Skip to main content

Management of Prostate Cancer

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
PET/CT in Prostate Cancer

Part of the book series: Clinicians’ Guides to Radionuclide Hybrid Imaging ((PET/CT))

  • 832 Accesses

Abstract

Prostate cancer is the commonest solid cancer in men, with approximately 42,000 new cases per year in the United Kingdom [1]. This section details the evidence-based management of prostate cancer at all stages.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. National Collaborating Centre for Cancer. Prostate Cancer: diagnosis and treatment: Clinical Guideline. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  2. D’Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, Schultz D, Blank K, Broderick GA, et al. Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 1998;280(11):969–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Draisma G, Boer R, Otto SJ, van der Cruijsen IW, Damhuis RA, Schröder FH, et al. Lead times and overdetection due to prostate-specific antigen screening: estimates from the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95(12):868–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Klotz L, Zhang L, Lam A, Nam R, Mamedov A, Loblaw A. Clinical results of long-term follow-up of a large, active surveillance cohort with localized prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(1):126–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Selvadurai ED, Singhera M, Thomas K, Mohammed K, Woode-Amissah R, Horwich A, et al. Medium-term outcomes of active surveillance for localised prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2013;64(6):981–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Nilsson S, Norlén BJ, Widmark A. A systematic overview of radiation therapy effects in prostate cancer. Acta Oncol. 2004;43(4):316–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Mottet N, Bastian P, Bellmunt J, et al. European Association of Urology. Guidelines on prostate cancer. 2014: Available from: https://www.uroweb.org/wp-content/uploads/1607-Prostate-Cancer_LRV3.pdf

  8. Heemsbergen WD, Hoogeman MS, Witte MG, Peeters ST, Incrocci L, Lebesque JV. Increased risk of biochemical and clinical failure for prostate patients with a large rectum at radiotherapy planning: results from the Dutch trial of 68 GY versus 78 Gy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;67(5):1418–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Denham JW, Steigler A, Lamb DS, Joseph D, Turner S, Matthews J, et al. Short-term neoadjuvant androgen deprivation and radiotherapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: 10-year data from the TROG 96.01 randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12(5):451–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Roach M, Bae K, Speight J, Wolkov HB, Rubin P, Lee RJ, et al. Short-term neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy and external-beam radiotherapy for locally advanced prostate cancer: long-term results of RTOG 8610. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(4):585–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Bolla M, De Reijke TM, Van Tienhoven G, Van den Bergh AC, Oddens J, Poortmans PM, et al. Duration of androgen suppression in the treatment of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(24):2516–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Pilepich MV, Winter K, Lawton CA, Krisch RE, Wolkov HB, Movsas B, et al. Androgen suppression adjuvant to definitive radiotherapy in prostate carcinoma—long-term results of phase III RTOG 85–31. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61(5):1285–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Horwitz EM, Bae K, Hanks GE, Porter A, Grignon DJ, Brereton HD, et al. Ten-year follow-up of radiation therapy oncology group protocol 92–02: a phase III trial of the duration of elective androgen deprivation in locally advanced prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(15):2497–504.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Swanson G, Thompson I, Tangen C, Paradelo J, Canby-Hagino E, Crawford E, et al. Update of SWOG 8794: adjuvant radiotherapy for pT3 prostate cancer improves metastasis free survival. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;72(1):S31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Bolla M, van Poppel H, Tombal B, Vekemans K, Da Pozzo L, de Reijke TM, et al. Postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy for high-risk prostate cancer: long-term results of a randomised controlled trial (EORTC trial 22911). Lancet. 2012;380(9858):2018–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Grimm P, Billiet I, Bostwick D, Dicker AP, Frank S, Immerzeel J, et al. Comparative analysis of prostate-specific antigen free survival outcomes for patients with low, intermediate and high risk prostate cancer treatment by radical therapy. Results from the Prostate Cancer Results Study Group. BJU Int. 2012;109(s1):22–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. British Uro-Oncology Group. British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) Section of Oncology. Multidisciplinary Team (MDT) guidance for managing prostate cancer; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Crook J, Lukka H, Klotz L, Bestic N, Johnston M. Systematic overview of the evidence for brachytherapy in clinically localized prostate cancer. Can Med Assoc J. 2001;164(7):975–81.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Wills F, Hailey DM. Brachytherapy for prostate cancer. Edmonton: Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Hoskin PJ, Motohashi K, Bownes P, Bryant L, Ostler P. High dose rate brachytherapy in combination with external beam radiotherapy in the radical treatment of prostate cancer: initial results of a randomised phase three trial. Radiother Oncol. 2007;84(2):114–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Martinez AA, Gonzalez J, Ye H, Ghilezan M, Shetty S, Kernen K, et al. Dose escalation improves cancer-related events at 10 years for intermediate-and high-risk prostate cancer patients treated with hypofractionated high-dose-rate boost and external beam radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;79(2):363–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Bill-Axelson A, Holmberg L, Ruutu M, Garmo H, Stark JR, Busch C, et al. Radical prostatectomy versus watchful waiting in early prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(18):1708–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Wilt TJ, Brawer MK, Jones KM, Barry MJ, Aronson WJ, Fox S, et al. Radical prostatectomy versus observation for localized prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(3):203–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Vickers AJ, Savage CJ, Hruza M, Tuerk I, Koenig P, Martínez-Piñeiro L, et al. The surgical learning curve for laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(5):475–80.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Van Poppel H, Joniau S. An analysis of radical prostatectomy in advanced stage and high-grade prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2008;53(2):253–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Makarov DV, Trock BJ, Humphreys EB, Mangold LA, Walsh PC, Epstein JI, et al. Updated nomogram to predict pathologic stage of prostate cancer given prostate-specific antigen level, clinical stage, and biopsy Gleason score (Partin tables) based on cases from 2000 to 2005. Urology. 2007;69(6):1095–101.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Briganti A, Larcher A, Abdollah F, Capitanio U, Gallina A, Suardi N, et al. Updated nomogram predicting lymph node invasion in patients with prostate cancer undergoing extended pelvic lymph node dissection: the essential importance of percentage of positive cores. Eur Urol. 2012;61(3):480–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Sweeney et al. Chemohormonal therapy in metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer. NEJM. 2015;373:737–46.

    Google Scholar 

  29. James et al. Addition of docetaxel, zoledronic acid, or both to first-line long-term hormone therapy in prostate cancer. Lancet. 2016;387:1163–77.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Venkitaraman R, Thomas K, Huddart RA, Horwich A, Dearnaley DP, Parker CC. Efficacy of low-dose dexamethasone in castration-refractory prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2008;101(4):440–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Venkitaraman R, Thomas K, Murthy V, Woode-Amissah R, Dearnaley DP, Horwich A, et al. A randomized phase II trial of dexamethasone versus prednisolone as a secondary hormonal therapy in CRPC. ASCO—Genitourinary Cancers Symposium. J Clin Oncol. 2013;2013(Suppl 6):abst 123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Berthold DR, Pond GR, Soban F, de Wit R, Eisenberger M, Tannock IF. Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer: updated survival in the TAX 327 study. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(2):242–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. De Bono J, Oudard S, Ozguroglu M, Hansen S, Machiels J, Shen L, et al. Cabazitaxel or mitoxantrone with prednisone in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) previously treated with docetaxel: final results of a multinational phase III trial (TROPIC). J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(7s):4508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Fizazi K, Scher HI, Molina A, Logothetis CJ, Chi KN, Jones RJ, et al. Abiraterone acetate for treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: final overall survival analysis of the COU-AA-301 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(10):983–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Rathkopf D, Smith M, de Bono JS, Logothetis CJ, Shore N, de Souza P, et al. Updated interim analysis (IA) of COU-AA-302, a randomized phase III study of abiraterone acetate (AA) in patients (pts) with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) without prior chemotherapy. ASCO—Genitourinary Cancers Symposium. J Clin Oncol. 2013;(Suppl 6): abstr 5.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Cabot RC, Harris NL, Rosenberg ES, Shepard J-AO, Cort AM, Ebeling SH, et al. Increased survival with enzalutamide in prostate cancer after chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(13):1187–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Beer T, Armstrong A, Sternberg C, Higano C, Iversen P, Loriot Y, et al. Enzalutamide in men with chemotherapy naive metastatic prostate cancer (mCRPC): results of phase III PREVAIL study. ASCO—Genitourinary Cancers Symposium: J Clin Oncol. 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Seidenfeld J, Samson DJ, Hasselblad V, Aronson N, Albertsen PC, Bennett CL, et al. Single-therapy androgen suppression in men with advanced prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132(7):566–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Parker C, Nilsson S, Heinrich D, Helle S, O’Sullivan J, Fosså S, et al. Alpha emitter radium-223 and survival in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(3):213–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Saad F, Gleason DM, Murray R, Tchekmedyian S, Venner P, Lacombe L, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of zoledronic acid in patients with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002;94(19):1458–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Fizazi K, Carducci M, Smith M, Damião R, Brown J, Karsh L, et al. Denosumab versus zoledronic acid for treatment of bone metastases in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer: a randomised, double-blind study. Lancet. 2011;377(9768):813–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Simon Hughes .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hughes, S., Aggarwal, A. (2017). Management of Prostate Cancer. In: Cook, G. (eds) PET/CT in Prostate Cancer. Clinicians’ Guides to Radionuclide Hybrid Imaging(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57624-4_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57624-4_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-57623-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-57624-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics