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An Introduction to Audit Studies in the Social Sciences

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Audit Studies: Behind the Scenes with Theory, Method, and Nuance

Part of the book series: Methodos Series ((METH,volume 14))

Abstract

An audit study is a specific type of field experiment primarily used to test for discriminatory behavior when survey and interview questions induce social desirability bas. In this chapter, I first review the language and definitions related to audit studies and encourage adoption of a common language. I then discuss why researchers use the audit method as well as when researchers can and should use this method. Next, I give an overview of the history of audit studies, focusing on major developments and changes in the overall body of work. Finally, I discuss the limitations of correspondence audits and provide some thoughts on future directions.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    These types of studies are known by a variety of names, often depending on the decade of publication, the context and method used for testing, discipline, or country. Audits are also sometimes referred to as correspondence tests or situation tests. For now, I refer to all this research as “audit studies.” Later in this chapter, I define and clarify these terms.

  2. 2.

    For an excellent chapter on the connections to activism, see Cherry and Bendick (Chap. 2 of this volume) and for an excellent, although a bit outdated, chapter on the links between audits and law and policy, see Fix et al. (1993).

  3. 3.

    Some of the work in this section stems from and expands upon work I did to examine the signals of race conveyed by names in correspondence audits (Gaddis 2017a, b, c, d).

  4. 4.

    Conducted in 1985

  5. 5.

    Conducted throughout the 1980s.

  6. 6.

    Although credit should also be given to Lodder, McFarland, and White (2003) who pre-tested names in a small employment correspondence audit in Chicago before Bertrand and Mullainathan (2004).

  7. 7.

    Conducted in 2006 and 2007.

  8. 8.

    Rooth makes a distinction that he is specifically testing the combined category.

  9. 9.

    David Neumark (forthcoming) provides an excellent review of these and other types of discrimination, so I do not go into more detailed explanation here.

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Acknowledgments

Many scholars have played important roles in sharpening my thoughts on this method. I cannot name them all here but I want to express my thanks to Devah Pager, Bill Carbonaro, Joanna Lahey, and David Pedulla for support in helping this volume come together. Additionally, I would like to thank fellow panelists and audience members at sessions on audits at the 2014 annual meeting of the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management in Albuquerque, NM and the 2015 annual meeting of the American Sociological Association in Chicago, IL. Finally, thanks to a host of other people who helped make this volume happen: the anonymous reviewers of the chapters, the editors and staff at Springer, and my lovely wife who has always been incredibly supportive of my sometimes chaotic academic endeavors.

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    S. Michael Gaddis

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Gaddis, S.M. (2018). An Introduction to Audit Studies in the Social Sciences. In: Gaddis, S. (eds) Audit Studies: Behind the Scenes with Theory, Method, and Nuance. Methodos Series, vol 14. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71153-9_1

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