Skip to main content
  • 2209 Accesses

Abstract

Global warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Further Reading

  • H.Z. Abyaneh, M.B. Varkeshi, G. Golmohammadi, K. Mohammadi, Soil temperature estimation using an artificial neural network and co-active neuro-fuzzy inference system in two different climates. Arab. J. Geosci. 9, 377 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • G.V. Alekseev, E.I. Aleksandrov, N.I. Glok, N.E. Ivanov, V.M. Smolyanitsky, N.E. Kharlanenkova, A.V. Yulin, Arctic sea ice cover in connection with climate change, ISSN 0001–4338. Izv. Atmos. Oceanic Phys. 51, 889–902 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • L.V. Alexander, X. Zhang, T.C. Peterson, J. Caesar, B. Gleason, A.M.G. Klein Tank, M. Haylock, D. Collins, B. Trewin, F. Rahimzadeh, A. Tagipour, K.R. Kumar, J. Revadekar, G. Griffiths, L. Vincent, D.B. Stephenson, J. Burn, E. Aguilar, M. Brunet, M. Taylor, M. New, P. Zhai, M. Rusticucci, J.L. Vazquez-Aguirre, Global observed changes in daily climate extreme of temperature and precipitation. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 111, 1–22 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Almazroui, M.D.N. Islam, A.K. Alkhalaf, F. Saeed, R. Dambul, M.A. Rahman, Simulation of temperature and precipitation climatology for the CORDEX-MENA/Arab domain using RegCM4. Arab. J. Geosci. 9, 13 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M.T. Amin, S.H. Mahmoud, A.A. Alazba, Observations, projections, and impacts of climate change on water resources in Arabian peninsula: current and future scenarios. Environ. Earth Sci. 75, 864 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M.A. Amiri, Y. Amerian, M.S. Mesgari, Spatial and temporal monthly precipitation forecasting using wavelet transform and neural networks, Qara-Qum catchment. Iran. Arab. J. Geosci. 9, 421 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R.F. Carlson, A. MacCormick, D.G. Watts, Application of linear random model to four annual streamflow series. Water Resour. Res. 6, 1070–1078 (1970)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S.D. Chambers, F.S. Chapin, Fire effects on surface-atmosphere energy exchange in Alaskan black spruce ecosystems: implications for feedbacks to regional climate. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 108, D1 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • G. Cheng, Vertical and horizontal zonation of highaltitude permafrost, in Fourth International Conference on Permafrost (Washington, USA, 1983), pp. 136–141

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Cheng, T. Wu, Responses of permafrost to climate change and their environmental significance Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. J. Geophys. Res. 112, F02S03 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Darand, A. Masoodian, H. Nazaripour, M.R.M. Daneshvar, Spatial and temporal trend analysis of temperature extremes based on Iranian climatic database (1962–2004). Arab. J. Geosci. 8, 8469–8480 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • W. Dobinski, Permafrost. Earth Sci. Rev. 108, 158–169 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Z.S. Fan, J.C. Neff, J.W. Harden, K.P. Wickland, Boreal soil carbon dynamics under a changing climate: a model inversion approach. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 113, G4 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • H.M. French, The Periglacial Environment, 3rd edn. (Wiley, Sussex, 2007)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • A. Germe, M. Chevallier, D.S. M\(\acute{\text{e}}\)lia, E.S. Gomez, C. Cassou, Interannual predictability of Arctic sea ice in a global climate model: regional contrasts and temporal evolution. Clim. Dyn. 43, 2519–2538 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • P. Goovaerts, Geostatistics for Natural Resources Evaluation (Oxford, 1997)

    Google Scholar 

  • G. Grosse, J. Harden, M. Turetsky, A.D. McGuire, P. Camill, C. Tarnocai, S. Frolking, E.A.G. Schuur, T. Jorgenson, S. Marchenko, V. Romanovsky, K.P. Wickland, N. French, M. Waldrop, L. Bourgeau-Chavez, R.G. Striegl, Vulnerability of high-latitude soil organic carbon in North America to disturbance. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 116, G4 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D. Guo, H. Wang, D. Li, A projection of permafrost degradation on the Tibetan Plateau during the 21st century. J. Geophys. Res. 117, D05106 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • M.R. Haylock, N. Hofstra, A.M.G.K. Tank, E.J. Klok, P.D. Jones, M. New, A European daily high-resolution gridded data set of surface temperature and precipitation for 1950–2006. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 113, 1–12 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • N. Hofstra, M. Haylock, M. New, P. Jones, C. Frei, Comparison of six methods for the interpolation of daily, European climate data. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 113, 1–19 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • K.-C. Hsu, S.-Y. Li, Clustering spatial-temporal precipitation data using wavelet transform and self-organizing map neural network. Adv. Water Resour. 33, 190–200 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M.N. Islam, M. Almazroui, Direct effects and feedback of desert dust on the climate of the Arabian Peninsula during the wet season: a regional climate model study. Clim. Dyn. 39, 2239–2250 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • B. Jha, Z.Z. Hu, A. Kumar, SST and ENSO variability and change simulated in historical experiments of CMIP5 models. Clim. Dyn. 42, 2113–2124 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M.G. Kendall, Rank Correlation Methods (Hafner Publishing Company, New York, 1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Khalili, S.R. Khodashenas, K. Davary, M.M. Baygi, F. Karimaldini, Prediction of rainfall using artificial neural networks for synoptic station of Mashhad: a case study. Arab. J. Geosci. 9, 624 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T. Koenigk, M. Caian, G. Nikulin, S. Schimanke, Regional Arctic sea ice variations as predictor for winter climate conditions. Clim. Dyn. 46, 317–337 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M.Y. Kulakov, A.P. Makshtas, S.V. Shutilin, AARI-IOCM: combined model of water circulation and ices in the Arctic Ocean. Probl. Arkt. Antarkt. 2, 6–18 (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  • M.C. Mack, M.S. Bret-Harte, T.N. Hollingsworth, R.R. Jandt, E.A.G. Schuur, G.R. Shaver, D.L. Verbyla, Carbon loss from an unprecedented Arctic tundra wildfire. Nature 475, 489–492 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H.B. Mann, Non-parametric test against trend. Econometrika 13, 245–259 (1945)

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Nakamura, A.H. Oort, Atmospheric heat budgets of the polar regions. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 9510–9524 (1988)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Niu, B. Ye, J. Li, Y. Sheng, Effect of permafrost degradation on hydrological processes in typical basins with various permafrost coverage in Western China. Sci. China 54, 615–624 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C. Nzotungicimpaye, K. Zickfeld, The contribution from methane to the permafrost carbon feedback. Curr. Clim. Change Rep. 3, 58–68 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Q. Pang, G. Cheng, S. Li, W. Zhang, Active layer thickness calculation over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 57, 23–28 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T. Partal, H.K. Cigizoglu, Prediction of daily precipitation using wavelet-neural netwarks. Hydrol. Sci. J. 54, 234–246 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D.K. Perovich, S.V. Nghiem, T. Markus, A. Schweiger, Seasonal evolution and interannual variability of the local solar energy absorbed by the Arctic sea ice-ocean system. J. Geophys. Res. 112, C03005 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • P.E. Pfeifer, S.J. Deutrch, A three-stage iterative procedure for space-time modeling phillip. Technometrics 22, 35–47 (1980)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C.L. Ping, G.J. Michaelson, E.S. Kane, E.C. Packee, C.A. Stiles, D.K. Swanson, N.D. Zaman, Carbon stores and biogeochemical properties of soils under black spruce forest. Alaska. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 74, 969–978 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J.D. Salas, Analysis and modelling of hydrologic time-series, in Handbook of Hydrology, ed. by D.R. Maidment (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1993)

    Google Scholar 

  • E.A.G. Schuur, J. Bockheim, J.G. Canadell, E. Euskirchen, C.B. Field, S.V. Goryachkin, S. Hagemann, P. Kuhry, P.M. Lafleur, H. Lee, G. Mazhitova, F.E. Nelson, A. Rinke, V.E. Romanovsky, N. Shiklomanov, C. Tarnocai, S. Venevsky, J.G. Vogel, S.A. Zimov, Vulnerability of permafrost carbon to climate change: implications for the global carbon cycle. Bioscience 58, 701–714 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • E.A.G. Schuur, B.W. Abbott, W.B. Bowden, V. Brovkin, P. Camill, J.G. Canadell, J.P. Chanton, F.S. Chapin III, T.R. Christensen, P. Ciais, B.T. Crosby, C.I. Czimczik, G. Grosse, J. Harden, D.J. Hayes, G. Hugelius, J.D. Jastrow, J.B. Jones, T. Kleinen, C.D. Koven, G. Krinner, P. Kuhry, D.M. Lawrence, A.D. McGuire, S.M. Natali, J.A. O’Donnell, C.L. Ping, W.J. Riley, A. Rinke, V.E. Romanovsky, A.B.K. Sannel, C. Sch\({\ddot{{\rm a}}}\)del, K. Schaefer, J. Sky, Z.M. Subin, C. Tarnocai, M.R. Turetsky, M.P. Waldrop, K.M. Walter Anthony, K.P. Wickland, C.J. Wilson, S.A. Zimov, Expert assessment of vulnerability of permafrost carbon to climate change. Climate Change 119, 359–374 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  • D.T. Shindell, G. Faluvegi, D.M. Koch, G.A. Schmidt, N. Unger, S.E. Baner, Improved attribution of climate forcing to emissions. Science 326, 716–718 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O.P. Singh, Multivariate ENSO index and Indian monsoon rainfall: relationships on monthly and subdivisional scales. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 78, 1–9 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • H.Y. Son, J.Y. Park, J.S. Kug, Precipitation variability in September over the Korean Peninsula during ENSO developing phase. Clim. Dyn. 46, 3419–3430 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C. Tarnocai, J.G. Canadell, E.A.G. Schuur, P. Kuhry, G. Mazhitova, S. Zimov, Soil organic carbon pools in the northern circumpolar permafrost region. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 23, 2 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • M.R. Turetsky, W.F. Donahue, B.W. Benscoter, Experiment drying intensifies burning and carbon lossesin a northern peatland. Nat. Commun. 2, 514 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • V.Y. Vize, The source of Arctic warming. Sov. Akktika 1, 1–7 (1937)

    Google Scholar 

  • Q. Wu, Y. Liu, Ground temperature monitoring and its recent change in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 38, 85–92 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Q. Wu, T. Zhang, Recent permafrost warming on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. J. Geophys. Res. 113, D13 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Q. Wu, T. Zhang, Changes in active layer thickness over the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau from 1995 to 2007. J. Geophys. Res. 115, D9 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  • Q. Wu, T. Zhang, Y. Liu, Permafrost temperatures and thickness on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Global Planet. Change 72, 32–38 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T. Wu, L. Zhao, R. Li, Q. Wang, C. Xie, Q. Pang, Recent ground surface warming and its effects on permafrost on the central Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Int. J. Climatol. 33, 920–930 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • V. Yevjevich, Stochastic Process in Hydrology, 1st edn. (Water Resources Publications, Colorado, 1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • K. Yoshikawa, W.R. Bolton, V.E. Romanovsky, M. Fukuda, L.D. Hinzman, Impacts of wildfire on the permafrost in the boreal forests of interior Alaska. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 108, D1 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • V.F. Zakharov, The World Ocean and the Pleistocene Ice Periods (Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1978)

    Google Scholar 

  • V.F. Zakharov, Arctic Ices and Current Natural Processes (Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1981)

    Google Scholar 

  • Z. Zhang, A. Rinke, J.C. Moore, Permafrost dynamic change on the Tibetan plateau under climatic warming since 1950s. Maejo Int. J. Sci. Technol. 10, 242–255 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  • X. Zhang, G. Hegerl, F. Zwiers, J. Kenyon, Avoiding inhomogeneity in percentile-based indices of temperature extreme. J. Clim. 18, 1641–1651 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S.A. Zimov, S.P. Davydov, G.M. Zimova, A.I. Davydova, E.A.G. Schuur, K. Dutta, F.S. Chapin, Permafrost carbon: stock and decomposability of a globally significant carbon pool. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, 20 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zhihua Zhang .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Zhang, Z. (2018). Regional Climate Change. In: Multivariate Time Series Analysis in Climate and Environmental Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67340-0_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics