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Ionospheric Variability

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Ionospheric Space Weather

Part of the book series: Springer Geophysics ((SPRINGERGEOPHYS))

Abstract

The focus is on how ionospheric variability with height produces the different regions, which are the dominant features of the plasma medium under normal and extreme conditions over the European zone, during the last few Solar Cycles. Examples are given for months representing ionospheric summer, equinox, and winter conditions during low and high solar activity epochs, revealing significant solar and seasonal dependence, as well as local time dependence from one day to another during quiet geomagnetic conditions. Sudden TEC decreases during the most recent solar eclipses are reviewed.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. RAL Space, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK

    Ljiljana R. Cander

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  1. Ljiljana R. Cander
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Correspondence to Ljiljana R. Cander .

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Cander, L.R. (2019). Ionospheric Variability. In: Ionospheric Space Weather. Springer Geophysics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99331-7_4

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