Abstract
Although the source/filter model is often mentioned in the literature of acoustics and signal processing (e.g., Gold and Morgan, Speech and Audio Signal Processing, Wiley), it has seldom been implemented for musical instrument sounds. For operatic style male voices with sufficient vibrato depth, overlapped harmonic amplitude-versus-frequency (HAF) graphs can yield displays that trace out vocal tract resonances quite effectively (Maher and Beauchamp in Appl Acoust 30:219–245, 1992 [4]; Arroabarren and Carlosena J Acoust Soc Am 119(4):2483–2497, 2006 [5]). If the glottus signal can be derived, its spectrum (in dB) can be subtracted from the HAF data to reveal a vocal tract transfer function. However, for the violin the HAF method with vibrato excitation has proved unsuccessful because (1) violin vibrato depths are generally insufficient and (2) HAF traces appear too steep to be caused by actual violin resonances. Therefore, a violin glide tone (C5-to-C4, performed in an anechoic chamber) was used instead. Based on an assumption that the source signal spectrum was independent of fundamental frequency (F0), average ratios between adjacent harmonic amplitudes were measured making it possible to derive a source spectrum (within a scale factor). From this the violin transfer function was derived. As a comparison, a pair of violin glide signals (one at the bridge and the other radiated) supplied to the author by Alfonso Perez-Carrillo (J Acoust Soc Am 130(2): 1020–1027, 2011 [19]) were analyzed. The measured bridge spectrum was similar to that of the C5-to-C4 tone’s derived source spectrum, but the derived filter was quite different, as might be expected considering the different violins and arbitrary microphone positions used in the two cases.
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Acknowledgments
The author is indebted to Ashwin Kalyan Vijayakumar for providing the C5-C4 glide tone and to Alfonso Pérez-Carrillo for sending the author the two files for the G3-G4 glide tone, as well as to Robert C. Maher for implementing the McAulay-Quatieri spectral analysis algorithm on the Unix platform. The vocal tone analyzed was collected by J. Charles O’Neil.
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Beauchamp, J.W. (2017). Comparison of Vocal and Violin Vibrato with Relationship to the Source/Filter Model. In: Schneider, A. (eds) Studies in Musical Acoustics and Psychoacoustics. Current Research in Systematic Musicology, vol 4. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47292-8_7
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