Abstract
In this essay, Wright traces her historical and personal understanding of vegan studies as it emerged—unnamed—somewhere around 2003, when she was working on a doctoral dissertation on the works of South African novelist J. M. Coetzee. She then furthers the trajectory of vegan theory as a mode of politically engaged scholarly inquiry via a theoretical inquiry into the often-overt focus on veganism, tacit fear of politicized eating, and animal bodies that played a role in the 2016 US presidential election of Donald J. Trump.
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Notes
- 1.
Laura Wright, “National Photographic: Images of Sensibility and the Nation in Margaret Atwood’s Surfacing and Nadine Gordimer’s July’s People,” Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature 38, no.1 (2005): 75–92.
- 2.
Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, ed. and trans. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (New York, 1971), pp. 275–76.
- 3.
Roger Cohen, “A Dangerous Interregnum,” The New York Times, 18 November 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/19/opinion/cohen-a-dangerous-interregnum.html
- 4.
I’m pulling this language from the call for papers for the Towards a Vegan Theory conference that took place at the University of Oxford in May 2016.
- 5.
Chelsea Chuck, Samantha A. Fernandes, and Lauri L. Hyers, “Awakening to the Politics of Food: Politicized Diet as Social Identity,” Appetite 107 (2016): 425.
- 6.
Ibid.
- 7.
Ibid., p. 434.
- 8.
Michelle Ye Hee Lee, “Donald Trump’s False Comments Connecting Mexican Immigrants and Crime,” The Washington Post, 8 July 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2015/07/08/donald-trumps-false-comments-connecting-mexican-immigrants-and-crime/?utm_term=.b37fd885a085
- 9.
Irin Carmon, “Donald Trump’s worst Offense? Mocking a Disabled Reporter, Poll Finds,” NBC News, 11 August 2016, http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/trump-s-worst-offense-mocking-disabled-reporter-poll-finds-n627736
- 10.
Kate Sommers-Dawes, “All the Times Trump has Called for Violence at his Rallies,” Mashable.com , 12 March 2016, http://mashable.com/2016/03/12/trump-rally-incite-violence/#KkbC_K9KIiqT
- 11.
Nick Corasaniti and Maggie Haberman, “Donald Trump Suggests that ‘Second Amendment People’ Could act against Hillary Clinton,” New York Times, 9 August 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/10/us/politics/donald-trump-hillary-clinton.html?_r=0
- 12.
Ben Mathis-Lilley, “Trump was Recording in 2005 Bragging about Grabbing Women ‘by the Pussy,’” Slate, 7 October 2016, http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2016/10/07/donald_trump_2005_tape_i_grab_women_by_the_pussy.html
- 13.
Claire Cohen, “Donald Trump Sexism Tracker: Every Offensive Comment in one Place,” Telegraph, 20 January 2017, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/politics/donald-trump-sexism-tracker-every-offensive-comment-in-one-place/
- 14.
Alex Beam, “What Kind of pet Should Donald Trump get?” New York Times, 15 April 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/15/opinion/sunday/what-kind-of-pet-should-donald-trump-get.html
- 15.
A. Breeze Harper, “Going Beyond the Normative White ‘Post-Racial’ Vegan Epistemology,” Taking Food Public: Redefining Foodways in a Changing World, ed. Psyche Williams Forson and Carole Counihan (New York, 2011), p. 155.
- 16.
Jacqueline Bediako, “Food Apartheid: The Silent Killer in the Black Community,” The Atlanta Black Star, 16 June 2015, http://atlantablackstar.com/2015/06/16/food-apartheid-the-silent-killer-in-the-black-community/
- 17.
Maria Carbin and Sara Edenheim, “The Intersectional Turn in Feminist Theory: A Dream of a Common Language?” European Journal of Women’s Studies 20, no. 3 (2013): 233.
- 18.
Ibid., p. 234.
- 19.
Richard Twine, “Intersectional Disgust? Animals and (Eco)Feminism,” Feminism and Psychology 20, no. 3 (2010): 399.
- 20.
Margaret Atwood, Surfacing (New York, 1992), p. 143.
- 21.
J. M. Coetzee, The Lives of Animals (Princeton, 1999), p. 50.
- 22.
Richard Twine, “Intersectional Disgust?”, p. 399.
- 23.
See Carol Adams’s discussion of feminized protein in The Sexual Politics of Meat (New York, 1996).
- 24.
For the ways that ecofeminists have challenged this inaccurate reading of ecofeminism, see, for example, Greta Gaard’s “Ecofeminism Revisited: Rejecting Essentialism and Re-Placing Species in a Material Feminist Environmentalism” Feminist Formations, 23, no. 2 (2011) and Kayleigh MacSwain’s “Dirty Words: Essentialism & Eco-feminism” Undercurrents 6, no. 1 (2009).
- 25.
For a great example of this kind of work, see black feminist blogger Aph Ko’s response to Akilah’s YouTube video about intersectionality, which utilizes pizza and burgers to make its point: “Your video demonstrates that despite the fact that ‘intersectionality’ is one of the trendiest words in our generation, our social justice movements are still largely compartmentalized, which makes it possible for really awesome anti-racist, intersectional feminists to completely disregard non-human animal rights.” Ko writes, “My goal here is to perhaps start a necessary conversation about the bodies we include in our discussion about intersectionality, as well as the bodies that are routinely excluded [that need to be included]” and, further, “so many people shout that animal rights is a distraction from feminism and anti-racism […] that animal rights ‘DERAILS’ the conversation and to me, it sounds like people have absolutely no idea what the conversation is really about.”
- 26.
Donna Haraway, When Species Meet (Minneapolis, 2008), pp. 3–4.
- 27.
See Williams’s interview with Haraway, “Donna Haraway with Jeffrey Williams,” The Conversant, 6 July 2009. https://theconversant.org/?p=2522
- 28.
Kari Weil, “A Report on the Animal Turn,” differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 21, no. 2 (2010): 3.
- 29.
Ibid.
- 30.
Wendy Wheeler and Linda Williams, “The Animals Turn,” New Formations 76 (2012): 6.
- 31.
Kari Weil, Thinking Animals: Why Animal Studies Now? (New York, 2012), p. 5.
- 32.
Jennifer McDonnell, “Literary Studies, the Animal Turn, and the Academy,” Social Alternatives 32, no. 4 (2013): 10.
- 33.
Ibid.
- 34.
J. M. Coetzee, The Lives of Animals, ed. Amy Gutman, (Princeton, 1999), p. 65.
- 35.
See my essay, “‘Does He Have it in Him to be the Woman?’ The Performance of Displacement in J. M. Coetzee’s Disgrace,” ARIEL: A Review of International English Literature 37, no.4 (2006): 83–102.
- 36.
Again, I am referencing Twine, “Intersectional Disgust.”
- 37.
Coetzee, Lives of Animals, p. 20.
- 38.
Thomas Ohlson and Stephen John Stedman, The New is not yet Born: Conflict Resolution in Southern Africa (Washington, 1994), p. 2.
- 39.
J. M. Coetzee, Disgrace (New York, 1999), p. 112.
- 40.
Ibid., p. 109.
- 41.
Ibid., p. 126.
- 42.
Ibid., p. 121.
- 43.
Ibid., p. 127.
- 44.
Mackensy Lunsford, “How to eat like Bill Clinton at Asheville’s Plant,” Citizen-Times (Asheville, NC), 15 March 2016, http://www.citizen-times.com/story/entertainment/dining/eat-scene/2016/03/15/how-eat-like-bill-clinton-ashevilles-plant/81827034/
- 45.
See, for example, the case of Mike Epsy, Secretary of Agriculture under Bill Clinton who was indicted and acquitted of accepting gifts from Tyson Foods.
- 46.
See The Vegan Studies Project, Chapter Five, “Men, Meat, and Hegan Identity: Veganism and the Discourse of Masculinity.”
- 47.
Stephen Colbert, “Stephen Interviews Hillary Clinton,” YouTube, 19 April 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LmCJIBsQjOY
- 48.
Vegans for Bernie Sanders Facebook page, accessed 5 May 2016, https://www.facebook.com/VegansForBernie/
- 49.
Elise Vieback, “Sorry Vegans: Bernie Sanders Likes Easting Meat,” The Washington Post, 2 February 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2016/02/02/sorry-vegans-bernie-sanders-likes-eating-meat/?utm_term=.6e10cdd28ef9
- 50.
Sandra Sobieraj Westfall and Tierney McAfee, “Bernie Sanders Does His Own Laundry (and Grocery Shopping): Inside the Family Life of the Down-to-Earth Democratic Candidate,” People, 20 January 2016, http://people.com/celebrity/inside-bernie-sanders-family-and-home-life-he-does-his-own-laundry-shopping/
- 51.
Kate Bratskeir, “Here’s How The Presidential Candidates Eat, Sleep And Work Out,” Huffington Post, 9 March 2016, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/presidential-candidates-food-exercise-sleep_us_56d865dee4b0000de4038dbd
- 52.
Lily Rotham and Liz Ronk, “A Brief Visual History of Eating on the Campaign Trail,” Time, 25 April 2016, http://time.com/4307179/john-kasich-donald-trump-eating-campaign-trail/
- 53.
Vince Dixon, “Where are the Clinton and Trump Campaigns Eating?” Eater, 26 July 2016, http://www.eater.com/2016/7/26/12285290/trump-clinton-campaign-spending-food-restaurants
- 54.
Qtd. in Arthur Delaney and Ashley Alman, “Ben Carson, Vegetarian,” Huffington Post, 20 May 2015, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/05/20/ben-carsonvegetarian_n_7343542.html?utm_hp_ref=politics&ir=Politics
- 55.
“Living a Healthful Life,” Seventh Day Adventist Church, 11 November 2016, https://www.adventist.org/en/vitality/health/
- 56.
Michael Y. Park, “Paleo, Vegetarian, or Teetotaling? What the Presidential Candidates’ Food Habits Say About Them,” bon appétit, 19 October 2015, http://www.bonappetit.com/entertaining-style/pop-culture/article/prez-candidates-food
- 57.
Charlie Spiering, “Cory Booker: Ted Cruz is a ‘Texas Meat-Eating Cowboy,’ and I’m a Vegetarian,” Washington Examiner, 21 March 2014, http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/cory-booker-ted-cruz-is-a-texas-meat-eating-cowboy-and-im-a-vegetarian/article/2546044
- 58.
Benny Johnson, “Making Machine-Gun Bacon with Ted Cruz,” Independent Journal Review, http://ijr.com/2015/08/383020-making-machine-gun-bacon-with-ted-cruz/
- 59.
Pema Levy, “Totally Not Desperate Ted Cruz Now Eating Bacon off a Gun Barrel,” Mother Jones, 3 August 2015, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/08/ted-cruz-cooks-bacon-machine-gun
- 60.
Adam Gabbatt, “Ted Cruz’s Machine-Gun Bacon Cooking Technique is a Surefire Recipe for Disaster,” The Guardian, 3 August 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/aug/03/ted-cruz-endorses-machine-gun-bacon-please-dont-do-this
- 61.
Ashley Parker, “A Wife Committed to Cruz’s Ideals, but a Study in Contrasts to Him,” The New York Times, 23 October 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/24/us/politics/a-wife-committed-to-cruzs-ideals-but-a-study-in-contrasts-to-him.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
- 62.
Matthew Hamilton and Casey Seiler, “In Scotia, Ted Cruz assails Trump, Clinton,” Times Union, 7 April 2016, http://www.timesunion.com/local/article/Ted-Cruz-heads-to-Scotia-on-Thursday-7233611.php
- 63.
Sam Sanders, “#MemeOfTheWeek: Taco Trucks on Every Corner,” NPR, 2 September 2016, http://www.npr.org/2016/09/02/492390405/-memeoftheweek-taco-trucks-on-every-corner
- 64.
See the Editorial Board of the New York Times’s February 1, 2016 coverage of North Carolina’s 2016 “Ag-Gag,” legislation which prevented citizens from seeing the cruelty inflicted on animals that are rendered meat.
- 65.
For the “definitive history” of Trump’s steaks, see Natasha Geiling, “A Definitive History of Trump Steaks™,” ThinkProgress, 4 March 2016, https://thinkprogress.org/a-definitive-history-of-trump-steaks-e0e6fc31b689; and Tim Carman, “Trump Steaks are so Rare, We Can’t Even Find One,” The Washington Post, 23 March 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/hey-trump-wheres-the-beef-trump-steaks-are-so-rare-we-cant-even-find-one/2016/03/22/175b682a-ebc3-11e5-bc08-3e03a5b41910_story.html?utm_term=.c594be643420
- 66.
Todd Harris, “Behind Joni Ernst’s Game-Changing Pig-Castrating Ad,” The Guardian, 5 November 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/nov/05/behind-joni-ernst-game-changing-pig-castrating-ad
- 67.
See Max Londberg’s article, “In an Effort to stop Abortions, Missouri Lawmaker Beheads a Chicken on Camera,” Kansas City Star, 13 June 2017, https://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/article155897439.html
- 68.
Donald Trump, “Interview with Donald Trump,” Field and Stream, 21 January 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7IRk2oLMxYA
- 69.
Eric Liu, “Only Empathy can Transform the GOP,” Time, 3 April 2013, http://ideas.time.com/2013/04/03/viewpoint-only-empathy-can-transform-the-gop/
- 70.
Dawn Eaton, “Trump Administration leads Animals to the Slaughter,” Riverdale Press, 28 April 2017, http://www.riverdalepress.com/stories/trump-administration-leads-animals-to-the-slaughter,62,349.
- 71.
Will Stone, “Trump’s Border Wall Would Affect Many Endangered Species,” NPR, 11 March 2017, http://www.npr.org/2017/03/11/519807735/proposed-border-wall-would-affect-many-endangered-species
- 72.
Matt Broomfield, “The Women’s March against Donald Trump is the Largest Day of Protests in U.S. History, Say Political Scientists,” Independent, 23 January 2017, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/womens-march-anti-donald-trump-womens-rights-largest-protest-demonstration-us-history-political-a7541081.html
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Wright, L. (2018). Vegans in the Interregnum: The Cultural Moment of an Enmeshed Theory. In: Quinn, E., Westwood, B. (eds) Thinking Veganism in Literature and Culture. Palgrave Studies in Animals and Literature. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73380-7_2
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