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New Developments in Free Fatty Acids and Lysophospholipids: Decoding the Role of Phospholipases in Exocytosis

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Lipidomics of Stem Cells

Part of the book series: Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine ((STEMCELL))

Abstract

This review critically assesses the recent advances in MS-based lipidomics and their current and future contribution in our understanding of the essential function of exocytosis. Exocytosis is a complex process during which the membranes of two compartments fuse. In neurons, neuroexocytosis involves the calcium-dependent release of neurotransmitter-containing synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane at the level of the presynaptic active zone. Exocytosis is also involved in a myriad of intra- and intercellular communication processes including exosome release whose function has been widely investigated recently. Our understanding of exocytosis has been hampered by the lack of holistic information on the change in lipid composition occurring as a result of the action of various enzymes such as phospholipases. These changes are of paramount importance as they can influence both fusogenicity and membrane fluidity. This review assesses the recent advances in lipid MS and examines how they have helped deconvolve the structural and functional complexities of brain lipids, applied to exocytosis.

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Abbreviations

AA:

Arachidonic acid

Ca2+ :

Calcium

DHA:

Docosahexaenoic acid

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

ESI:

Electrospray ionisation

FFAs:

Free fatty acids

GC/MS:

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

GPCRs:

G-protein coupled receptors

LC/MS:

Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry

LPA:

Lysophosphatidic acid

LPAAT:

Lysophosphatidic acid acyl transferase

LPC:

LysophosphatidylcholineLPLLysophospholipids

MS:

Mass spectrometry

PA:

Phosphatidic acid

PC:

Phosphatidylcholine

PH:

Pleckstrin homology domain

PIPs:

Phosphatidylinositol phosphates

PKC:

Protein kinase C

PL:

Phospholipase

PtdIns(4,5)P2 :

Phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate

SM:

Sphingomyelin

SNARE:

Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor activating protein receptor

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Rachel Gormal and Rowan Tweedale for helping in the preparation of the chapter. This work was supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) project grant (APP1058769). F.A.M. is a NHMRC Senior Research Fellow (APP1060075).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

    Vinod K. Narayana, David Kvaskoff & Frederic A. Meunier

  2. Heidelberg University Biochemistry Centre (BZH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany

    David Kvaskoff

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  1. Vinod K. Narayana
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  2. David Kvaskoff
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  3. Frederic A. Meunier
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Correspondence to David Kvaskoff or Frederic A. Meunier .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. The University of Melbourne & Centre for Eye Research Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Alice Pébay

  2. The University of Melbourne & Centre for Eye Research Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

    Raymond C.B. Wong

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Narayana, V.K., Kvaskoff, D., Meunier, F.A. (2017). New Developments in Free Fatty Acids and Lysophospholipids: Decoding the Role of Phospholipases in Exocytosis. In: Pébay, A., Wong, R. (eds) Lipidomics of Stem Cells. Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine. Humana Press, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49343-5_10

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