Abstract
The wild-growing relatives of the grain crops are useful for long-term worldwide crop improvement research. There are neglected examples that should be accessioned as living seeds in gene banks. Some of the grain crops, amaranth, barnyard millet, proso millet, quinoa, and foxtail millet, have understudied unique and potentially useful crop wild relatives in North America. Other grain crops, barley, buckwheat, and oats, have fewer relatives in North America that are mostly weeds from other continents with more diverse crop wild relatives. The expanding abilities of genomic science are a reason to accession the wild species since there are improved ways to study evolution within genera and make use of wide gene pools. Rare wild species, especially quinoa relatives in North American, should be acquired by gene banks in cooperation with biologists that already study and conserve at-risk plant populations. Many of the grain crop wild relatives are weeds that have evolved herbicide resistance that could be used in breeding new herbicide-resistant cultivars, so well-documented examples should be accessioned and also vouchered in gene banks.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
AAFC Plant Gene Resources of Canada (2017) Germplasm Resources Information Network-Canadian Version (GRIN-CA) database. Plant Gene Resources of Canada, Saskatoon. http://pgrc3.agr.gc.ca/search_grinca-recherche_rirgc_e.html. Accessed 27 Sept 2017
Aliscioni SS, Giussani LM, Zuloaga FO, Kellogg EA (2003) A molecular phylogeny of Panicum (Poaceae: Paniceae): tests of monophyly and phylogenetic placement within the Panicoideae. Am J Bot 90:796–821. https://doi.org/10.3732/abj.90.5.796
Andini R, Yoshida S, Ohsawa R (2013) Variation in protein content and amino acids in the leaves of grain, vegetable and weedy types of amaranths. Agronomy 3:391–403. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy3020391
Aoki D, Yamaguchi H (2009) Oryza sh4 gene homologue represents homologous genomic copies in polyploid Echinochloa. Weed Biol Manag 9:225–233. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-6664.2009.00343.x
Austin DF (2006) Fox-tail millets (Setaria: Poaceae) – abandoned food in two hemispheres. Econ Bot 60:143–158
Baltensperger DD (1996) Foxtail and Proso millet. In: Janick J (ed) Progress in new crops. ASHS Press, Alexandria, pp 182–190
Baum BR (2007) Avena L. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed) Flora of North America North of Mexico, vol 24. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 734–739
Bayón ND (2015) Revisión Taxonómica de las Especies Monoicas de Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae): Amaranthus subg. Amaranthus y Amaranthus subg. Albersia. Ann Mo Bot Gard 101:261–383. https://doi.org/10.3417/2010080
Benet-Pierce N, Simpson MG (2010) Chenopodium littoreum (Chenopodiaceae), a new goosefoot from dunes of south-central costal California. Madrono 57:64–72. https://doi.org/10.3120/0024-9637-57.1.64
Benet-Pierce N, Simpson MG (2014) The taxonomy of Chenopodiuim desiccatum and C. nitens, sp. nov. J Torrey Bot Soc 141:161–172. https://doi.org/10.3159/TORREY-D-13-00046.1
Benet-Pierce N, Simpson MG (2017) Taxonomic recovery of the species in the Chenopodium neomexicanum (Chenopodiaceae) complex and description of Chenopodium sonorense sp. nov. J Torrey Bot Soc 144:339–356
Bhandari HS, Ebina M, Saha MC, Bouton JH, Rudrabhatla SV, Goldman SL (2011) Panicum. In: Kole C (ed) Wild crop relatives: genomic and breeding resources, millets and grasses, vol 2. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 174–196. http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-14255-0_11
Bhargava A, Ohri D (2016) Origin of genetic variability and improvement of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). In: Rajpal VR, Ram Rao SR, Raina SN (eds) Gene pool diversity and crop improvement, sustainable development and biodiversity 10. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 241–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27096-8_8
Bhargava A, Srivastava S (eds) (2013) Quinoa: botany, production and uses. CAB International, Walingford Oxfordshire. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780642260.0000
Bhargava A, Shukla S, Ohri D (2007) Evaluation of foliage yield and leaf quality traits in Chenopodium spp. in multiyear trials. Euphytica 153:199–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-006-9255-8
Bhatia AL (2005) Growing colorful and nutritious amaranths. Nat Prod Radiance 4:40–43
Brenner DM (2002) Non-shattering grain amaranth populations. In: Janick J, Whipkey A (eds) Trends in new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria, pp 104–106. https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ncnu02/v5-104.html
Brenner DM, Baltensperger DD, Kulakow PA, Lehmann JW, Myers RL, Slabbert MM, Sleugh BB (2000) Genetic resources and breeding of Amaranthus. In: Janick J (ed) Plant Breed Rev 19:227–285. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470650172.ch7
Brenner DM, Johnson WG, Sprague CL, Tranel PJ, Young BG (2013) Crop–weed hybrids are more frequent for the grain amaranth ‘Plainsman’ than for ‘D136-1’. Genet Resour Crop Evol 60:2201–2205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-013-0043-8
Brutnell TP, Wang L, Smartwood K, Goldschmidt A, Jackson D, Zhu XG, Kellogg E, Van Eck J (2010) Setaria viridis: a model for C4 photosynthesis. Plant Cell 22:2537–2544. https://doi.org/10.1105/tcp.110.075309
Burrows VD (1970) Yield and disease-escape potential of fall-sown oats possessing seed dormancy. Can J Pl Sci 50:371–377
Cavers PB, Kane M (2016) The biology of Canadian weeds: 155. Panicum miliaceum L. Can J Plant Sci 96(6):939–988. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2015-0152
Chan K, Sun M (1997) Genetic diversity and relationships detected by isozyme and RAPD analysis of crop and wild species of Amaranthus. Theor Appl Genet 95:865–873. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001220050637
Chrungoo NK, Sangma SC, Bhatt V, Raina SN (2011) Fagopyrum. In: Kole C (ed) Wild crop relatives: genomic and breeding resources, cereals, vol 1. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 293–307
Clemants SE, Mosyakin SL (2003) Chenopodium. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed) Flora of North America North of Mexico, vol 4. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 275–299
Clouse JW, Adhikary D, Page JT, Ramaraj T, Deyholos MK, Udall JA, Fairbanks DJ, Jellen EN, Maughan PJ (2016) The amaranth genome: genome, transcriptome, and physical map assembly. Plant Genome 9. https://doi.org/10.3835/plantgenome2015.07.0062
Costea M, Sanders A, Waines G (2001) Preliminary results toward a revision of the Amaranthus hybridus species complex (Amaranthaceae). SIDA Contrib Bot 19:931–974. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41967947
Cromwell BT (1950) The micro-estimation and origin of trimethylamine in Chenopodium vulvaria L. Biochem J 46:578–581
Darmency H, Dekker J (2011) Setaria. In: Kole C (ed) Wild crop relatives: genomic and breeding resources, millets and grasses, vol 2. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 275–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14255-0
Darmency H, Zangre GR, Pernes J (1987) The wild-weed-crop complex in Setaria: a hybridization study. Genetica 75:103–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00055253
de Wet JMJ, Prasada Rao KE, Brink DE (1983) Systematics and domestication of Panicum sumatrense (Gramineae). J Agric Trad Bot Appl 30:159–168. http://www.persee.fr/doc/jatba_0183-5173_1983_num_30_2_3898
Doebley JF (1984) “Seeds” of wild grasses: a major food of southwestern Indians. Econ Bot 38:52–64
Dunn J (2016) The North Bay Business Journal. http://www.northbaybusinessjournal.com/northbay/mendocinocounty/6280248-181/lundberg-ramps-up-quinoa-products?artslide=0
Dwivedi S, Upadhyaya H, Senthilvel S, Hash C, Fukunaga K, Diao X, Santra D, Baltensperger D, Prasad M (2012) Millets: genetic and genomic resources. In: Janick J (ed) Plant Breed Rev 35:247–377. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118100509.ch5
Escobedo-López D, Núñez-Colín CA, Espitia-Rangel E (2014) Adaptation of cultivated amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) and their wild relatives in Mexico. J Crop Improv 28:203–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2013.869518
Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed) (1993) Flora of North America north of Mexico. 19+ vols. Oxford University Press, New York. http://floranorthamerica.org/
Fowler CS (1986) Subsistence. In: D’Azevedo WL (ed) Great Basin. Handbook of North American Indians Sturtevant WC (general ed), vol 11. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, p 76
Freckman RW, Lelong MG (2003) Panicum. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed) Flora of North America north of Mexico, vol 25. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 450–488
Fuentes-Bazan S, Uotila P, Borsch T (2012) A novel phylogeny-based generic classification for Chenopodium sensu lato, and a tribal rearrangement of Chenopodioideae (Chenopodiaceae). Willdenowia 42:5–24. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.42.42101
Gaines TA, Ward SM, Bukun B, Preston C, Leach JE, Westra P (2012) Interspecific hybridization transfers a previously unknown glyphosate resistance mechanism in Amaranthus species. Evol Appl 5:29–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00204.x
Gandarillas A, Saravia R, Plata G, Quispe R, Ortiz-Romero R (2015) In: Bazile D, Bertero D, Nieto C (eds) State of the art report of quinoa in the world in 2013. Oficina Regional de la FAO para América Latina y el Caribe, Rome, pp 192–215
Gibbons E (1962) Stalking the wild asparagus. David McKay Company, New York
Global Crop Diversity Trust (2017) GENESYS. Available: http://www.croptrust.org/content/global-information-system. Accessed 16 June 2017
Goron TL, Raizada MN (2015) Genetic diversity and genomic resources available for the small millet crops to accelerate a new green revolution. Front Plant Sci 6:157. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00157
Gowda J, Gekha D, Somu G, Bharathi S, Krishnappa M (2008) Development of core set in little millet (Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roemer and Schultes) germplasm using data on twenty one morpho-agronomic traits. Environ Ecol 26:1055–1060
Guinness World Records (2017) http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/. Accessed 27 Sept 2017
Han-Ping H, Corke H (2003) Oil and squalene in Amaranthus grain and leaf. J Agric FoodChem 51:7913–7920
Hauptli H, Jain SK (1978) Biosystematics and agronomic potential of some weedy and cultivated amaranths. Theor Appl Genet 52:177–185
Heap I (2017) The International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds. Weed Science. www.weedscience.com. Accessed 27 Sept 2017
Henrickson J (1999) Studies in New World Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae). Sida 18:783–807
Hilty J (2017) Illinois Wildflowers. http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/grasses/plants/squirrel_tail.htm. Accessed 20 Mar 2017
Hinds HR, Freeman CC (2005) Fagopyrum. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed) Flora of North America North of Mexico, vol 5. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 572–573
Hiremath SC, Patel GNV, Salimath SS (1990) Genome homology and origin of Panicum sumatrense (Gramineae). Cytologia 55:315–319
Hirich A, Choukr-Allah R, Jacobsen SE (2014) Quinoa in Morocco – effect of sowing dates on development and yield. J Agron Crop Sci 200:371–377. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12071
Hodge JC, Kellogg EA (2016) Abscission zone development in Setaria viridis and its domesticated relative, Setaria italic. Am J Bot 103:998–1005. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1500499
Huang P, Feldman M, Schroder S, Bahri BA, Diao X, Zhi H, Estep M, Baxter I, Devos KM, Kellogg EA (2014) Population genetics of Setaria viridis, a new model system. Mol Ecol 23:4912–4925. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12907
Hunt HV, Badakshi E, Romanova O, Howe CJ, Jones MK, Heslop-Harrison JSP (2014) Reticulate evolution in Panicum (Poaceae): the origin of tetraploid broomcorn millet, P. miliaceum. J Exp Bot 65:3165–3175. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru161
Hutchinson DL, Norr L, Schobner T, Marquardt WH, Walker KJ, Newsom LA, Scarry CM (2016) The Calusa and prehistoric subsistence in central and South Gulf Coast Florida. J Anthropol Archaeol 41:55–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2015.10.004
IPGRI, PROINPA e IFAD (2005) Descriptores para cañahua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen). Instituto Internacional de Recursos Fitogenéticos, Roma; Fundación PROINPA, La Paz; International Fund for Agricultural Development, Rome. http://www.bioversityinternational.org/index.php?id=244&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=917&cHash=b050989b5a641574ca1c9f4da0ec6723
Jarvis DE, Ho YS, Lightfoot DJ, Schmockel SM, Li B, Borm TJA, Ohyanagi H, Mineta K, Michell CT, Saber N, Kharbatia NM, Rupper RR, Sharp AR, Dally N, Boughton BA, Woo YH, Gao G, Schijlen EGWM, Guo X, Momin AA, Negrao S, Ali-Babili S, Gehring C, Roessner U, Jung C, Murphy K, Arnold ST, Gojobori T, van der Linden CG, van Loo EN, Jellen EN, Maughan PJ, Tester M (2017) The genome of Chenopodium quinoa. Nature 542:307–312. http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature21370
Jellen EN, Kolano BA, Sederberg MC, Bonifacio A, Maughan PJ (2011) Chenopodium. In: Kole C (ed) Wild crop relatives: genomic and breeding resources, legume crops and forages, vol 4. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 35–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14387-8_3
Jiang H, Barbier H, Brutnell T (2013) Methods for performing crosses in Setaria viridis, a new model system for the grasses. J Vis Exp 80:e50527. https://doi.org/10.3791/50527
Kauffman CS (1992) The status of grain amaranth for the 1990s. Food Rev Int 8:165–185
Kietlinski KD, Jimenez F, Jellen EN, Maughan PJ, Smith SM, Pratt DB (2014) Relationships between the Weedy (Amaranthaceae) and the Grain Amaranths. Crop Sci 54:220–228. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2013.03.0173
Kolano B, Saracka K, Broda-Cnota A, Maluszynska J (2013) Localization of ribosomal DNA and CMA3/DAPI heterochromatin in cultivated and wild Amaranthus species. Sci Hortic (Amst) 164:249–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2013.09.016
Kole C (ed) (2011) Wild crop relatives: genomic and breeding resources. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, 10 vols. http://www.springer.com/services+for+this+book?SGWID=0-1772415-3260-0-9783642143861
Lanoue KZ, Wolf PG, Browning S, Hood EE (1996) Phylogenetic analysis of restriction-site variation in wild and cultivated Amaranthus species (Amaranthaceae). Theor Appl Genet 93:722–732. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00224068
Lata C, Gupts S, Prasad M (2013) Foxtail millet: a model crop for genetic and genomic studies in bioenergy grasses. Crit Rev Biotechnol 33:328–343. https://doi.org/10.3109/07388551.2012.716809
Lawrence BK, Waller SS, Moser LE, Anderson BE, Larson LL (1989) Forage value of weed species in a grass seeding. In: Bragg TB, Stubbendieck J (eds) Prairie pioneers: ecology, history and culture: proceedings of the eleventh north American prairie conference, august 1988. University of Nebraska Printing, Lincoln, pp 91–94
Layton DJ, Kellogg EA (2014) Morphological, phylogenetic and ecological diversity of the new model species Setaria viridis (Poaceae: Paniceae) and its close relatives. Am J Bot 101:539–557. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1300428
Liu HY (1996) Chenopodiaceae. In: Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan (ed) Flora of Taiwan, vol 2. Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan, Taipei, pp 382–387
LoPresti EF (2014) Chenopod salt bladders deter insect herbivores. Oecologia 174:921–930. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-013-2827-0
Luby JJ, Stuthman DD (1983) Evaluation of Avena sativa L./A. fatua L. progenies for agronomic and grain quality characters. Crop Sci 23:1047–1052
Mandelbaum CI, Barbeau WE, Hilu KW (1995) Protein, calcium, and iron content of wild and cultivated species of Echinochloa. Plant Foods Human Nutr 47:101–108
Martin AC, Zim HS, Nelson AL (1951) American wildlife and plants: a guide to wildlife food habits. Dover Publications, New York
Matanguihan JB, Maughan PJ, Jellen EN, Kolano B (2015) Quinoa cytogenetics, molecular genetics, and diversity. In: Murphy K, Matanguihan JB (eds) Quinoa: improvement and sustainable production. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 109–123. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118628041.ch7
Mckenzie P, Michael P, Urbatsch L, Nobel R, Proctor G (1993) First record of Echinochloa stagnina (Poaceae) for Puerto Rico and key to the Echinochloa in the West Indies. SIDA Contrib Bot 15:527–532 http://www.jstor.org/stable/41967030
Michael PW (2003) Echinochloa. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed) Flora of North America North of Mexico, vol 25. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 390–403
Moerman DE (2017) Native American Ethnobotany: a database of foods, drugs, dyes and fibers of native American peoples, derived from plants. http://naeb.brit.org/. Accessed 27 Sept 2017
Mohan G (2016) Is quinoa California farmers’ new kale? http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-quinoa-20160511-story.html
Mosyakin SL, Robertson KR (2003) Amaranthus. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed) Flora of North America North of Mexico, vol 4. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 410–435
Murray MJ (1940a) The genetics of sex determination in the family Amaranthaceae. Genetics 25:409–431
Murray MJ (1940b) Colchicine induced tetraploids in dioecious and monecious species of the Amaranthaceae. J Hered 31:477–485
Muthamilarasan M, Prasad M (2015) Advances in Setaria genomics for genetic improvement of cereals and bioenergy grasses. Theor Appl Genet 128:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-014-2399-3
Nabhan G, de Wet JMJ (1984) Panicum sonorum in Sonoran Desert Agriculture. Econ Bot 38:65–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02904417
NatureServe (2017) NatureServe explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington. Available http://explorer.natureserve.org. Accessed 27 Sept 2017
Núñez De Arco S (2015) Quinoa’s calling. In: Murphy K, Matanguihan J (eds) Quinoa: improvement and sustainable production. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 211–226. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118628041.ch12
NYBG (2017) C. V. Starr Virtual Herbarium, New York Botanical Garden. http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/vh/. Accessed 27 Sept 2017
Pal M, Pandy RM, Khoshoo TN (1982) Evolution and improvement of cultivated amaranths IX. Cytogenetic relationships between the two basic chromosome numbers. J Hered. 73:353–356
Park Y, Nishikawa T, Matsushima K, Minami M, Tomooka N, Nemoto K (2014) Molecular characterization and genetic diversity of the starch branching enzyme (SBE) gene from Amaranthus: the evolutionary origin of grain amaranths. Mol Breed 34:1975–1985. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-014-0156-6
Partap T, Joshi BD, Galwey NL (1998) Chenopods. Chenopdium spp. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 22. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome
Pater MJ (1995) Registration of ‘Stevan’ plains bristle grass. Crop Sci 35:1208–1208. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1995.0011183X003500040058x
Peterson AJ, Murphy KM (2015) Quinoa cultivation for temperate North America: consideration and areas for investigation. In: Murphy K, Matanguihan JB (eds) Quinoa: improvement and sustainable production. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 173–192. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118628041.ch10
Popa O, Băbeanu NE, Popa I, Niță S, Dinu-Pârvu CE (2015) Methods for obtaining and determination of squalene from natural sources. Biomed Res Int 2015:Article ID 367202, p 16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/367202
Prasada Rao KE, de Wet JMJ, Brink DE, Mengesha MH (1987) Infraspecific variation and systematics of cultivated Setaria italica, foxtail millet (Poaceae). Econ Bot 41:108–116. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4254946
Price TD (2009) Ancient farming in eastern North America. PNAS 106:6427–6428. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0902617106
Reich JM, Brinkman MA (1984) Inheritance of groat protein percentage in Avena sativa L. x A. fatua L. crosses. Euphytica 33:907–913
Rines HW, Stuthman DD, Briggle LW, Youngs VL, Jedlinski H, Smith DH, Webster JA, Rothman PG (1980) Collection and evaluation of Avena fatua for use in oat improvement. Crop Sci 20:63–68
Rominger JM (1962) Taxonomy of Setaria (gramineae) in North America. Ill Biol Monogr 29:78–98
Rominger JM (2003) Setaria. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed) Flora of North America North of Mexico, vol 25. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 539–558
Ruiz-Santaella JP, Bastida F, Franco AR, De Prado R (2006) Morphological and molecular characterization of different Echinochloa spp. and Oryza sativa populations. J Agric Food Chem 54:1166–1172. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0520746
Sajjad A, Munir H, Ehsanullah, Anjum SA, Tanveer M, Rehman A (2014) Growth and development of Chenopodium quinoa genotypes at different sowing dates. J Agric Res 52:535–546. http://www.jar.com.pk/upload/1424963047_115_P7._4322.pdf
Saleh ASM, Zhang Q, Chen J, Shen Q (2013) Millet grains: nutritional quality, processing, and potential health benefits. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 12:281–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12012
Sanchez A, Schuster TM, Burke JM, Kron KA (2011) Taxonomy of Polygonoideae (Polygonaceae): a new tribal classification. Taxon 60:151–160. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41059829
Sauer JD (1993) Historical geography of crop plants: a select roster. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Schröder S, Bahri BA, Eudy DM et al (2017) Genetic diversity and origin of North American green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.] accessions. Genet Resour Crop Evol 64:367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-016-0363-6
Sheahan CM (2014) Plant guide for Japanese millet (Echinochloa esculenta). USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Cape May Plant Materials Center, Cape May. https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_eces.pdf. Accessed 6 Oct 2017
Silberhorn GM (1999) Common plants of the mid-Atlantic Coast: a field guide. John Hopkins University, Baltimore
Smith BD, Yarnell RA (2009) Initial formation of an indigenous crop complex in eastern North America at 3800 P.P. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:6561–6566. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0901846106
Sood S, Khulbe RK, Gupta AK, Agrawal PK, Upadhyaya HD, Bhatt JC (2015) Barnyard millet – a potential food and feed crop of future. Plant Breed 134:135–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbr.12243
Stetter MG, Schmid KJ (2017) Analysis of phylogenetic relationships and genome size evolution of the Amaranthus genus using GBS indicates the ancestors of an ancient crop. Mol Phylogenetics Evol 109:80–92
Stetter MG, Zeitler L, Steinhaus A, Kroener K, Biljecki M, Schmid KJ (2016) Crossing methods and cultivation conditions for rapid production of segregating populations in three grain amaranth species. Front Plant Sci 7:816. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00816
Stevens JB, Brinkman MA (1982) Performance of Avena sativa L./Avena fatua L. backcross lines. Euphytica 35:785–792
Stinson RH, Peterson RL (1979) On sowing wild oats. Can J Bot 57:1292–1295
Storchova H, Drabesova J, Chab D, Kolar J, Jellen EN (2015) The introns in FLOWERING LOCUS T-LIKE (FTL) genes are useful markers for tracking paternity in tetraploid Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Genet Resour Crop Evol 62:913–925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-014-0200-8
Suneson CA (1967a) Registration of Rapida oats. Crop Sci 7:168
Suneson CA (1967b) Registration of Sierra oats. Crop Sci 7:168
Sunil M, Hariharan AK, Nayak S, Gupta S, Nambisan SR, Gupta RP, Panda B, Choudhary B, Srinivasan S (2014) The draft genome and transcriptome of Amaranthus hypochondriacus: A C4 dicot producing high-lysine edible pseudo-cereal. DNA Res 21:585–602. https://doi.org/10.1093/dnares/dsu021
Tanesaka E, Sago R, Yamaguchi H (2008) Habitat of Echinochloa species in the south central U.S.A. Mem Fac Agric Kinki Univ 41:169–175
Tatum TC, Skirvin R, Tranel PJ, Norton M, Lane Rayburn A (2005) In vitro root induction in weedy Amaranthus species to obtain mitotic chromosomes. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 41:844–847. https://doi.org/10.1079/IVP2005693
Thetford M, Knox GW, Duke ER (2011) Ornamental grasses show minimal response to cultural inputs. HortTechnology 21:443–450 http://horttech.ashspublications.org/content/21/4/443.full
Thomas H (1992) Cytogenetics of Avena. In: Marshall HG, Sorrells ME (eds) Oat science and technology, ASA/CSSA Monograph. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, pp 473–507
Till-Bottraud I, Reboud X, Brabant P, Lefranc M, Rherissi B, Vedel F, Darmency H (1992) Outcrossing and hybridization in wild and cultivated foxtail millets: consequences for the release of transgenic crops. Theor Appl Genet 83:940–946. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00232954
Triplett JK, Wang Y, Zhong J, Kellogg EA (2012) Five nuclear loci resolve the polyploid history of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and relatives. PLoS One 7:e38702. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038702
Trucco F, Tranel PJ (2011) Amaranthus. In: Kole C (ed) Wild crop relatives: genomic and breeding resources, vegetables, vol 5. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, pp 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20450-0_2
Upadhyaya HD, Vetriventhan M, Dwivedi SL, Pattanashetti SK, Singh SK (2016) Proso, barnyard, little, and kodo millets. In: Singh M, Upadhyaya HD (eds) Genetic and genomic resources for grain cereals improvement. Academic, Elsevier, Waltham, pp 321–343
USDA, ARS, National Plant Germplasm System (2017) Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Global) database. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville. https://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/acc/acc_queries.html. Accessed 27 Sept 2017
USFWS, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (2017) Species Information: threatened and endangered animals and plants (on-line resource). https://www.fws.gov/endangered/. Accessed 27 Sept 2017
Valdés-Reyna J, Zuloaga FO, Morrone O, Aragón L (2009) El género Panicum (Poaceae: Panicoideae) en el noreste de México. Bol Soc Bot Méx 84:59–82
Van Wychen L (2016) 2015 Survey of the most common and troublesome weeds in the United States and Canada. Weed Science Society of America National Weed Survey Dataset. Available via http://wssa.net/wp-content/uploads/2015-Weed-Survey_FINAL1.xlsx. Accessed 14 Oct 2016
Vetriventhan M, Upadhyaya HD, Dwivedi SL, Pattanashetti SK, Singh SK (2015) Finger and foxtail millets. In: Singh M, Upadhyaya HD (eds) Genetic and genomic resources for grain cereals improvement. Academic, Elsevier, Waltham, pp 291–319
Villaseñor JL (2016) Checklist of the native vascular plants of Mexico. Rev Mex Biodivers 87:559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmb.2016.06.017
von Bothmer R, Jacobsen N, Baden C, Jorgensen RB, Linde-Laursen I (1991) An ecogeographical study of the genus Hordeum. Systematic and Ecogeographic Studies on Crop Gene pools 7. IBPGR, Rome
von Bothmer R, Baden C, Jacobsen NH (2007) Hordeum L. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed) Flora of North America North of Mexico, vol 24. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 241–252
Walsh BM, Adhikary D, Maughan PJ, Emshwiller E, Jellen EN (2015) Chenopodium polyploidy inferences from salt overly sensitive 1 (SOS1) data. Am J Bot 102:533–543. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1400344
Wang R, Hunt HV, Qiao Z, Wang L, Han Y (2016) Diversity and cultivation of broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) in China: a review. Econ Bot 70:332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-016-9357-8
Ward SM, Johnson DL (1993) Cytoplasmic male sterility in quinoa. Euphytica 66:217–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00025306
Ward SM, Webster TM, Steckel LE (2013) Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri): a review. Weed Technol 27:12–27. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-12-00113.1
Waselkov KE, Olsen KM (2014) Population genetics and origin of the native North American agricultural weed waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus; Amaranthaceae). Am J Bot 101:1726–1736. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1400064
Wassom JJ, Tranel PJ (2005) Amplified fragment length polymorphism-based genetic relationships among weedy Amaranthus species. J Hered 96:410–416. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esi065
Wilson HD, Heiser CB (1979) The origin and evolutionary relationships of ‘Huauzontle’ (Chenopodium nuttalliae Safford), domesticated chenopod of Mexico. Am J Bot 66:198–206
Wu G (2015) Nutritional properties of quinoa. In: Murphy K, Matanguihan JB (eds) Quinoa: improvement and sustainable production. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 193–210. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118628041.ch11
Wunderlin RP, Hansen BF, Franck AR, Essig FB (2017) Atlas of Florida plants. http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/. [Landry SM, Campbell KN (application development), USF Water Institute.] Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa. Accessed 27 Sept 2017
Acknowledgment
Dra. Cristina Mapes, Curadora Colección etnobotánica, Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, UNAM., helped with citations of research in Mexico. David M. Brenner is supported by Hatch Multistate Project NC-7.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Brenner, D.M., Bockelman, H.E., Williams, K.A. (2019). North American Wild Relatives of Grain Crops. In: Greene, S., Williams, K., Khoury, C., Kantar, M., Marek, L. (eds) North American Crop Wild Relatives, Volume 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97121-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97121-6_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-97120-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-97121-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)