Abstract
This chapter describes methods of imaging polymer nanoparticles by electron microscopy. Protocols for the preparation of nanoparticles for observations by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and cryo-transmission electron microscopy are proposed. Possible artifacts are shown.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adrian M, Dubochet J, Lepault J, McDowall AW (1984) Cryo-electron microscopy of viruses. Nature 308:32–36. doi:10.1038/308032a0
Anyfantakis M, Baigl D (2015) Manipulating the coffee-ring effect: interactions at work. ChemPhysChem 16:2726–2734
Betzig E, Patterson GH, Sougrat R, Lindwasser OW, Olenych S, Bonifacino JS, Davidson MW, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Hess HF (2006) Imaging intracellular fluorescent proteins at nanometer resolution. Science 313:1642–1645
Birrenbach G, Speiser PP (1976) Polymerized micelles and their use as adjuvants in immunology. J Pharm Sci 65:1763–1766
Cauchois O, Segura-Sanchez F, Ponchel G (2013) Molecular weight controls the elongation of oblate-shaped degradable poly(gamma-benzyl-l-glutamate) nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 452:292–299
Costello MJ (2006) Cryo-electron microscopy of biological samples. Ultrastruct Pathol 30:361–371
Couvreur P, Kante B, Roland M, Guiot P, Bauduin P, Speiser P (1979) Polycyanoacrylate nanocapsules as potential lysosomotropic carriers: preparation, morphological and sorptive properties. J Pharm Pharmacol 31:331–332
Deegan RD, Bakajin O, Dupont TF, Huber G, Nagel SR, Witten TA (1997) Capillary flow as the cause of ring stains from dried liquid drops. Nature 389:827–829
Diou O, Fattal E, Delplace V, Mackiewicza N, Nicolas J, Mériaux S, Valette J, Robice C (2014) Tsapis NRGD decoration of PEGylated polyester nanocapsules of perfluorooctyl bromide for tumor imaging: influence of pre or post-functionalization on capsule morphology. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 87:170–177
Eral HB, Mampallil Augustine D, Duitsa MHG, Mugele F (2011) Suppressing the coffee stain effect: how to control colloidal self-assembly in evaporating drops using electrowetting. Soft Matter 7:4954–4958. doi:10.1039/C1SM05183K
Fattal E, Tsapis N (2014) Nanomedicine technology: current achievements and new trends. Clin Transl Imaging 2:77–87
Fattal E, Rojas J, Roblot-Treupel L, Andremont A, Couvreur P (1991) Ampicillin-loaded liposomes and nanoparticles—comparison of drug loading, drug release and in vitro antimicrobial activity. J Microencapsul 8:29–36
Fessi H, Devissaguet JP, Puisieux F, Thies C (1992) Process for the preparaton of dispersible colloidal systems of a substance in the form of nanocapsules. US patent US5118528 A. Publication date 2 June 1992
Gabizon A, Catane R, Uziely B, Kaufman B, Safra T, Cohen R, Martin F, Huang A, Barenholz Y (1994) Prolonged circulation time and enhanced accumulation in malignant exudates of doxorubicin encapsulated in polyethylene-glycol coated liposomes. Cancer Res 54:987–992
Grabowski N, Hillaireau H, Vergnaud J, Tsapis N, Pallardy M, Kerdine-Römer S, Fattal E (2015) Surface coating mediates the toxicity of polymeric nanoparticles towards human-like macrophages. Int J Pharm 482:75–83. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.11.042
Gregoriadis G, Ryman BE (1971) Liposomes as carriers of enzymes or drugs: a new approach to the treatment of storage diseases. Biochem J 124:58P
Hope MJ, Wong KF, Cullis PR (1989) Freeze-fracture of lipids and model membrane systems. J Electron Microsc Tech 13:277–287
Johnston AH, Dalton PD, Newman TA (2010) Polymersomes, smaller than you think: ferrocene as a TEM probe to determine core structure. J Nanopart Res 12:1997–2001. doi:10.1007/s11051-010-9886-5
Jones MC, Leroux JC (1999) Polymeric micelles—a new generation of colloidal drug carriers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 48:101–111
Joondeph BC, Peyman GA, Khoobehi B, Yue BY (1988) Liposome-encapsulated 5-Fluorouracil in the treatment of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Ophthalmic Surg 19:252–256
Klang V, Valenta C, Matsko NB (2013) Electron microscopy of pharmaceutical systems. Micron 44:45–74
Lee JS, Feijen J (2012) Polymersomes for drug delivery: design, formation and characterization. J Control Release 161:473–483
Lopez-Berestein G, Mehta R, Hopfer RL, Mills K, Kasi L, Mehta K, Fainstein V, Luna M, Hersh EM, Juliano R (1983) Treatment and prophylaxis of disseminated infection due to Candida-Albicans in mice with liposome-encapsulated amphotericin-B. J Infect Dis 147:939–945
Losa C, Marchal-Heussler L, Orallo F, Vila Jato JL, Alonso MJ (1993) Design of new formulations for topical ocular administration—polymeric nanocapsules containing metipranolol. Pharm Res 10:80–87
Mitragotri S (2009) In drug delivery, shape does matter. Pharm Res 26:232–234
Moore J, Cerasoli E (2010) Particle light scattering methods and applications. In: Lindon JC (ed) Encyclopedia of spectroscopy and spectrometry, 2nd edn. Academic Press, Oxford, pp 2077–2088
Pérez-Arantegui J, Mulvey T (2005) Microscopy techniques/electron microscopy. In: Poole PWT (ed) Encyclopedia of analytical science, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Oxford, pp 114–124
Pisani E, Tsapis N, Paris J, Nicolas V, Cattel L, Fattal E (2006) Polymeric nano/microcapsules of liquid perfluorocarbons for ultrasonic imaging: Physical characterization. Langmuir 22:4397–4402
Rust MJ, Bates M, Zhuang X (2006) Sub-diffraction-limit imaging by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM). Nat Methods 3:793–796
Scott EA, Stano A, Gillard M, Maio-Liu AC, Swartz MA, Hubbell JA (2012) Dendritic cell activation and T cell priming with adjuvant- and antigen-loaded oxidation-sensitive polymersomes. Biomaterials 33:6211–6219
Vanderhoff JW, El Aasser MS, Ugelstad J (1979) Polymer emulsification process. US patent US 4177177 A. Publication date 4 Dec 1979
Westphal V, Rizzoli SO, Lauterbach MA, Kamin D, Jahn R, Hell SW (2008) Video-rate far-field optical nanoscopy dissects synaptic vesicle movement. Science 320:246–249
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tsapis, N. (2016). Imaging Polymer Nanoparticles by Means of Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy Techniques. In: Vauthier, C., Ponchel, G. (eds) Polymer Nanoparticles for Nanomedicines. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41421-8_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41421-8_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-41419-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-41421-8
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)