Abstract
X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique is used to understand the sources of sediments through identification of mineral composition of sediments in the lower reach of the Rupnarayan River to explain the causes and mechanisms of sedimentation. A total of 21 sediment samples (13 samples from river bed and 8 samples from river banks) have been collected for knowing the sediment mineralogy. Sediment samples are washed by boiled distilled water, dried, disintegrated and scanned at an interval of 7°–45°2θ in XPERT-PRO diffractometer. Diffractograms produced by XRD study indicates that the entire lower reach shows the dominance of the minerals such as quartz, chlorite, illite, anatase, goethite, oligoclase, chloritoid, corundum, sillimanite, which have their origin in the upper and middle catchment area with small contribution from the lower catchment and river banks. Statistical experiment indicates that excluding tourmaline and anatase, all the minerals show steady trend in concentration in sediments. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicates that five Eigen values contribute for about 83.154% of the total variation of the distribution of minerals. The minerals discharged from the upper catchment are captured in the estuary and again redistributed towards upstream by stronger flood tide. This leads to a un-conspicuous and hapazard distribution of minerals in the area under study.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Allen BL, Hajek BF (1989) Mineral occurrence in soil environments. In: Dixon JB, Weed SB (eds) Minerals in soil environments, 2nd edn. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, pp 199–278
Blatt H, Middleton G, Murray R (1980) Origin of sedimentary rocks. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs
Chase WT (1971) Egyptian blue as a pigment and ceramic material. In: Brill RH (ed) Science and archaeology. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, pp 80–90
Chen PY (1977) Table of key lines in X-ray powder diffraction patterns of minerals in clays and associated rocks. Indiana Geol Survey Occas Pap 21:1–67
Cheng Q, Jing L, Panahi A (2006) Principal component analysis with optimum order sample correlation coefficient for image enhancement. Int J Remote Sens 27(16):3387–3401
Chung FH (1974) Quantitative interpretation of X-ray diffraction patterns of mixtures. I. matrix-flushing method for quantitative multicomponent analysis. J Appl Cryst 7:519–525
Churchman GJ (1980) Clay minerals formed from micas and chlorites in some New Zealand soils. Clay Miner 15:59–76
Eggleton RA, Boland JN (1982) Weathering of enstatite to talc through a sequence of transitional phases. Clays Clay Miner 30:11–20
FitzHugh EW, Gettens RJ (1971) Calcite and other efflorescent salts on objects stored in wooden museum cases. In: Brill RH (ed) Science and archaeology. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, pp 91–105
Friedman GM (1961) Distinction between dune, beach and river sands from their textural characteristics. J Sediment Petrol 31(4):514–529
Ghosh SK, Datta NP (1974) X-ray investigation of clay minerals in the soils of West Bengal. Proc Indian Sci Acad 40:138–150
Gibbs RJ (1965) Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis using clay mineral standards extracted from the samples to be analyzed. Am Mineral 50:741
Gibbs RJ (1967) Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis using clay mineral standards extracted from the samples to be analysed. Clay Miner 7:79–90
Huang PM (1989) Feldspars, olivines, pyroxenes, and amphiboles. In: Dixon JB, Weed SB (eds) Minerals in soil environments, 2nd edn. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, pp 975–1050
Klug HP, Alexander LE (1954) X-ray diffraction procedures for polycrystalline and amorphous materials. Wiley, New York
Loughnan FC (1969) Chemical weathering of the silicate minerals. Elsevier, New York
Maity SK, Maiti RK (2016) Understanding the Sources of sediments from mineral composition at lower reach of the Rupnarayan River, West Bengal, India—an x-ray diffraction (XRD) based analysis. GeoResJ 9(12):91–103
Maity SK, Maiti RK (2018) Sedimentation in the Rupnarayan River: hydrodynamic processes under a tidal system. Springer briefs in earth sciences. Springer, Berlin
Matson FR (1971) A study of temperature used in firing ancient Mesopotamian pottery. In: Brill RH (ed) Science and archaeology. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, pp 65–79
Mukhopadhyay SC, Dasgupta A (2010) River dynamics of West Bengal, physical aspects, vol 1. pp 1–220
O’Malley LSS (1995) Physical aspects, Bengal District Gazetteers, Midnapore. Published by West Bengal District Gazetteers. pp 1–141
Rex RW, Bauer WR (1965) New amine reagents for X-ray determination of expandable clays in dry samples. In: Proceedings of the 13th national conference on clays and clay minerals, pp 411–418
Rex RW, Chown RG (1960) Planchet press and accessories for mounting X-ray powder diffraction samples. Am Mineral 45:1280–1282
Rittenhouse G (1943) A visual method of estimating two dimensional sphericity. J Sediment Petrol 13:79–81
Shepard AO (1971) Ceramic analysis: the implications of methods; the relations of analysts and archaeologists. In: Brill RH (ed) Science and archaeology. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, pp 55–64
Tankersley KB (1995) Paleoindian contexts and artifact distribution patterns at the Bostrom Site, St. Clair County, Illinois. MidCont J Archaeol 20:40–61
Tankersley KB, Balantyne MR (2010) X-ray powder diffraction analysis of Late Holocene reservoir sediments. J Archaeol Sci 37:133–138
Tankersley KB, Meinhart J (1982) Physical and structural properties of ceramic materials utilized by a Fort Ancient Group. MidCont J Archaeol 7:225–273
Tankersley KB, Bassett J, Frushour S (1985) A gourd bowl from salts cave, Kentucky. Tenn Anthropologist 10:95–104
Tankersley KB, Munson CA, Munson PJ et al (1990) The mineralogy of Wyandotte Cave aragonite, Indiana, and its archaeological significance. In: Lasca NP, Donahue J (eds) Archaeological geology of North America. Geological Society of America, Boulder, pp 219–230
Tankersley KB, Shaffer N, Hess M et al (1995) They have a rock that bleeds: sunrise red ochre and its early paleoindian occurrence at the Hell Gap site, Wyoming. Plains, Anthropologist 40:185–195
Trachsel M, Eggenberger U, Grosjean M et al (2008) Mineralogy based quantitative precipitation and temperature reconstructions from annually laminated lake sediments (Swiss Alps) since AD 1580. Geophys Res Lett 35:L13707
Zong P, Becker RT, Ma XP (2015) Upper Devonian (Famennian) and Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian) ammonoids from western Junggar, Xinjiang, northwestern China—Stratigraphy, taxonomy and palaeobiogeography. Palaeobio Palaeoenv 95:159–202
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kumar Maity, S., Maiti, R. (2018). Identification of the Sediment Sources Using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Technique. In: Sedimentation in the Rupnarayan River. SpringerBriefs in Earth Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71315-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71315-1_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-71314-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-71315-1
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)