Abstract
Entrepreneurship is an important process in regional economic development. However, there is no dedicated research to determinants of entrepreneurship in relation to all regions of Turkey. The main objective of chapter is to find the extent to which the level of entrepreneurial activity varies between regions in Turkey. This chapter also contributes to the field of entrepreneurship studies by presenting, for the first time, the entrepreneurship data of women over the regions of Turkey and by analyzing the regional variations with respect to gender in the early stage of entrepreneurial activity.
Our findings support the fact that the entrepreneurial activity in the West Marmara, the Mediterranean, the West Black Sea and the West, Southeast and the Central Anatolia Regions, are no different from the base Region of Istanbul. The general entrepreneurship pursuit in Aegean, the East Marmara, the East Black Sea, the Northeast Anatolia and the Central East Anatolia Regions are found to be about 2% lower compared to the Region of Istanbul, on the average. On the other hand, the likelihood of being an entrepreneur among women is highest in the Aegean Region which is 9.4%. This likelihood is even higher than that in the Region of Istanbul which is 8.1%. Hence, the probability of being a woman entrepreneur ranges from 5.8 to 10.6% in Turkey. When the same probabilities are considered at the age of 45, they are lower and range from 5.4 to 9.7%.
Moreover, while the entrepreneurial attitudes, i.e. fear of failure in starting business, and education have a negative effect, the perceptions on start-up opportunities and believed to have knowledge, skill and experience have a positive effect on the probability of being an entrepreneur.
The data used in this study were collected by means of the national adult population Survey (APS) from the Global Entrepreneurship monitor (GEM) project conducted in Turkey covering the years of 2006–2015 (except for the year of 2009). The dataset consisting of 56,142 interviews with a representative sample of adults (18–64 years old) covering 12 regions.
The authors thank GEM Project team for their initiative contribution, KOSGEB (Small and Medium Enterprises Development Organization), Siemens and Technology Development Foundation of Turkey, Ak Bank and Endeavour, TEB (Turkish Economy Bank) in Turkey for their financial support.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The vendor companies, “Akademetre” and “Research Method Company” are a member of the European Society of Opinion, Marketing Researchers (ESOMAR), and the Turkish Association of Marketing, and Opinion Researchers. They have an honour agreement with Association of Researchers and possesses ISO 9000–2001 quality certification.
- 2.
Since we have not allowed the Age variable to interact with the gender variable the threshold age remains the same at 31.69.
References
Aldrich HE, Martinez MA (2001) Many are called, but few are chosen: an evolutionary perspective for the study of entrepreneurship. Entrep Theory Pract 25:41–56
Allen E, Elam A, Langowitz N, Dean M (2007) Report on women and entrepreneurship, global entrepreneurship monitor (GEM) [online], GEM website. www.gemconsortium.org
Arenius P, Minniti M (2005) Perceptual variables and nascent entrepreneurship. Small Bus Econ 24:233–247
Blanchflower DG (2004) Self-employment: more may not be better. NEBE working paper 10286
Bosma N (2009) The geography of entrepreneurial activity and regional economic development. A-D Druk B.V, Zeist
Bosma N, Harding R (2007) Global entrepreneurship: GEM 2006 summary results. Babson College, Babson Park
Brachert M, Hyll WT (2017) On the simultaneity bias in the relationship between risk attitudes, entry into entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial survival. Appl Econ Lett 24(7):477–480
Delmar F, Davidson P (2000) Where do they come from? Prevalence and characteristics of nascent entrepreneurs. Entrep Reg Dev 12(1):1–23
Evans DS, Jovanovıc B (1989) An estimated model of entrepreneurial choice under liquidity constraints. J Polit Econ 97(4):808–827
Fritsch M, Mueller P (2004) The effect of new firm formation on regional development over time. Freiberg working papers, 01
Gibb F, Nielsen K (2014) Entrepreneurship within urban and rural areas individual creativity and social network. DRUID working paper no 11-01
Grili I, Irigoyen JM (2006) Entrepreneurship in the EU: to wish and not to be. Small Bus Econ 26(4):305–318
Grilo I, Thurik R (2004) Determinants of entrepreneurship in Europe. Max Planck Institute discussion paper on entrepreneurship growth and public policy, 3004. Max Planck Institute of Economics, Jena
Kautonen T, Down S, Minniti M (2014) Ageing and entrepreneurial preferences. Small Bus Econ 42(3):579–594
Koellinger P, Minniti M, Schade C (2005) I think I can, I think I can: overconfidence and entrepreneurial behavior. DIW discussion papers no 501, Berlin, Germany
Lamotte O, Colovic A (2013) Do demographics influence aggregate entrepreneurship? Appl Econ Lett 20(13):1206–1210
Levesque M, Minniti M (2006) The effect of aging on entrepreneurial behavior. J Bus Ventur 2(1):177–194
Özdemir Ö, Karadeniz EE (2011) Investigating the factors affecting total entrepreneurial activities in Turkey. METU Stud Dev 38:275–290
Smallbone D, Welter F (2001) The distinctiveness of entrepreneurship in transition economies. Small Bus Econ 16(4):249–262
Tamásy C (2006) Determinants of regional entrepreneurship dynamics in contemporary Germany: a conceptual and empirical analysis. Reg Stud 40(4):365–384
Verheul I, Wennekers ARM, Audretsch DB, Thurik AR (2002) An eclectic theory of entrepreneurship. In: Audretsch DB, Thurik AR, Verheul I, Wennekers ARM (eds) Entrepreneurship: determinants and policy in a European-US comparison. Kluwer Academic, Boston, pp 11–81
Verheul I, Uhlaner LM, Thurik AR (2003) Business accomplishments, gender and entrepreneurial self-image. Scales paper; N2003 12, EIM, Zoetermeer
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Karadeniz, E., Özçam, A. (2018). Regional Disparities in Entrepreneurship in Turkey with Respect to Gender Using a Regression of Pooling Cross Sections: 2006–2015. In: Faghih, N., Zali, M. (eds) Entrepreneurship Ecosystem in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Contributions to Management Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75913-5_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75913-5_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-75912-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-75913-5
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)