Skip to main content

Image-Guided High-Dose Rate Brachytherapy in the Treatment of Liver Cancer

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Brachytherapy

Part of the book series: Medical Radiology ((Med Radiol Radiat Oncol))

  • 1289 Accesses

Abstract

High-dose rate brachytherapy for primary and secondary liver malignancies is an innovative radio-oncological modality enjoying rapid acceptance and adoption in the field of interventional oncology. It is a safe and effective treatment most useful in the salvage situation in patients with large hepatic tumors or an intermediate number of lesions unsuitable for thermal ablation or stereotactic external radiotherapy. In this chapter the radiobiological and technical aspects of CT-guided brachytherapy for the treatment of liver cancers are discussed. Clinical toxicity and efficacy outcomes after this technique are described including a comprehensive data review.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R et al (2015) Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer 136(5):E359–E386. doi:10.1002/ijc.29210

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL et al (2015) Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 65(2):87–108. doi:10.3322/caac.21262

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. El-Serag HB (2002) Hepatocellular carcinoma: an epidemiologic view. J Clin Gastroenterol 35(5 Suppl 2):S72–S78

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Yang JD, Roberts LR (2010) Hepatocellular carcinoma: a global view. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 7(8):448–458. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2010.100

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Akoad ME, Pomfret EA (2015) Surgical resection and liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Liver Dis 19(2):381–399. doi:10.1016/j.cld.2015.01.007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Poultsides GA, Schulick RD, Pawlik TM (2010) Hepatic resection for colorectal metastases: the impact of surgical margin status on outcome. HPB (Oxford) 12(1):43–49. doi:10.1111/j.1477-2574.2009.00121.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Charalampoudis P, Mantas D, Sotiropoulos GC et al (2015) Surgery for liver metastases from breast cancer. Future Oncol 11(10):1519–1530. doi:10.2217/fon.15.43

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Belghiti J, Hiramatsu K, Benoist S et al (2000) Seven hundred forty-seven hepatectomies in the 1990s: an update to evaluate the actual risk of liver resection. J Am Coll Surg 191(1):38–46

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Yu D, Chen W, Jiang C et al (2013) Risk assessment in patients undergoing liver resection. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 12(5):473–479

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Buscarini E, Savoia A, Brambilla G et al (2005) Radiofrequency thermal ablation of liver tumors. Eur Radiol 15(5):884–894. doi:10.1007/s00330-005-2652-x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Chen M, Li J, Zheng Y et al (2006) A prospective randomized trial comparing percutaneous local ablative therapy and partial hepatectomy for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg 243(3):321–328. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000201480.65519.b8

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Goldberg SN, Grassi CJ, Cardella JF et al (2009) Image-guided tumor ablation: standardization of terminology and reporting criteria. J Vasc Interv Radiol 20(7 Suppl):S377–S390. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2009.04.011

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Livraghi T, Solbiati L, Meloni F et al (2003) Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of liver metastases in potential candidates for resection: the “test-of-time approach”. Cancer 97(12):3027–3035. doi:10.1002/cncr.11426

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Mack MG, Straub R, Eichler K et al (2004) Breast cancer metastases in liver: laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy--local tumor control rate and survival data. Radiology 233(2):400–409. doi:10.1148/radiol.2332030454

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Nikfarjam M, Muralidharan V, Christophi C (2006) Altered growth patterns of colorectal liver metastases after thermal ablation. Surgery 139(1):73–81. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2005.07.030

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Vogl TJ, Straub R, Eichler K et al (2004) Colorectal carcinoma metastases in liver: laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy--local tumor control rate and survival data. Radiology 230(2):450–458. doi:10.1148/radiol.2302020646

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Vogl TJ, Straub R, Zangos S et al (2004) MR-guided laser-induced thermotherapy (LITT) of liver tumours: experimental and clinical data. Int J Hyperthermia 20(7):713–724

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Crocetti L, de Baere T, Lencioni R (2010) Quality improvement guidelines for radiofrequency ablation of liver tumours. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 33(1):11–17. doi:10.1007/s00270-009-9736-y

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Paulet E, Aubé C, Pessaux P et al (2008) Factors limiting complete tumor ablation by radiofrequency ablation. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 31(1):107–115. doi:10.1007/s00270-007-9208-1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Yin X, Xie X, Lu M et al (2009) Percutaneous thermal ablation of medium and large hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term outcome and prognostic factors. Cancer 115(9):1914–1923. doi:10.1002/cncr.24196

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Pech M, Wieners G, Kryza R et al (2008) CT-guided brachytherapy (CTGB) versus interstitial laser ablation (ILT) of colorectal liver metastases: an intraindividual matched-pair analysis. Strahlenther Onkol 184(6):302–306. doi:10.1007/s00066-008-1815-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ricke J, Wust P, Wieners G et al (2004) Liver malignancies: CT-guided interstitial brachytherapy in patients with unfavorable lesions for thermal ablation. J Vasc Interv Radiol 15(11):1279–1286. doi:10.1097/01.RVI.0000141343.43441.06

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ricke J, Wust P, Stohlmann A et al (2004) CT-guided interstitial brachytherapy of liver malignancies alone or in combination with thermal ablation: phase I-II results of a novel technique. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 58(5):1496–1505. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2003.09.024

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Curley SA (2008) Radiofrequency ablation versus resection for resectable colorectal liver metastases: time for a randomized trial? Ann Surg Oncol 15(1):11–13. doi:10.1245/s10434-007-9668-1

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Stang A, Fischbach R, Teichmann W et al (2009) A systematic review on the clinical benefit and role of radiofrequency ablation as treatment of colorectal liver metastases. Eur J Cancer 45(10):1748–1756. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2009.03.012

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Collettini F, Schnapauff D, Poellinger A et al (2012) Hepatocellular carcinoma: computed-tomography-guided high-dose-rate brachytherapy (CT-HDRBT) ablation of large (5–7 cm) and very large (7 cm) tumours. Eur Radiol 22(5):1101–1109. doi:10.1007/s00330-011-2352-7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Collettini F, Golenia M, Schnapauff D et al (2012) Percutaneous computed tomography-guided high-dose-rate brachytherapy ablation of breast cancer liver metastases: initial experience with 80 lesions. J Vasc Interv Radiol 23(5):618–626. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2012.01.079

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Collettini F, Singh A, Schnapauff D et al (2013) Computed-tomography-guided high-dose-rate brachytherapy (CT-HDRBT) ablation of metastases adjacent to the liver hilum. Eur J Radiol 82(10):e509–e514. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2013.04.046

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Geisel D, Denecke T, Collettini F et al (2012) Treatment of hepatic metastases from gastric or gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma with computed tomography-guided high-dose-rate brachytherapy (CT-HDRBT). Anticancer Res 32(12):5453–5458

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Mohnike K, Wieners G, Schwartz F et al (2010) Computed tomography-guided high-dose-rate brachytherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: safety, efficacy, and effect on survival. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 78(1):172–179. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.07.1700

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Ricke J, Mohnike K, Pech M et al (2010) Local response and impact on survival after local ablation of liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma by computed tomography-guided high-dose-rate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 78(2):479–485. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.09.026

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Schnapauff D, Denecke T, Grieser C et al (2011) Computed tomography-guided interstitial HDR brachytherapy (CT-HDRBT) of the liver in patients with irresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. doi:10.1007/s00270-011-0249-0

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Schnapauff D, Collettini F, Hartwig K et al (2015) CT-guided brachytherapy as salvage therapy for intrahepatic recurrence of HCC after surgical resection. Anticancer Res 35(1):319–323

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Tselis N, Chatzikonstantinou G, Kolotas C et al (2012) Hypofractionated accelerated computed tomography-guided interstitial high-dose-rate brachytherapy for liver malignancies. Brachytherapy. doi:10.1016/j.brachy.2012.02.006

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Tselis N, Chatzikonstantinou G, Kolotas C et al (2013) Computed tomography-guided interstitial high dose rate brachytherapy for centrally located liver tumours: a single institution study. Eur Radiol 23(8):2264–2270. doi:10.1007/s00330-013-2816-z

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Wieners G, Mohnike K, Peters N et al (2011) Treatment of hepatic metastases of breast cancer with CT-guided interstitial brachytherapy – a phase II-study. Radiother Oncol 100(2):314–319. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2011.03.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Ricke J, Thormann M, Ludewig M et al (2010) MR-guided liver tumor ablation employing open high-field 1.0T MRI for image-guided brachytherapy. Eur Radiol 20(8):1985–1993. doi:10.1007/s00330-010-1751-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Wonneberger U, Fischbach F, Bunke J et al (2012) MRI-guided brachytherapy in the liver. In: Kahn T, Busse H (eds) Interventional magnetic resonance imaging. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 381–387

    Google Scholar 

  39. Wybranski C, Eberhardt B, Fischbach K et al (2015) Accuracy of applicator tip reconstruction in MRI-guided interstitial (192)Ir-high-dose-rate brachytherapy of liver tumors. Radiother Oncol. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2015.01.018

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Tsalpatouros A, Baltas D, Kolotas C et al (1997) CT-based software for 3-D localization and reconstruction in stepping source brachytherapy. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed 1(4):229–242

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Purdy JA (2004) Current ICRU definitions of volumes: limitations and future directions. Semin Radiat Oncol 14(1):27–40. doi:10.1053/j.semradonc.2003.12.002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Lin Z, Lin J, Lin C et al (2012) 1.5T conventional MR-guided iodine-125 interstitial implants for hepatocellular carcinoma: feasibility and preliminary clinical experience. Eur J Radiol 81(7):1420–1425. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.03.043

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Martinez-Monge R, Nag S, Nieroda CA et al (1999) Iodine-125 brachytherapy in the treatment of colorectal adenocarcinoma metastatic to the liver. Cancer 85(6):1218–1225

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Donath D, Nori D, Turnbull A et al (1990) Brachytherapy in the treatment of solitary colorectal metastases to the liver. J Surg Oncol 44(1):55–61

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Thomas DS, Nauta RJ, Rodgers JE et al (1993) Intraoperative high-dose rate interstitial irradiation of hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma. Results of a phase I-II trial. Cancer 71(6):1977–1981

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Wieners G, Pech M, Rudzinska M et al (2006) CT-guided interstitial brachytherapy in the local treatment of extrahepatic, extrapulmonary secondary malignancies. Eur Radiol 16(11):2586–2593. doi:10.1007/s00330-006-0241-2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Seidensticker M, Wust P, Rühl R et al (2010) Safety margin in irradiation of colorectal liver metastases: assessment of the control dose of micrometastases. Radiat Oncol 5:24. doi:10.1186/1748-717X-5-24

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Wybranski C, Seidensticker M, Mohnike K et al (2009) In vivo assessment of dose volume and dose gradient effects on the tolerance dose of small liver volumes after single-fraction high-dose-rate 192Ir irradiation. Radiat Res 172(5):598–606. doi:10.1667/RR1773.1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Streitparth F, Pech M, Böhmig M et al (2006) In vivo assessment of the gastric mucosal tolerance dose after single fraction, small volume irradiation of liver malignancies by computed tomography-guided, high-dose-rate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 65(5):1479–1486. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.02.052

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Dritschilo A, Harter KW, Thomas D et al (1988) Intraoperative radiation therapy of hepatic metastases: technical aspects and report of a pilot study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 14(5):1007–1011

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Franken NAP, Oei AL, Kok HP et al (2013) Cell survival and radiosensitisation: modulation of the linear and quadratic parameters of the LQ model (Review). Int J Oncol 42(5):1501–1515. doi:10.3892/ijo.2013.1857

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Park HC, Seong J, Han KH et al (2002) Dose-response relationship in local radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 54(1):150–155

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Guha C, Kavanagh BD (2011) Hepatic radiation toxicity: avoidance and amelioration. Semin Radiat Oncol 21(4):256–263. doi:10.1016/j.semradonc.2011.05.003

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Lawrence TS, Robertson JM, Anscher MS et al (1995) Hepatic toxicity resulting from cancer treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 31(5):1237–1248. doi:10.1016/0360-3016(94)00418-K

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Brenner DJ (2008) The linear-quadratic model is an appropriate methodology for determining isoeffective doses at large doses per fraction. Semin Radiat Oncol 18(4):234–239. doi:10.1016/j.semradonc.2008.04.004

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Milano MT, Constine LS, Okunieff P (2008) Normal tissue toxicity after small field hypofractionated stereotactic body radiation. Radiat Oncol 3:36. doi:10.1186/1748-717X-3-36

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Chang DT, Swaminath A, Kozak M et al (2011) Stereotactic body radiotherapy for colorectal liver metastases: a pooled analysis. Cancer 117(17):4060–4069. doi:10.1002/cncr.25997

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Dewas S, Mirabel X, Kramar A et al (2012) Radiothérapie stéréotaxique hépatique par CyberKnife(®): l’expérience lilloise (Stereotactic body radiation therapy for liver primary and metastases: the Lille experience). Cancer Radiother 16(1):58–69. doi:10.1016/j.canrad.2011.06.005

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Rule W, Timmerman R, Tong L et al (2011) Phase I dose-escalation study of stereotactic body radiotherapy in patients with hepatic metastases. Ann Surg Oncol 18(4):1081–1087. doi:10.1245/s10434-010-1405-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Seo YS, Kim M, Yoo SY et al (2010) Preliminary result of stereotactic body radiotherapy as a local salvage treatment for inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 102(3):209–214. doi:10.1002/jso.21593

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Timmerman RD, Kavanagh BD, Cho LC et al (2007) Stereotactic body radiation therapy in multiple organ sites. J Clin Oncol 25(8):947–952. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.09.7469

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. van der Pool AEM, Méndez Romero A, Wunderink W et al (2010) Stereotactic body radiation therapy for colorectal liver metastases. Br J Surg 97(3):377–382. doi:10.1002/bjs.6895

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Kolotas C, Baltas D, Zamboglou N (1999) CT-Based interstitial HDR brachytherapy. Strahlenther Onkol 175(9):419–427

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Kamrava M, Loh C, Banerjee R et al (2013) Dosimetric comparison of image-guided high-dose-rate interstitial liver brachytherapy vs liver stereotactic body radiation therapy. Brachytherapy 12:S18. doi:10.1016/j.brachy.2013.01.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Li D, Kang J, Golas BJ et al (2014) Minimally invasive local therapies for liver cancer. Cancer Biol Med 11(4):217–236. doi:10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2014.04.001

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Ricke J, Wust P (2011) Computed tomography-guided brachytherapy for liver cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol 21(4):287–293. doi:10.1016/j.semradonc.2011.05.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Ruggieri R, Naccarato S, Nahum AE (2010) Severe hypofractionation: non-homogeneous tumour dose delivery can counteract tumour hypoxia. Acta Oncol 49(8):1304–1314. doi:10.3109/0284186X.2010.486796

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Rühl R, Lüdemann L, Czarnecka A et al (2010) Radiobiological restrictions and tolerance doses of repeated single-fraction hdr-irradiation of intersecting small liver volumes for recurrent hepatic metastases. Radiat Oncol 5:44. doi:10.1186/1748-717X-5-44

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Ricke J, Seidensticker M, Lüdemann L et al (2005) In vivo assessment of the tolerance dose of small liver volumes after single-fraction HDR irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 62(3):776–784. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.11.022

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Lin Z, Chen J, Deng X (2012) Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma adjacent to large blood vessels using 1.5T MRI-guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation combined with iodine-125 radioactive seed implantation. Eur J Radiol 81(11):3079–3083. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2012.05.007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Nag S, DeHaan M, Scruggs G et al (2006) Long-term follow-up of patients of intrahepatic malignancies treated with iodine-125 brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 64(3):736–744. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.08.029

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Collettini F, Poellinger A, Schnapauff D et al (2011) CT-guided high-dose-rate brachytherapy of metachronous ovarian cancer metastasis to the liver: initial experience. Anticancer Res 31(8):2597–2602

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Collettini F, Lutter A, Schnapauff D et al (2014) Unresectable colorectal liver metastases: percutaneous ablation using CT-guided high-dose-rate brachytherapy (CT-HDBRT). Rofo 186(6):606–612. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1355887

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Collettini F, Schreiber N, Schnapauff D et al (2015) CT-gesteuerte Hochdosis-Brachytherapie beim inoperablen hepatozellulären Karzinom (CT-guided high-dose-rate brachytherapy of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma). Strahlenther Onkol 191(5):405–412. doi:10.1007/s00066-014-0781-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Denecke T, Stelter L, Schnapauff D et al (2015) CT-guided interstitial brachytherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma before liver transplantation: an equivalent alternative to transarterial chemoembolization? Eur Radiol. doi:10.1007/s00330-015-3660-0

    Google Scholar 

  76. Armstrong JG, Anderson LL, Harrison LB (1994) Treatment of liver metastases from colorectal cancer with radioactive implants. Cancer 73(7):1800–1804

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Andolino DL, Johnson CS, Maluccio M et al (2011) Stereotactic body radiotherapy for primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 81(4):e447–e453. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.04.011

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Katz AW, Carey-Sampson M, Muhs AG et al (2007) Hypofractionated stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for limited hepatic metastases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 67(3):793–798. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.10.025

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Kwon JH, Bae SH, Kim JY et al (2010) Long-term effect of stereotactic body radiation therapy for primary hepatocellular carcinoma ineligible for local ablation therapy or surgical resection. Stereotactic radiotherapy for liver cancer. BMC Cancer 10:475. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-10-475

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Lee MT, Kim JJ, Dinniwell R et al (2009) Phase I study of individualized stereotactic body radiotherapy of liver metastases. J Clin Oncol 27(10):1585–1591. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.20.0600

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Rusthoven KE, Kavanagh BD, Cardenes H et al (2009) Multi-institutional phase I/II trial of stereotactic body radiation therapy for liver metastases. J Clin Oncol 27(10):1572–1578. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.19.6329

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Tse RV, Hawkins M, Lockwood G et al (2008) Phase I study of individualized stereotactic body radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Clin Oncol 26(4):657–664. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.14.3529

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Wulf J, Guckenberger M, Haedinger U et al (2006) Stereotactic radiotherapy of primary liver cancer and hepatic metastases. Acta Oncol 45(7):838–847. doi:10.1080/02841860600904821

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Goodman KA, Wiegner EA, Maturen KE et al (2010) Dose-escalation study of single-fraction stereotactic body radiotherapy for liver malignancies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 78(2):486–493. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.08.020

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Herfarth KK, Debus J, Wannenmacher M (2004) Stereotactic radiation therapy of liver metastases: update of the initial phase-I/II trial. Front Radiat Ther Oncol 38:100–105

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Stintzing S, Hoffmann R, Heinemann V et al (2010) Radiosurgery of liver tumors: value of robotic radiosurgical device to treat liver tumors. Ann Surg Oncol 17(11):2877–2883. doi:10.1245/s10434-010-1187-9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Abbas H, Chang B, Chen ZJ (2014) Motion management in gastrointestinal cancers. J Gastrointest Oncol 5(3):223–235. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2014.028

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nikolaos Tselis MD, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tselis, N., Mohnike, K., Ricke, J. (2016). Image-Guided High-Dose Rate Brachytherapy in the Treatment of Liver Cancer. In: Montemaggi, P., Trombetta, M., Brady, L. (eds) Brachytherapy. Medical Radiology(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26791-3_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26791-3_13

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-26789-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-26791-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics