hollstein (1996: 279–281, 283 and 286). For Hans Bol’s Spring, from a drawing made in 1579 and engraved in 1580 by Johan Sadeler I , see Tongiorgi Tomasi and Tosi (1990: 61) and de Ramaix (2003: 44); for his beautiful drawing Castle and garden (1580, Firenze, Gabinetto Disegni e Stampe degli Uffizi), then printed by Johan Sadeler , see Tongiorgi Tomasi and Tosi (1990: 72–73), de Ramaix (2003: 42). For the Months engraved by Adriaen Collaert from drawings by Joos de Momper and Hans Bol , see Hollstein (1949: 206–207).

  31. 31.

    See Tongiorgi Tomasi and Willis (2009: 169–177). On the work by Camerarius (Symbolorum et Emblematum ex re herbaria desumtorum centuria una, 1590), see Vignau-Wilberg (2000: 46–47).

  32. 32.

    See Lugli (1985: 62). On Gherardo Cibo , see now Mangani and Tongiorgi Tomasi (2013).

  33. 33.

    On Gerard’s The Herball, see de Nave and Imhof (1993: 124), Tongiorgi Tomasi and Willis (2009: 79–84) and Knight (2009: 69 ff). On Mattioli’s Opera omnia edited by Bauhin (a second edition would be printed in Basel, Joannis Konig , 1674), see Gentilini (1985: 103–104).

  34. 34.

    See Corbett (1977: 227). For the print, engraved by Adriaen Collaert from a drawing by Hans Bol for the series of the months (April), see also Hellerstedt (1986: 13) and Gothein (2006: 621 and 624).

  35. 35.

    Caspar Bauhin , Epistola Dedicatoria, in Mattioli (1598): “duos hortos Simplicibus exoticis refertissimos, si qui alii hodie sunt, vel fuerint olim, praetor I.C.T. excoli curat; alter Stutgardiae, multis miraculo; Montisbeligardi alter exoticarum fertilitate notissimus, quem Iohannes Bauhinus , Celsitudinis Tuae Archiater, optimus frater meus, magna cura, indefessis laboribus, ex I.C.T. mandato, indies auget & illustrat”.

  36. 36.

    On Lipsius , see Swan (2005: 114–120).

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Tosi, A. (2016). Botanical Illustration and the Idea of the Garden in the Sixteenth Century Between Imitation and Imagination. In: Fischer, H., Remmert, V., Wolschke-Bulmahn, J. (eds) Gardens, Knowledge and the Sciences in the Early Modern Period. Trends in the History of Science. Birkhäuser, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26342-7_9

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