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Sniffing Out a Role for PACAP in the Olfactory System

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Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide — PACAP

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Neurotoxicity ((Current Topics Neurotoxicity,volume 11))

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Abstract

In mammals, the olfactory system comprises a main olfactory epithelium containing olfactory sensory neurons located in the dorsal recesses of the nasal cavity, olfactory bulbs, and olfactory cortex which includes a number of discrete brain regions such as those associated with emotions (lateral amygdala) and memory (entorhinal cortex). An accessory olfactory system of vomeronasal organ and accessory olfactory bulbs connect to the hypothalamic/gonadotrophic axis. PACAP and the high affinity PAC1 receptor are found at high levels throughout these pathways. Recent studies in the developing olfactory epithelium show that functional PACAP signaling is important for proliferation and neuroprotection. Physiological studies of rodent olfactory epithelial slices reveal that PACAP elicits increases in intracellular calcium in olfactory sensory neurons and protects olfactory slices and primary cultures from injury-related cell death. PACAP is also found in the olfactory ensheathing cells that wrap the sensory axons as they leave the olfactory epithelium to synapse in the olfactory bulb. Within olfactory bulb, PACAP is expressed in mitral and tufted cells, which synapse with PAC1 receptor-expressing granule cells and provide the output to higher olfactory centers. Importantly, PACAP promotes release of glutamate and GABA in the developing olfactory bulb network. Physiological studies using PACAP and GABA stimulation show that as early as postnatal days 2–5, the responses of subsets of olfactory granule cells shift from immature to mature profiles. These interesting and robust effects of PACAP make the olfactory system an excellent model for further studies of the roles of PACAP in neurogenesis, neuromodulation, neuroprotection, and neuroregeneration.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine, One University Drive at Jordan Road, Cupecoy, Dutch Lowlands, Sint Maarten, The Netherlands

    Mary T. Lucero

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  1. Mary T. Lucero
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anatomy MTA-PTE “Lendulet” PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary

    Dora Reglodi

  2. Department of Anatomy MTA-PTE “Lendulet” PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary

    Andrea Tamas

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Lucero, M.T. (2016). Sniffing Out a Role for PACAP in the Olfactory System. In: Reglodi, D., Tamas, A. (eds) Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide — PACAP. Current Topics in Neurotoxicity, vol 11. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-35135-3_29

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