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Power Harvesting and Data Exchange Links

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Implantable Sensors and Systems

Abstract

For data exchange of implantable devices, wireless links are unavoidable except for the case when an indwelling catheter or probe is allowed to establish either a direct or close contact with the implantable sensor. Light transmission via optical fibers can offer a solution to accomplish data exchange. However, without a conductive path to the outside world, the environment found inside the human body for the propagation of electromagnetic radiation poses new challenges. The problem of data exchange in implantable sensors only encounters a contender of the same level when sensor powering comes to play, at least for active sensing systems. It is therefore possible to retrieve data from passive sensors with no need for DC powering, as will be discussed later in this chapter. Nevertheless, the vast majority of implantable sensors are still actively powered and the subject of power consumption cannot be overlooked. Low power consumption is of paramount importance in implantables to ensure long-term function of the sensor and patient safety.

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Abbreviations

AC:

Alternate current

ADC:

Analog-to-digital converter

AM:

Amplitude modulation

ASIC:

Application specific integrated circuit

ASK:

Amplitude shift keying

BPSK:

Binary phase shift keying

BSN:

Body sensor network

BVD:

Butterworth–Van Dyke Model

CMOS:

Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor

CW:

Continuous wave

DAC:

Digital-to-analog converter

DBB:

Digital baseband

DC:

Direct current

DPSK:

Differential phase shift keying

DRAM:

Dynamic random access memory

DSSH:

Double synchronized switch harvesting

ECG:

Electrocardiogram

EM:

Electromagnetic

FBAR:

Film bulk acoustic resonator

FCC:

Federal Communications Commission

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

FM:

Frequency modulation

FSK:

Frequency shift keying

IC:

Integrated circuit

IDT:

Interdigital transducer

IoT:

Internet of things

ISM:

Industrial, scientific and medical band

KLM:

Krimholtz–Leedom–Matthaei model

LC:

Inductor–capacitor circuit

LDO:

Low drop output

LED:

Light-emitting diode

LPF:

Low-pass filter

LSK:

Load shift modulation

MEMS:

Microelectromechanical system

MES:

Miller encoding scheme

MFC:

Micro-fibre composites

MICS:

Medical implant communication service band

MOSFET:

Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor

MPE:

Maximum permissible exposure

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

OOK:

On-off keying

PA:

Power amplifier

PDMS:

Polydimethylsiloxane

PCL:

Polyprolactone

PLL:

Phase-locked loop

PLLA:

Polyactide

PM:

Phase modulation

PMOS:

p-channel MOSFET

PMU:

Power management unit

POR:

Power-on-reset

PPy:

Polypyrrole

PSK:

Phase shift keying

PTE:

Power transfer efficiency

PUT:

Programmable unijunction transistor

PV:

Photovoltaic array

PVDF:

Polyvinylidene difluoride

PWM:

Pulse-width modulation

RC:

Resistor–capacitor circuit

RF:

Radiofrequency

RFID:

Radiofrequency identifier

RLC:

Resistor–inductor–capacitor circuit

RX:

Receiver

SAR:

Specific absorption rate

SAW:

Surface acoustic wave resonator

SCR:

Silicon controlled rectifier

SDRAM:

Synchronous dynamic random access memory

SECE:

Synchronous electric charge extractor

SSHI:

Synchronized switch harvesting on inductor

TEG:

Thermoelectric generator

TX:

Transmitter

USB:

Universal serial bus

UTET:

Ultrasonic transcutaneous energy transfer

UWB:

Ultra-wide band

VCO:

Voltage-controlled oscillator

WMTS:

Wireless medical telemetry service band

WPC:

Wireless power consortium

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK

    B. Gil, H. Ip & Guang-Zhong Yang

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  1. B. Gil
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  2. H. Ip
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  1. The Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

    Guang-Zhong Yang

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Gil, B., Ip, H., Yang, GZ. (2018). Power Harvesting and Data Exchange Links. In: Yang, GZ. (eds) Implantable Sensors and Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69748-2_7

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