Abstract
Probabilistic timed automata are a formalism for modelling systems whose dynamics includes probabilistic, nondeterministic and timed aspects including real-time systems. A variety of techniques have been proposed for the analysis of this formalism and successfully employed to analyse, for example, wireless communication protocols and computer security systems. Augmenting the model with prices (or, equivalently, costs or rewards) provides a means to verify more complex quantitative properties, such as the expected energy usage of a device or the expected number of messages sent during a protocol’s execution. However, the analysis of these properties on probabilistic timed automata currently relies on a technique based on integer discretisation of real-valued clocks, which can be expensive in some cases. In this paper, we propose symbolic techniques for verification and optimal strategy synthesis for priced probabilistic timed automata which avoid this discretisation. We build upon recent work for the special case of expected time properties, using value iteration over a zone-based abstraction of the model.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alur, R., Courcoubetis, C., Dill, D.: Model checking in dense real time. Inf. Comput. 104(1), 2–34 (1993)
Alur, R., Dill, D.: A theory of timed automata. Theor. Comput. Sci. 126, 183–235 (1994)
Alur, R., Torre, S., Pappas, G.J.: Optimal paths in weighted timed automata. In: Di Benedetto, M.D., Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, A. (eds.) HSCC 2001. LNCS, vol. 2034, pp. 49–62. Springer, Heidelberg (2001). doi:10.1007/3-540-45351-2_8
Asarin, E., Maler, O.: As soon as possible: time optimal control for timed automata. In: Vaandrager, F.W., van Schuppen, J.H. (eds.) HSCC 1999. LNCS, vol. 1569, pp. 19–30. Springer, Heidelberg (1999). doi:10.1007/3-540-48983-5_6
Bagnara, R., Hill, P., Zaffanella, E.: The Parma Polyhedra Library: toward a complete set of numerical abstractions for the analysis and verification of hardware and software systems. Sci. Comput. Program. 72(1–2), 3–21 (2008)
Beauquier, D.: On probabilistic timed automata. Theor. Comput. Sci. 292(1), 65–84 (2003)
Behrmann, G., Fehnker, A., Hune, T., Larsen, K., Pettersson, P., Romijn, J., Vaandrager, F.: Minimum-cost reachability for priced time automata. In: Di Benedetto, M.D., Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, A. (eds.) HSCC 2001. LNCS, vol. 2034, pp. 147–161. Springer, Heidelberg (2001). doi:10.1007/3-540-45351-2_15
Bellman, R.: Dynamic Programming. Princeton University Press, Princeton (1957)
Berendsen, J., Chen, T., Jansen, D.N.: Undecidability of cost-bounded reachability in priced probabilistic timed automata. In: Chen, J., Cooper, S.B. (eds.) TAMC 2009. LNCS, vol. 5532, pp. 128–137. Springer, Heidelberg (2009). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02017-9_16
Berendsen, J., Jansen, D., Katoen, J.-P.: Probably on time and within budget - on reachability in priced probabilistic timed automata. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference Quantitative Evaluation of Systems (QEST 2006), pp. 311–322. IEEE Press (2006)
Berendsen, J., Jansen, D., Vaandrager, F.: Fortuna: model checking priced probabilistic timed automata. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference Quantitative Evaluation of Systems (QEST 2010), pp. 273–281. IEEE Press (2010)
Bertsekas, D.: Dynamic Programming and Optimal Control, vol. 1 and 2. Athena Scientific, Belmont (1995)
Bertsekas, D., Tsitsiklis, J.: An analysis of stochastic shortest path problems. Math. Oper. Res. 16(3), 580–595 (1991)
Bianco, A., de Alfaro, L.: Model checking of probabilistic and nondeterministic systems. In: Thiagarajan, P.S. (ed.) FSTTCS 1995. LNCS, vol. 1026, pp. 499–513. Springer, Heidelberg (1995). doi:10.1007/3-540-60692-0_70
Bohnenkamp, H., D’Argenio, P., Hermanns, H., Katoen, J.-P.: Modest: a compositional modeling formalism for hard and softly timed systems. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 32(10), 812–830 (2006)
David, A., Jensen, P.G., Larsen, K.G., Legay, A., Lime, D., Sørensen, M.G., Taankvist, J.H.: On time with minimal expected cost!. In: Cassez, F., Raskin, J.-F. (eds.) ATVA 2014. LNCS, vol. 8837, pp. 129–145. Springer, Cham (2014). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11936-6_10
de Alfaro, L.: Computing minimum and maximum reachability times in probabilistic systems. In: Baeten, J.C.M., Mauw, S. (eds.) CONCUR 1999. LNCS, vol. 1664, pp. 66–81. Springer, Heidelberg (1999). doi:10.1007/3-540-48320-9_7
Duflot, M., Kwiatkowska, M., Norman, G., Parker, D.: A formal analysis of Bluetooth device discovery. Int. J. Softw. Tools Technol. Transf. 8(6), 621–632 (2006)
Gregersen, H., Jensen, H.: Formal design of reliable real time systems. Master’s thesis, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Aalborg University (1995)
Hartmanns, A., Hermanns, H.: A modest approach to checking probabilistic timed automata. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Quantitative Evaluation of Systems (QEST 2009), pp. 187–196. IEEE Press (2009)
Henzinger, T.A., Manna, Z., Pnueli, A.: What good are digital clocks? In: Kuich, W. (ed.) ICALP 1992. LNCS, vol. 623, pp. 545–558. Springer, Heidelberg (1992). doi:10.1007/3-540-55719-9_103
Henzinger, T., Nicollin, X., Sifakis, J., Yovine, S.: Symbolic model checking for real-time systems. Inf. Comput. 111(2), 193–244 (1994)
James, H., Collins, E.: An analysis of transient Markov decision processes. J. Appl. Probab. 43(3), 603–621 (2006)
Jovanović, A., Kwiatkowska, M., Norman, G.: Symbolic minimum expected time controller synthesis for probabilistic timed automata. In: Sankaranarayanan, S., Vicario, E. (eds.) FORMATS 2015. LNCS, vol. 9268, pp. 140–155. Springer, Cham (2015). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22975-1_10
Jovanovic, A., Kwiatkowska, M., Norman, G., Peyras, Q.: Symbolic optimal expected time reachability computation and controller synthesis for probabilistic timed automata. Theoret. Comput. Sci. 669, 1–21 (2017)
Kemeny, J., Snell, J., Knapp, A.: Denumerable Markov Chains. Springer, New York (1976)
Kwiatkowska, M., Norman, G., Parker, D.: PRISM 4.0: verification of probabilistic real-time systems. In: Gopalakrishnan, G., Qadeer, S. (eds.) CAV 2011. LNCS, vol. 6806, pp. 585–591. Springer, Heidelberg (2011). doi:10.1007/978-3-642-22110-1_47
Kwiatkowska, M., Norman, G., Parker, D., Sproston, J.: Performance analysis of probabilistic timed automata using digital clocks. Formal Methods Syst. Des. 29, 33–78 (2006)
Kwiatkowska, M., Norman, G., Segala, R., Sproston, J.: Automatic verification of real-time systems with discrete probability distributions. Theoret. Comput. Sci. 282, 101–150 (2002)
Kwiatkowska, M., Norman, G., Sproston, J., Wang, F.: Symbolic model checking for probabilistic timed automata. Inf. Comput. 205(7), 1027–1077 (2007)
Larsen, K., Pettersson, P., Yi, W.: Uppaal in a nutshell. Int. J. Softw. Tools Technol. Transf. 1, 134–152 (1997)
Larsen, K.G., Pettersson, P., Yi, W.: Model-checking for real-time systems. In: Reichel, H. (ed.) FCT 1995. LNCS, vol. 965, pp. 62–88. Springer, Heidelberg (1995). doi:10.1007/3-540-60249-6_41
Tripakis, S.: The analysis of timed systems in practice. Ph.D. thesis, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble (1998)
Tripakis, S.: Verifying progress in timed systems. In: Katoen, J.-P. (ed.) ARTS 1999. LNCS, vol. 1601, pp. 299–314. Springer, Heidelberg (1999). doi:10.1007/3-540-48778-6_18
Tripakis, S., Yovine, S., Bouajjani, A.: Checking timed Büchi automata emptiness efficiently. Formal Methods Syst. Des. 26(3), 267–292 (2005)
Acknowledgments
This work was partly supported by the EPSRC Mobile Autonomy Programme Grant EP/M019918/1 and the PRINCESS project, funded by the DARPA BRASS programme.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kwiatkowska, M., Norman, G., Parker, D. (2017). Symbolic Verification and Strategy Synthesis for Linearly-Priced Probabilistic Timed Automata. In: Aceto, L., Bacci, G., Bacci, G., Ingólfsdóttir, A., Legay, A., Mardare, R. (eds) Models, Algorithms, Logics and Tools. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10460. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63121-9_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63121-9_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-63120-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-63121-9
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)