Skip to main content

A Contested Identity: Genesis of the Eurocrat Figure – Between Stigma and Affirmation of a Differentiated Supranational Body

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
European Civil Service in (Times of) Crisis

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in European Political Sociology ((PSEPS))

  • 342 Accesses

Abstract

Although the myth of the Eurocrat may appear to be an illusion (European civil servants are far from being only Eurocrats and the only Eurocrats, far from being homogeneous, far from making decisions independently from the European governments), the chapter shows that this illusion, like Durkheim’s ‘well-founded illusion’, is rooted in the very process of the political construction of Europe, and is fabricated both by its opponents, putting this new emergent elite at a distance, and by partial appropriations by eminent members of the group portraying it as a new administrative elite, technically skilled and well differentiated from national bureaucrats.

This chapter essentially draws from a paper, my very first on European issues, presented at a symposium on technocracy in Strasbourg in 1997. I would like to thank Vincent Dubois, Delphine Dulong and Brigitte Gaïti, as well as Jacques Lagroye (1936–2009), whose contribution (unfortunately only in French so far) to the sociology of institutionalization was invaluable, for their comments and suggestions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    For an often rather amusing list of the false, mythical stigmas with which the EU has been saddled over time, see the blog ‘Euromyths’ at http://blogs.ec.europa.eu/ECintheUK/euromyths-a-z-index/, including for instance: Beaches, Bathing water – EU to ban our beaches, April 2014; Mustard, French – EU axes French mustard, Apr 2001; The Queen, dogs – Queen’s corgis to be outlawed – Apr 2002; and Sex toys – Women to be forced to hand in old sex toys, Feb 2004.

  2. 2.

    For similar perspectives on other objects see Lacroix and Lagroye (1992), and Dulong and Dubois (1999).

  3. 3.

    See video archive at http://www.ina.fr/video/I00012536

  4. 4.

    On these aspects, see Haroche (2013).

  5. 5.

    The term ‘hard core’ used by Luc Boltanski (1987) to designate the group of agents invested in the construction of the symbolic boundaries of the group of executives can be transposed to the analysis of European civil servants in the sense that they occupy a central position as much among the various actors of the European institutions as in the symbolic construction of their figure.

  6. 6.

    For an example, see Dewost, 1992.

  7. 7.

    For other examples, see Dulong and Dubois, 1999, particularly Michel Mangenot’s contribution on pp. 93–97.

  8. 8.

    On this point, see in particular Lequesne, 1996b.

  9. 9.

    On large bodies’ scorn of European posts, see in particular Kessler (1996). See too Philippe Mangenot’s contribution in the same book.

  10. 10.

    For other illustrations see in particular Hallstein, 1969; Monnet, 1976; Marjolin, 1986.

  11. 11.

    See too, the articles in the journal Problèmes politiques et sociaux, No. 713–714, 22 October – 5 November 1993.

  12. 12.

    Translation of the official text in French for the purposes of this book.

References

  • Abélès, M., I. Bellier and M. McDonald (1993), ‘Approche Anthropologique de la Commission’, unpublished report to the European Commission, Brussels.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellier, I. (1994), ‘La Commission Européenne: hauts fonctionnaires et culture du management’, Revue française d’administration publique, Vol. 70, April-June, pp. 253–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birgouleix, B. (1984), ‘Ces messieurs du Berlaymont’, Le Monde, 25 June 1984, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boltanski, L. (1982), Les cadres. La formation d’un groupe social, Éditions de Minuit, Paris. Translation: (1987), The Making of a Class: Cadres in French Society, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bossuat, G. (2011), Émile Noël, premier secrétaire général de la Commission européenne, Bruylant, Louvain-la-Neuve.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collovald, A. (2010), Jacques Chirac et le gaullisme: Biographie d’un héritier à histoires, Belin, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conrad, Y. (1992), ‘La Communauté européenne du charbon et de l’acier et la situation de ses agents. Du régime contractuel au régime statutaire (1952–1958)’, Jahrbuch für Europäische Verwaltungsgeschichte, Vol. 4, pp. 59–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delors, J. (1996), Combats pour l’Europe, Economica, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewost, J-L. (1992), ‘Intérêts nationaux et intérêt communautaire dans les décisions de la Commission et du Conseil’, Revue française d’administration publique, No. 63, July-September, pp. 371–382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dulong, D. (1998), Moderniser la politique: Aux origines de la Ve République, L’Harmattan, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dulong, D. and V. Dubois (eds) (1999), La question technocratique. De l’invention d’une figure aux transformations de l’action publique, Presses universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaïti, B. (1999), ‘Décembre 1958 ou le temps de la révélation technocratique’, in Dulong, D. and V. Dubois (eds), La question technocratique. De l’invention d’une figure aux transformations de l’action publique, Presses universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaïti, B. (1998), De Gaulle prophète de la Cinquième République (1946–1962), Presses de Sciences Po, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Georgakakis, D. and J. Rowell (2013), The Field of Eurocracy: Mapping EU Actors and Professionals, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Giscard d’Estaing, V. (1976), Démocratie française, Fayard, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. (1963), Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity, Penguin, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guérivière (de la), J. (1992), Voyage à l’intérieur de l’eurocratie, Le Monde Éditions, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallstein, W. (1969), Der unvollendete Bundesstaat: europäische Erfahrungen und Erkenntnisse, Econ, Düsseldorf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haroche, P. (2013), Théorie réaliste de l’intégration européenne. Les conditions de la transformation d’un système international en système interne, Political Science PhD dissertation, Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne University, 30 November.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kassim, H., J. Peterson, M.W. Bauer, et al. (2013), The European Commission of the Twenty-First Century, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, M-C. (1996), ‘Les grands corps face à l’Europe’, in d’Arcy, F. and L. Rouban (eds), De la Vème République à l’Europe: Hommage à Jean-Louis Quermonne, Presses de Sciences Po, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, M-C. (1992), ‘Vers un modèle administratif européen’, in Muller, P. (ed.), L’Administration française est-elle en crise ?, L’Harmattan, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacouture, J. (1986), De Gaulle, tome 3: Le Souverain 1959–1970, Le Seuil, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacroix, B. and J. Lagroye (1992), Le Président de la République. Usages et genèses d’une institution, Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemaignen, R. (1964), L’Europe au berceau. Souvenirs d’un technocrate, Plon, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lequesne, C. (1996a), ‘Union européenne et coordination gouvernementale. Quid novi en France ?’, in d’Arcy, F. and L. Rouban (eds), De la cinquième République à l’Europe, Presses de Sciences Po, Paris, pp. 259–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lequesne, C. (1996b), ‘La Commission européenne entre autonomie et dépendance’, Revue française de science politique, Vol. 46, No. 3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mangenot, M. (2001), ‘La revendication d’une paternité: les hauts fonctionnaires français et le “style” administrative de la Commission européenne (1958–1988), Pôle Sud, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 33–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marjolin, R. (1986), Le travail d’une vie, Mémoires (1911–1986), Robert Laffont, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minc, A. (1992), ‘Maastricht, l’accessoire et l’essentiel’, Le Monde, 29 April.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monnet, J. (1976), Mémoires, Fayard, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moravcsik, A. (2000), ‘Le grain et la grandeur: les origines économiques de la politique européenne du général de Gaulle (2ème partie)’, Revue française de science politique, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 73–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moravcsik, A. (1999), ‘Le grain et la grandeur: les origines économiques de la politique européenne du général de Gaulle (1ère partie)’, Revue française de science politique, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 507–544.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morin, E. (1992), ‘Maastricht. Espoirs et peurs d’Europe’, Le Monde, 1 July.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noël, É. (1981), ‘“La fonction publique européenne”, allocution prononcée le 25 octobre 1981 à l’occasion de la remise de la médaille Robert Schuman par Gaston Thorn, président de la Commission’, in OPOCE (1988), Hommage à Émile Noël, Office des publications officielles des Communautés européennes, Luxembourg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oberdorff, H. (1992), ‘L’administration face aux enjeux de la construction européenne’, in Muller, P. (ed.), L’Administration française est-elle en crise ?, L’Harmattan, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, C. (2006), A Certain Idea of Europe, Cornell University Press, Cornell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Passeron, A. (1966), De Gaulle parle. 1962–1966, Fayard, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quermonne, J-L. (1993), Le Système politique européen, des communautés économiques à l’Union européenne, Montchrestien, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radaelli, C. (1999), Technocracy in the European Union, Addison Wesley Longman, Harlow.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seidel, K. (2010) The Process of Politics in Europe: The Rise of European Elites and Supranational Institutions, Tauris Academic Studies, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silguy (de), Y-T. (1996), Le syndrome du diplodocus. Un nouveau souffle pour l’Europe, Albin Michel, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spinelli, A. (1966), The Eurocrats: Conflict and Crisis in the European Community, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Economist (1961), ‘The Eurocrats’, 29 July.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verrier, B. (1996), Défection et production de frontières partisanes: l’exemple de la construction du Mouvement des citoyens, doctoral thesis, Institut d’études politiques de Strasbourg, unpublished.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warlouzet, L. (2011), Le choix de la CEE par la France. L’Europe économique en débat de Mendès France à de Gaulle (1955–1969), Comité pour l’Histoire économique et financière de la France, Paris.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wolton, D. (1993), La Dernière Utopie. Naissance de l’Europe démocratique, Flammarion, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziller, J. (1992), “Les mythes de l’‘eurocratie’”, Revue française d’administration publique, No. 63, July–September.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Georgakakis, D. (2017). A Contested Identity: Genesis of the Eurocrat Figure – Between Stigma and Affirmation of a Differentiated Supranational Body. In: European Civil Service in (Times of) Crisis . Palgrave Studies in European Political Sociology. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51792-6_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51792-6_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-51791-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-51792-6

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics