Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pregnancy-Related Sleep Disturbances and Sleep Disorders

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Clinical Handbook of Insomnia

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Neurology ((CCNEU))

Abstract

Pregnancy is a time characterized by vast hormonal and physiologic changes. The dramatic increase in estrogen and progesterone impacts sleep architecture and produces systemic effects that may disrupt sleep. As pregnancy progresses, women experience a progressive increase in both the number and duration of nocturnal awakenings. The awakenings arise from a myriad of causes, including nocturia, nausea, heartburn, pain, and anxiety. Short sleep duration and poor quality sleep during pregnancy have been associated with a multitude of adverse outcomes, including maternal depression, gestational diabetes, prolonged labors, higher rate of cesarean deliveries, preterm birth, and low-birth-weight infants. Restless leg syndrome (RLS) and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) are two of the most common sleep disorders during pregnancy. Both of these disorders may cause significant sleep disruption and daytime fatigue. RLS has been associated with an increased risk for maternal depression, preeclampsia, and need for cesarean delivery. Treatment of RLS during pregnancy is focused on repletion of iron stores, elimination of factors that may exacerbate RLS, and management of symptoms with behavioral techniques. SDB may increase the risk for intrauterine growth retardation, gestational diabetes, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and preeclampsia. CPAP has been demonstrated to be safe and effective for treatment of SDB during pregnancy. By optimizing sleep hygiene, utilizing cognitive behavioral therapy, and employing measures to reduce discomfort, heartburn, and nocturia, clinicians may improve a woman’s sleep. Due to concerns of risk to the fetus, pharmacologic treatment of insomnia during pregnancy is reserved for women with severe symptoms refractory to conservative measures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Mindell JA, Cook RA, Nikolovski J. Sleep patterns and sleep disturbances across pregnancy. Sleep Med. 2015;16:483–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Nodine PM, Matthews EE. Common sleep disorders: management strategies and pregnancy outcomes. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2013;58:368–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Palagini L, Gemignani A, Banti S, Manconi M, Mauri M. Chronic sleep loss during pregnancy as a determinant of stress: impact on pregnancy outcome. Sleep Med. 2014;15:853–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Abbott SM, Attarian H, Zee PC. Sleep disorders in perinatal women. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;28:159–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Dorheim SK, Bjorvatn B, Eberhard-Gran M. Can insomnia in pregnancy predict postpartum depression? A longitudinal, population-based study. PLoS One. 2014;9:e94674.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Marques M, Bos S, Soares MJ, Maia B, Pereira AT, Valente J, Gomes AA, Macedo A, Azevedo MH. Is insomnia in late pregnancy a risk factor for postpartum depression/depressive symptomatology? Psychiatry Res. 2011;186:272–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Torrealday S, Taylor HS, Burney RO, Mooney SB, Giudice LC. Endocrinology of pregnancy. In: De Groot LJ, Beck-Peccoz P, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, McLachlan R, New M, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, Weickert MO, editors. Endotext. South Dartmouth, MA: MD Text.com, Inc.; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Manber R, Armitage R. Sex, steroids, and sleep: a review. Sleep. 1999;22:540–55.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Lancel M, Faulhaber J, Holsboer F, Rupprecht R. Progesterone induces changes in sleep comparable to those of agonistic GABAA receptor modulators. Am J Physiol. 1996;271:E763–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Lee KA. Alterations in sleep during pregnancy and postpartum: a review of 30 years of research. Sleep Med Rev. 1998;2:231–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Colvin GB, Whitmoyer DI, Lisk RD, Walter DO, Sawyer CH. Changes in sleep-wakefulness in female rats during circadian and estrous cycles. Brain Res. 1968;7:173–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Kleinlogel H. The female rat’s sleep during oestrous cycle. Neuropsychobiology. 1983;10:228–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Branchey M, Branchey L, Nadler RD. Effects of estrogen and progesterone on sleep patterns of female rats. Physiol Behav. 1971;6:743–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Hadjimarkou MM, Benham R, Schwarz JM, Holder MK, Mong JA. Estradiol suppresses rapid eye movement sleep and activation of sleep-active neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area. Eur J Neurosci. 2008;27:1780–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Marbry RL. Rhinitis of pregnancy. South Med J. 1986;79:965–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Teran-Perez G, Arana-Lechuga Y, Esqueda-Leon E, Santana-Miranda R, Rojas-Zamorano JA, Moctezuma JV. Steroid hormones and sleep regulation. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2012;12:1040–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Izci-Balaserak B, Lee K. Sleep disturbances and sleep-related disorders in pregnancy. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, editors. Principles and practices of sleep medicine. 5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders; 2010. p. 1572–86.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Lee KA, Zaffke ME, McEnany G. Parity and sleep patterns during and after pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;95:14–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Hedman C, Pohjasvaara T, Tolonen U, Suhonen-Malm AS, Myllyla VV. Effects of pregnancy on mother’s sleep. Sleep Med. 2002;3:37–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Suzuki S, Dennerstein L, Greenwood KM, Armstrong SM, Satohisa E. Sleeping patterns during pregnancy in Japanese women. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol. 1994;15:19–26.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Mindell JA, Jacobson BJ. Sleep disturbances during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2000;29:590–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Baratte-Beebe KR, Lee K. Sources of midsleep awakenings in childbearing women. Clin Nurs Res. 1999;8:386–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Brunner DP, Munch M, Biedermann K, Huch R, Huch A, Borbeley AA. Changes in sleep and sleep electroencephalogram during pregnancy. Sleep. 1994;17:576–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Signal TL, Gander PH, Sangalli MR, Travier N, Firestone RT, Tuohy JF. Sleep duration and quality in healthy nulliparous and multiparous women across pregnancy and post-partum. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;47:16–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Coble PA, Reynolds 3rd CF, Kupfer DJ, Houck PR, Day NL, Giles DE. Childbearing in women with and without a history of affective disorder. II. Electroencephalographic sleep. Compr Psychiatry. 1994;35:215–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Murkoff HE, Mazel S. What to expect when you’re expecting. 4th ed. New York: Workman Pub; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Lee KA, Zaffke ME. Longitudinal changes in fatigue and energy during pregnancy and the postpartum period. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 1999;28:183–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Facco FL, Kramer J, Ho KH, Zee PC, Grobman WA. Sleep disturbances in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;115:77–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Hertz G, Fast A, Feinsilver SH, Albertario CL, Shulman H, Fein AM. Sleep in normal late pregnancy. Sleep. 1992;15:246–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Driver HS, Shapiro CM. A longitudinal study of sleep stages in young women during pregnancy and postpartum. Sleep. 1992;15:449–53.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kızılırmak A, Timur S, Kartal B. Insomnia in pregnancy and factors related to insomnia. ScientificWorldJournal. 2012;2012:197093.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. National Sleep Foundation. Women and sleep poll. Washington, DC: National Sleep Foundation; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Manconi M, Govoni V, De Vito A, Economou NT, Cesnik E, Casetta I, Mollica G, Ferini-Strambi L, Granieri E. Restless legs syndrome and pregnancy. Neurology. 2004;63:1065–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Schweiger MS. Sleep disturbance in pregnancy. A subjective survey. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1972;114:879–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Wolfson AR, Crowley SJ, Anwer U, Bassett JL. Changes in sleep patterns and depressive symptoms in first-time mothers: last trimester to 1-year postpartum. Behav Sleep Med. 2003;1:54–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Van Thiel DH, Gavaler JS, Joshi SN, Sara RK, Stremple J. Heartburn of pregnancy. Gastroenterology. 1977;72:666–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Gupta MA, Schork MJ, Gay C. Nocturnal leg cramps of pregnancy: a prospective study of clinical features. Sleep Res. 1992;21:294.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Chen P-H, Liou K-C, Chen C-P, Cheng S-J. Risk factors and prevalence rate of restless legs syndrome among pregnant women in Taiwan. Sleep Med. 2012;13:1153–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Hubner A, Krafft A, Gadient S, Werth E, Zimmerman R, Bassetti C. Characteristics and determinants of restless legs syndrome in pregnancy: a prospective study. Neurology. 2013;80:738–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Sarberg M, Josefsson A, Wirehn A-B, Svanborg E. Restless legs syndrome during and after pregnancy and its relation to snoring. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2012;91:850–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Wesstrom J, Skalkidou A, Manconi M, Fulda S, Sundstrom-Poromaa I. Pre-pregnancy restless legs syndrome (Willis-Ekbom disease) is associated with perinatal depression. J Clin Sleep Med. 2014;10:527–33.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Alves DA, Carvalho LB, Morais JF, Prado GF. Restless legs syndrome during pregnancy in Brazilian women. Sleep Med. 2010;10:1049–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Lee KA, Zaffke ME, Baratte-Beebe K. Restless legs syndrome and sleep disturbance during pregnancy: the role of folate and iron. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2001;10:335–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Nikkola E, Ekblad U, Ekholm E, Mikola H, Polo O. Sleep in multiple pregnancy: breathing patterns, oxygenation, and periodic leg movements. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;174:1622–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. O’Brien LM, Bullough AS, Owusu JT, Tremblay KA, Brincat CA, Chames MC, Kalbfleish JD, Chervin RD. Pregnancy-onset habitual snoring, gestational hypertension, and pre-eclampsia: prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;207:487.e1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Facco FL, Grobman WA, Dramer J, Ho KH, Zee PC. Self-reported short sleep duration and frequent snoring in pregnancy: impact on glucose metabolism. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;203:142.e1–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Perez-Chada D, Videla AJ, O’Flaherty ME, Majul C, Catalini AM, Caballer CA, Franklin KA. Snoring, witnessed sleep apnoeas and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2007;86:788–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Guilleminault C, Tilkian A, Dement WC. The sleep apnea syndromes. Annu Rev Med. 1976;27:465–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Sateia M, editor. The international classification of sleep disorders. Diagnostic & coding manual. 3rd ed. Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Ohayon MM, O’Hara R, Vitiello MV. Epidemiology of restless legs syndrome: a synthesis of the literature. Sleep Med Rev. 2012;16:283–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Picchietti DL, Hensley JG, Bainbridge JL, Lee KA, Manconi M, McGregor JA, Silver RM, Trenkwalder C, Walters AS. Consensus clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease during pregnancy and lactation. Sleep Med Rev. 2015;22:64–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Earley CJ, Connor J, Garcia-Borreguero D, Jenner P, Winkelman J, Zee PC, Allen R. Altered brain iron homeostasis and dopaminergic function in restless legs syndrome (Willis-Ekbom disease). Sleep Med. 2014;15:1288–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Aul EA, Davis BJ, Rodnitzky RL. The importance of formal serum iron studies in the assessment of restless legs syndrome. Neurology. 1998;51:912.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Sun ER, Chen CA, Ho G, Earley CJ, Allen RP. Iron and the restless legs syndrome. Sleep. 1998;21:371–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Sikandar R, Khealani BA, Wasay M. Predictors of restless legs syndrome in pregnancy: a hospital based cross sectional survey from Pakistan. Sleep Med. 2009;10:676–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Dzaja A, Wehrle R, Lancel M, Pollmächer T. Elevated estradiol plasma levels in women with restless legs during pregnancy. Sleep. 2009;32:169–74.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Tunç T, Karadağ YS, Doğulu F, Inan LE. Predisposing factors of restless legs syndrome in pregnancy. Mov Disord. 2007;22:627–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Botez MI, Lambert B. Folate deficiency and restless legs syndrome in pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 1977;297:670.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Oyiengo D, Louis M, Hott B, Bourjeily G. Sleep disorders in pregnancy. Clin Chest Med. 2014;35:571–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Vahdat M, Sariri E, Miri S, Rohani M, Kashanian M, Sabet A, Zamani B. Prevalence and associated features of restless legs syndrome in a population of Iranian women during pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2013;123:46–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Li Y, Mirzaei F, O’Reilly EJ, Winkelman J, Malhotra A, Okereke OI, Ascherio A, Gao X. Prospective study of restless legs syndrome and risk of depression in women. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;176:279–88.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Ramirez JO, Cabrera SA, Hidalgo H, Cabrera SG, Linnebank M, Bassetti CL, Kallweit U. Is preeclampsia associated with restless legs syndrome? Sleep Med. 2013;14:894–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Manconi M, Ulfberg J, Berger K, Ghorayeb I, Wesström J, Fulda S, Allen RP, Pollmächer T. When gender matters: restless legs syndrome. Report of the “RLS and woman” workshop endorsed by the European RLS Study Group. Sleep Med Rev. 2012;16:297–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Cesnik E, Casetta I, Turri M, Govoni V, Granieri E, Ferini Strambi L, Manconi M. Transient RLS during pregnancy is a risk factor for the chronic idiopathic form. Neurology. 2010;75:2117–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Berger K, Luedemann J, Trenkwalder C, John U, Kessler C. Sex and the risk of restless legs syndrome in the general population. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:196–202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Schnieder J, Krafft A, Bloch A, Hubner A, Raimondi M, Baumann C, Werth E, Bassetti C. Iron infusion in restless legs syndrome in the third trimester of pregnancy. Sleep Med. 2011;12:S17–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Wang C, Graham DJ, Kane RC, Xie D, Wernecke M, Levenson M, MaCurdy TE, Houstoun M, Ryan Q, Wong S, Mott K, Sheu TC, Limb S, Worrall C, Kelman JA, Reichman ME. Comparative risk of anaphylactic reactions associated with intravenous iron products. JAMA. 2015;314:2062–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Aurora RN, Kristo DA, Bista SR, Rowley JA, Zak RS, Casey KR, Lamm CI, Tracy SL, Rosenberg RS. The treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in adults—an update for 2012: practice parameters with an evidence-based systematic review and meta-analysis: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline. Sleep. 2012;35:1039–62.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Dostal M, Weber-Schoendorfer C, Sobesky J, Schaefer C. Pregnancy outcome following use of levodopa, pramipexole, ropinirole, and rotigotine for restless legs syndrome during pregnancy: a case series. Eur J Neurol. 2013;20:1241–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Peppard PE, Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J. Longitudinal study of moderate weight change and sleep-disordered breathing. JAMA. 2000;284:3015–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Wise RA, Polito AJ, Krishnan V. Respiratory physiology in pregnancy. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2006;26:1–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Douglas NJ. Respiratory physiology: understanding the control of ventilation. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC, editors. Principles and practices of sleep medicine. 5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders; 2010. p. 250–8.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Thomson S, Morrell MJ, Cordingley JJ, Semple SJ. Ventilation is unstable during drowsiness before sleep onset. J Appl Physiol. 2005;99:2036–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. O’Brien LM, Bullough AS, Owusu JT, Tremblay KA, Brincat CA, Chames MC, Kalbfleisch JD, Chervin RD. Snoring during pregnancy and delivery outcomes: a cohort study. Sleep. 2013;36:1625–32.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Pien GW, Schwab RJ. Sleep disorders during pregnancy. Sleep. 2004;27:1405–17.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Sahota PD, Jain SS, Dhand R. Sleep disorders in pregnancy. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2003;9:477–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Pien GW, Fife D, Pack AI, Nkwuo E, Schwab RJ. Changes in symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing during pregnancy. Sleep. 2005;28:1299–305.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Olivarez SA, Ferres M, Antony K, Mattewal A, Maheshwari B, Sangi-Haghpeykar H, Aagaard-Tillery K. Obstructive sleep apnea screening in pregnancy, perinatal outcomes, and impact of maternal obesity. Am J Perinatol. 2011;28:651–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Fung AM, Wilson DL, Lappas M, Howard M, Barnes M, O’Donoghue F, Tong S, Esdale H, Fleming G, Walker SP. Effects of maternal obstructive sleep apnoea on fetal growth: a prospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2013;8:e68057.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Wilson DL, Walker SP, Fung AM, O’Donoghue F, Barnes M, Howard M. Can we predict sleep-disordered breathing in pregnancy? The clinical utility of symptoms. J Sleep Res. 2013;22:670–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Olivarez SA, Maheshwari B, McCarthy M, Zacharias N, van den Veyver I, Casturi L, Sangi-Haghpeykar H, Aagaard-Tillery K. Prospective trial on obstructive sleep apnea in pregnancy and fetal heart rate monitoring. AM J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;202:552.e1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Louis J, Auckly D, Miladinovic B, Shepherd A, Mencin P, Kumar D, Mercer B, Redline S. Perinatal outcomes associated with obstructive sleep apnea in obese pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120:1085–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Facco FL, Ouyang DW, Zee PC, Strohl AE, Gonzalez AB, Lim C, Grobman GA. Implications of sleep-disordered breathing in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;210:559.e1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Chen YH, Kang JH, Lin CC, Wang IT, Keller JJ, Lin HC. Obstructive sleep apnea and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;206:136.e1–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Louis JM, Mogos MF, Salemi JL, Redline S, Salihu HM. Obstructive sleep apnea and severe maternal-infant morbidity/mortality in the United States, 1998–2009. Sleep. 2014;37:843–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Pamidi S, Pinto LM, Marc I, Benedetti A, Schwartzman K, Kimoff RJ. Maternal sleep-disordered breathing and adverse pregnancy outcome: a systemic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;201:52.e1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Izci-Balserak B, Jackson N, Ratcliffe SA, Pack AI, Pien GW. Sleep-disordered breathing and daytime napping are associated with maternal hyperglycemia. Sleep Breath. 2013;17:1093–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Bourjeily G, Raker CA, Chalhoub M, Miller MA. Pregnancy and fetal outcomes of symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing. Eur Respir J. 2010;36:849–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Reutrakul S, Zaidi N, Wroblewski K, Kay HH, Ismail M, Ehrmann DA, Van Cauter E. Sleep disturbances and their relationship to glucose tolerance in pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:2454–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Louis JM, Auckley D, Sokol RJ, Mercer BM. Maternal and neonatal morbidities associated with obstructive sleep apnea complicating pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;202:261.e1–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Antony KM, Agrawal A, Arndt ME, Murphy AM, Alapat PM, Guntupalli KK, Aagaard KM. Association of adverse perinatal outcomes with screening measures of obstructive sleep apnea. J Perinatol. 2014;34:441–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Ding XX, Wu YL, Xu SJ, Zhang SF, Jia XM, Zhu RP, Hao JH, Tao FB. A systematic review and quantitative assessment of sleep-disordered breathing during pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. Sleep Breath. 2014;18:703–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Dunietz GL, Chervin RD, O’Brien LM. Sleep-disordered breathing during pregnancy: future implications for cardiovascular health. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2014;69:164–76.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Jones CR. Diagnostic and management approach to common sleep disorders during pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2013;56:360–71.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Facco FL, Ouyang DW, Zee PC, Grobman WA. Development of a pregnancy-specific screening tool for sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med. 2012;8:389–94.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  96. Guilleminault C, Kreutzer M, Chang JL. Pregnancy, sleep disordered breathing and treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Sleep Med. 2004;5:43–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Guilleminault C, Palombini L, Poyares D, Takaoka S, Huynh NT, El-Sayed Y. Pre-eclampsia and nasal CPAP: part 1. Early intervention with nasal CPAP in pregnant women with risk-factors for pre-eclampsia: preliminary findings. Sleep Med. 2007;9:9–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Montserrat JM, Ferrer M, Hernandez L, Farré R, Vilagut G, Navajas D, Badia JR, Carrasco E, De Pablo J, Ballester E. Effectiveness of CPAP treatment in daytime function in sleep apnea syndrome: a randomized controlled study with an optimized placebo. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:608–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Engleman HM, Martin SE, Deary IJ, Douglas NJ. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on daytime function in sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome. Lancet. 1994;343:572–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Jenkinson C, Davies RJ, Mullins R, Stradling JR. Comparison of therapeutic and subtherapeutic nasal continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnoea: a randomised prospective parallel trial. Lancet. 1999;353:2100–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Poyares D, Guilleminault C, Hachul H, Fujita L, Takaoka S, Tufik S, Sass N. Pre-eclampsia and nasal CPAP: part 2. Hypertension during pregnancy, chronic snoring, and early nasal CPAP intervention. Sleep Med. 2007;9:15–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Whitehead C, Tong S, Wilson D, Howard M, Walker SP. Treatment of early-onset preeclampsia with continuous positive airway pressure. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;125:1106–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Edwards N, Blyton DM, Kirjavainen T, Kesby GJ, Sullivan CE. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure reduces sleep-induced blood pressure increments in preeclampsia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:252–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Blyton DM, Sullivan CE, Edwards N. Reduced nocturnal cardiac output associated with preeclampsia is minimized with the use of nocturnal nasal CPAP. Sleep. 2004;27:79–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Blyton DM, Skilton MR, Edwards N, Hennessy A, Celermajer DS, Sullivan CE. Treatment of sleep disordered breathing reverses low fetal activity levels in preeclampsia. Sleep. 2013;36:15–21.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  106. Lee KA, Gay CL. Sleep in late pregnancy predicts length of labor and type of delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;6:2041–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  107. Beebe KR, Lee KA. Sleep disturbance in late pregnancy and early labor. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. 2007;21:103–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Micheli K, Komninos I, Bagkeris E, Roumeliotaki T, Koutis A, Kogevinas M, Chatzi L. Sleep patterns in late pregnancy and risk of preterm birth and fetal growth restriction. Epidemiology. 2011;22:738–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Strange LB, Parker KP, Moore ML, Strickland OL, Bliwise DL. Disturbed sleep and preterm birth: a potential relationship? Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2009;36:166–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Okun ML, Schetter CD, Glynn LM. Poor sleep quality is associated with preterm birth. Sleep. 2011;34:1493–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  111. Okun ML, Luther JF, Wisniewski SR, Sit D, Prairie BA, Wisner KL. Disturbed sleep, a novel risk factor for preterm birth? J Womens Health. 2012;21:54–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. Skouteris H, Germano C, Wertheim EH, Paxton SJ, Milgrom J. Sleep quality and depression during pregnancy: a prospective study. J Sleep Res. 2008;17:217–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Herring SJ, Nelson DB, Pien GW, Homko C, Goetzl LM, Davey A, Foster GD. Objectively measured sleep duration and hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Sleep Med. 2014;15:51–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Qiu C, Enquobahrie D, Frederick IO, Abetew D, Williams MA. Glucose intolerance and gestational diabetes risk in relation to sleep duration and snoring during pregnancy: a pilot study. BMC Womens Health. 2010;10:17.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Abeysena C, Jayawardana P, Seneviratne RA. Effect of psychosocial stress and physical activity on low birthweight: a cohort study. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2010;36:296–303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Zafarghandi N, Hadavand S, Davati A, Mohseni SM, Kimiaiimoghadam F, Torkestani F. The effects of sleep quality and duration in late pregnancy on labor and fetal outcome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;25:535–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Chang JJ, Pien GW, Duntley SP, Macones GA. Sleep deprivation during pregnancy and maternal and fetal outcomes: is there a relationship? Sleep Med Rev. 2010;14:107–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Okun ML, Ebert R, Saini B. A review of sleep-promoting medications used in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;212:428–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Wang LH, Lin HC, Lin CC, Chen YH, Lin HC. Increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in women receiving zolpidem during pregnancy. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010;88:369–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Wikner BN, Stiller CO, Bergman U, Asker C, Källén B. Use of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine receptor agonists during pregnancy: neonatal outcome and congenital malformations. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2007;16:1203–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Juric S, Newport DJ, Ritchie JC, Galanti M, Stowe ZN. Zolpidem (Ambien) in pregnancy: placental passage and outcome. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2009;12:441–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sleep Medicine, St. Luke’s Sleep Medicine and Research Center, 232 S. Woods Mill Road, Chesterfield, MO, 63017, USA

    Beth Ann Ward M.D.

Authors
  1. Beth Ann Ward M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Beth Ann Ward M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Hrayr P. Attarian

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ward, B.A. (2017). Pregnancy-Related Sleep Disturbances and Sleep Disorders. In: Attarian, H. (eds) Clinical Handbook of Insomnia. Current Clinical Neurology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41400-3_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41400-3_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-41398-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-41400-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation