Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Normal Variants, Congenital and Acquired Disorders

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Forensic Aspects of Pediatric Fractures

Abstract

Although in the differential diagnosis of fractures sustained in childhood one should be particularly aware of accidental trauma, it was found that congenital and acquired defects regularly give rise to suspicions of child abuse (see Table 7.1). Based on a combination of patient history, laboratory tests and radiological examination, it is usually possible to reach the correct diagnosis. In this chapter we discuss the most important disorders of which the radiological images could fit the criteria for child abuse.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Pergolizzi R, Oestrich AE. Child abuse fracture through physiologic reaction. Pediatr Radiol 1995;25(7):566-7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Shopfner C. Periosteal bone growth in normal infants: a preliminary report. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1966;97(1):154-63

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Brill PW, Winchester P. Differential diagnosis of child abuse. In Kleinman PK (ed). Diagnostic imaging of child abuse. Williams & Wilkins, 1987, pag. 221

    Google Scholar 

  4. Conway JJ, Collins M, Tanz RR et al The role of bone scintigraphy in detecting child abuse. Semin Nucl Med 1993; 23(4):321-33

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Kleinman PK, Belanger PL, Karellas A et al Normal metaphyseal radiologic variants not to be confused with findings of infant abuse. Am J Roentgenol 1991;156(4):781-3

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Keats T, Anderson M. Atlas of normal roentgen variants that may simulate disease. Mosby, 8th ed, 2006

    Google Scholar 

  7. Weir P, Suttner NJ, Flynn P et al Normal skull suture variant mimicking intentional injury. Br Med J 2006;332(7548): 1020-1

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Ward LM, Rauch F, Travers R et al Osteogenesis imperfecta type VII: an autosomal recessive form of brittle bone disease. Bone 2002;31(1):12-8

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Barnes AM, Chang W, Morello R et al Deficiency of cartilage-associated protein in recessive lethal osteogenesis imperfecta. N Engl J Med 2006;355(26):2757-64

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Cabral WA, Chang W, Barnes AM et al Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 1 deficiency causes a recessive metabolic bone disorder resembling lethal/severe osteogenesis imperfecta. Nat Genet 2007;39(3):359-65

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Sillence DO, Senn A, Danks DM. Genetic heterogenecity in osteogenesis imperfecta. J Med Genet 1979;16(2):101-16

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Rauch F, Glorieux FH. Osteogenesis imperfecta. Lancet 2004;363(9418):1377-85

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Plotkin H. Osteogenesis imperfecta. eMedicine, 2008 http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic1674.htm

  14. http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/symptoms/blue_sclerae/causes.htm

  15. Astley R. Metaphyseal fractures in osteogenesis imperfecta. Br J Radiol 1979;52(618):441-3

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Ablin DS, Greenspan A, Reinhart M et al Differentiation of child abuse from osteogenesis imperfecta. Am J Roentgenol 1990;154(5):1035-46

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Gahagan S, Rimsza ME. Child abuse or osteogenesis imperfecta: how can we tell? Pediatrics 1991;88(5):987-91

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Steiner RD, Pepin M, Byers PH. Studies of collagen synthesis and structure in the differentiation of child abuse from osteogenesis imperfecta. J Pediatr 1996;128(4):542-7

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Kleinman PK. Diagnostic imaging of child abuse. Mosby, 2nd ed, 1998

    Google Scholar 

  20. Reece RM. Child abuse - medical diagnosis and management. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2001, pag 149-51

    Google Scholar 

  21. Knight DJ, Bennet GC. Nonaccidental injury in osteogenesis imperfecta: a case report. J Pediatr Orthop 1990;10(4): 542-4

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Thacher TD, Fischer PR, Pettifor JM et al Radiographic scoring method for the assessment of severity of nutritional rickets. J Trop Pediatr 2000;46(3):132-9

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Wauters IM, van Soesbergen RM. [Disease caused by lack of sunlight: rickets and osteomalacia]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1999;143(12): 593-7

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Chesney RW. Rickets: the third wave. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2002;41(3):137-9

    Google Scholar 

  25. Bachrach S, Fisher J, Parks JS. An outbreak of vitamin D deficiency rickets in a susceptible population. Pediatrics 1979; 64(6):871-7

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Eng J Med 2007; 357(3):266-81

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Gordon CM, DePeter KC, Feldman HA et al Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among healthy adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004;158(6):531-7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Sullivan SS, Rosen CJ, Halteman WA et al Adolescent girls in Maine are at risk for vitamin D insufficiency. J Am Diet Assoc 2005;105(6):971-4

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Gordon CM, Feldman HA, Sinclair L et al Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among healthy infants and toddlers. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2008;162(6):505-12

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Bouillon R, Norman AW, Lips PN. Comment on Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(3):266-81. N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 8;357(19):1980-1; author reply 1981-2

    Google Scholar 

  31. Baroncelli GI. Comment on Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(3):266-81. N Engl J Med 2007;357(19):1981; author reply 1981-2

    Google Scholar 

  32. Gartner LM, Greer FR. Section on Breastfeeding and Committee on Nutrition. American Academy of Pediatrics. Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency: new guidelines for vitamin D intake. Pediatrics 2003;111(4 Pt 1): 908-10

    Google Scholar 

  33. Keller KA, Barnes PD. Rickets vs. abuse: a national and international epidemic. Pediatr Radiol 2008;38(11):1210-6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Slovis TL, Chapman S. Vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency - a conundrum. Pediatr Radiol 2008;38(11):1153

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Slovis TL, Chapman S. Evaluating the data concerning vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency and child abuse. Pediatr Radiol 2008;38(11):1221-4

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Chesney RW. Rickets or abuse, or both? Pediatr Radiol 2008;38(11):1217-8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Jenny C. Rickets or abuse? Pediatr Radiol 2008;38(11): 1219-20

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Moncrieff M, Fadahunsi TO. Congenital rickets due to maternal vitamin D deficiency. Arch Dis Child 1974;49(10): 810-1

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kirk J. Congenital rickets - a case report. Aust Paediatr J 1982;18(4):291-3

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. al-Senan K, al-Alaiyan S, al-Abbad A et al Congenital rickets secondary to untreated maternal renal failure. Perinatol 2001;21(7):473-5

    Google Scholar 

  41. Mohapatra A, Sankaranarayanan K, Kadam SS et al Congenital rickets. J Trop Pediatr 2003;49(2):126-7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Ford JA, Davidson DC, McIntosh WB et al Neonatal rickets in Asian immigrant population. Br Med J 1973;3(5873):211-2

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Zeidan S, Bamford M. Congenital rickets with maternal pre-eclampsia. J R Soc Med 1984;77(5):426-7

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Zeiss J, Wycliffe ND, Cullen BJ et al Radiological case of the month. Am J Dis Child 1988;142(12):1367-8

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Duncan AA, Chandy J. Case report: multiple neonatal fractures - dietary or deliberate? Clin Radiol 1993;48(2):137-9

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Kleinman PK. Miscellaneous forms of abuse and neglect. In Kleinman PK. Diagnostic imaging of child abuse. Mosby, 2nd ed, 1998, pag. 343-61

    Google Scholar 

  47. Frenette PS, Atweh GF. Sickle cell disease: old discoveries, new concepts, and future promise. J Clin Invest 2007;117(4): 850-8

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Madani G, Papadopoulou AM, Holloway B et al The radiological manifestations of sickle cell disease. Clin Radiol 2007;62(6):528-38

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Brooks AS, Dooijes D. From gene to disease: arteriohepatic dysplasia or Alagille syndrome [article in dutch]. Ned Tijdschr Geneesk 2003;147(25):1213-5

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Scheimann A. Alagille syndrome. Emedicine, 2006

    Google Scholar 

  51. de Halleux J, Rombouts JJ, Otte JB. Evolution of post-fracture bone deformities in an infant with hepatic osteodystrophy on Alagille syndrome [article in french]. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 1998;84(4):381-6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Metules T. Duchenne muscular dystrophy. RN 2002 Oct;65(10):39-44

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Karol LA. Scoliosis in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007;89(Suppl 1):155-62

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. McDonald DG, Kinali M, Gallagher AC et al Fracture prevalence in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2002;44(10):695-8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Hefti F, Bollini G, Dungl P et al Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia: history, etiology, classification, and epidemiologic data. J Pediatr Orthop B 2000;9(1):11-5

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Crawford AH. Neurofibromatosis in children. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 1986; 218:1-60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Caffey J. Infantile cortical hyperostosis; a review of the clinical and radiographic features. Proc R Soc Med 1957;50(5): 347-54

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Saul RA, Lee WH, Stevenson RE. Caffey’s disease revisited. Further evidence for autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance. Am J Dis Child 1982;136(1):55-60

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Ved N, Haller JO. Periosteal reaction with normal-appearing underlying bone: a child abuse mimicker. Emerg Radiol 2002;9(5):278-282.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Menkes JH, Alter M, Steigleder GK et al A sex-linked recessive disorder with retardation of growth, peculiar hair and focal cerebral and cerebellar degeneration. Pediatrics 1962;29:764-79

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Kapur S, Higgins JV, Delp K et al Menkes syndrome in a girl with X-autosome translocation. Am J Med Genet 1987; 26(2):503-10

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Abusaad I, Mohammed SN, Ogilvie CM et al Clinical expression of Menkes disease in a girl with X;13 translocation. Am J Med Genet 1999;87(4):354-9

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Danks DM, Cartwright E, Campbell PE et al Is Menkes’ syndrome a heritable disorder of connective tissue? (Letter) Lancet 1971;2(7733):1089

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Tonnesen T, Kleijer WJ, Horn N. Incidence of Menkes disease. Hum Genet 1991;86(4): 408-10

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Gu YH, Kodama H, Shiga K et al A survey of Japanese patients with Menkes disease from 1990 to 2003: incidence and early signs before typical symptomatic onset, pointing the way to earlier diagnosis. J Inherit Metab Dis 2005;28(4): 473-8

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Chang CH. Menkes disease. Emedicine 2006 http://www.emedicine.com/neuro/topic569.htm

  67. Jankov RP, Boerkoel CF, Hellmann J et al Lethal neonatal Menkes’ disease with severe vasculopathy and fractures. Acta Paediat 1998;87(12):1297-300

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Grünebaum M, Horodniceanu C, Steinherz R. The radiographic manifestations of bone changes in copper deficiency. Pediatr Radiol 1980;9(2):101-4

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Akbarnia BA, Campbell RM. The role of the orthopedic surgeon in child abuse. In Morrissy RT, Winter RB. Lovell and Winter’s Pediatric Orthopaedics. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins Publ, 3rd ed, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  70. Spencer JA, Grieve DK Congenital indifference to pain mistaken for non-accidental injury. Br J Radiol 1990;63(748): 308-10

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Offiah AC, Hall CM. Radiological diagnosis of the constitutional disorders of bone. As easy as A, B, C? Pediatr Radiol 2003;33(3):153-61

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Spranger JW, Brill PW, Poznanski A. Bone dysplasias: An atlas of genetic disorders of skeletal development. Oxford University Press 2002, pag. 100-2

    Google Scholar 

  73. Elliott AM, Field FM, Rimoin DL et al Hand involvement in Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia. Am J Med Genet A 2005;132A(2):191-3

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Spranger JW, Brill PW, Poznanski A. Bone dysplasias: An atlas of genetic disorders of skeletal development. Oxford University Press 2002, pag. 236-8

    Google Scholar 

  75. Currarino G, Birch JG, Herring JA. Developmental coxa vara associated with spondylometaphyseal dysplasia (DCV/SMD): ‘SMD-corner fracture type’ (DCV/SMD-CF) demonstrated in most reported cases. Pediatr Radiol 2000;30(1): 14-24

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Spranger JW, Brill PW, Poznanski A. Bone dysplasias: An atlas of genetic disorders of skeletal development. Oxford University Press 2002, pag. 460

    Google Scholar 

  77. Loud KJ, Gordon CM. Adolescent bone health. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006;160(10):1026-32

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. van der Sluis IM, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM. Osteoporosis in childhood: bone density of children in health and disease. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2001;14(7):817-32

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Lorenc RS. Idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 2002;70(5):395-7

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. van Rijn RR, van der Sluis IM, Link TM et al Bone densitometry in children: a critical appraisal. Eur Radiol 2003; 13(4):700-10

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Spranger JW, Brill PW, Poznanski A. Bone dysplasia. An atlas of genetic disorders of skeletal development. Oxford University Press 2002, pag. 261-326

    Google Scholar 

  82. Mornet E. Hypophosphatasia. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2007; 2:40

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Moulin P, Vaysse F, Bieth E et al Hypophosphatasia may lead to bone fragility: don’t miss it. Eur J Pediatr 2008 [Epub]

    Google Scholar 

  84. Blyth MJG, Kincaid R, Craigen MAC et al The changing epidemiology of acute and subacute haematogenous osteomyelitis in children. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2001;83(1):99-102

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Taylor MN, Chaudhuri R, Davis J et al Childhood osteomyelitis presenting as a pathological fracture. Clin Radiol 2008;63(3):348-51

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Girschick H. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis in children. Orphanet encyclopedia, March 2002. http://www.orpha.net/data/patho/GB/uk-CRMO.pdf

  87. Brown T, Wilkinson RH. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis. Radiology 1988;166(2):493-6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. HK, Smith WL, Sato Y et al Congenital syphilis mimicking child abuse. Pediatr Radiol 1995;25(7):560-1

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Solomon A, Rosen E. The aspect of trauma in the bone changes of congenital lues. Pediatr Radiol 1975;3(3): 176-8

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Caffey J. Some traumatic lesions in growing bones other than fractures and dislocations: clinical and radiological features. Br J Radiol 1957;30(353): 225-38

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975-2005, National Cancer Institute http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2005/sections.html

  92. McGregor LM, Metzger ML, Sanders R et al Pediatric cancers in the new millennium: dramatic progress, new challenges. Oncology (Williston Park) 2007;21(7):809-20

    Google Scholar 

  93. Crist WM, Pui CH. The Leukemias. In Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Arvin AM (eds). Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Saunders, 1996, 15th ed.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Sinigaglia R, Gigante C, Bisinella G et al Musculoskeletal manifestations in pediatric acute leukemia. J Pediatr Orthop 2008;28(1):20-8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Miller SL, Hoffer FA. Malignant and benign bone tumors. Radiol Clin North Am 2001;39(4):673-99

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Kransdorf MJ, Stull MA, Gilkey FW et al Osteoïd osteoma. Radiographics 1991;11(4):671-96

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Berry M, Mankin H, Gebhardt M et al Osteoblastoma: a 30-year study of 99 cases. J Surg Oncol 2008;98(3): 179-83

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Nakatani T, Yamamoto T, Akisue T et al Periosteal osteoblastoma of the distal femur. Skeletal Radiol 2004;33(2): 107-11

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Leonard MB. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in children: impact of the underlying disease. Pediatrics 2007; 119(Suppl 2):S166-74

    Google Scholar 

  100. Meister B, Gassner I, Streif W et al Methotrexate osteopathy in infants with tumors of the central nervous system. Med Pediatr Oncol 1994;23(6):493-6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Schwartz AM, Leonidas JC. Methotrexate osteopathy. Skeletal Radiol 1984;11(1):13-6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Siegel NJ, Spackman TJ. Chronic hypervitaminosis A with intracranial hypertension and low cerebrospinal fluid concentration of protein. Two illustrative cases. Neurology 1972;11(10):580-4

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Caffey J. Chronic poisoning due to excess of vitamin A. Description of the clinical and roentgen manifestations in seven infants and young children. Pediatrics 1950;5(4): 672-88

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Gamble JG, Ip SC. Hypervitaminosis A in a child from megadosing. J Pediatr Orthop 1985;5(2):219-21

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Frame B, Jackson CE, Reynolds WA et al Hypercalcemia and skeletal effects in chronic hypervitaminosis A. Ann Intern Med 1974;80(1):44-8

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Mahoney CP, Margolis MT, Knauss TA et al Chronic vitamin A intoxication in infants fed chicken liver. Pediatrics 1980;65(5):893-7

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Grissom LE, Griffin GC, Mandell GA. Hypervitaminosis A as a complication of treatment for neuroblastoma. Pediatr Radiol 1996;26(3):200-2

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Eid NS, Shoemaker LR, Samiec TD. Vitamin A in cystic fibrosis: case report and review of the literature. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1990;10(2):265-9

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Kimmoun A, Leheup B, Feillet F et al Hypercalcemia revealing iatrogenic hypervitaminosis A in a child with autistic troubles [article in french]. Arch Pediatr 2008; 15(1):29-32

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Olson JA. Recommended dietary intakes (RDI) of vitamin A in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1987;45(4):704-16

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Mendoza FS, Johnson F, Kerner JA et al Vitamin A intoxication presenting with ascites and a normal vitamin A level. West J Med 1988;148(1):88-90

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Kerins DM, Murray R, FitzGerald GA. Prostacyclin and prostaglandin E1: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic utility. Prog Hemost Thromb 1991;10:307-37

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Matzinger MA, Briggs VA, Dunlap HJ et al Plain film and CT observations in prostaglandin-induced bone changes. Pediatr Radiol 1992;22(4):264-6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Poznanski AK, Fernbach SK, Berry TE. Bone changes from prostaglandin therapy. Skeletal Radiol 1985;14(1): 20-5

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Russell RG, Croucher PI, Rogers MJ. Bisphosphonates: pharmacology, mechanisms of action and clinical uses. Osteoporos Int 1999;9(Suppl 2):S66-80

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Reszka AA, Rodan GA. Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate mechanism of action. Mini Rev Med Chem 2004;4(7): 711-9

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Boonen S, Vanderschueren D, Venken K et al Recent developments in the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis with bisphosphonates: enhanced efficacy by enhanced compliance. J Intern Med 2008;264(4):315-32

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Glorieux FH. Treatment of osteogenesis imperfecta: who, why, what? Horm Res 2007;68(Suppl 5):8-11

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Glorieux FH, Rauch F. Medical therapy of children with fibrous dysplasia. J Bone Miner Res 2006;21(Suppl 2): P110-3

    Google Scholar 

  120. Batch JA, Couper JJ, Rodda C et al Use of bisphosphonate therapy for osteoporosis in childhood and adolescence. J Paediatr Child Health 2003;39(2):88-92

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Cimaz R. Osteoporosis in childhood rheumatic diseases: prevention and therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2002;16(3):397-409

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Andiran N, Alikaşifoğlu A, Küpeli S et al Use of bisphosphonates for resistant hypercalcemia in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: report of two cases and review of the literature. Turk J Pediatr 2006;48(3):248-52

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Bateson EM. The relationship between Blount’s disease and bow legs. Br J Radiol 1968;41(482):92-101

    Google Scholar 

  124. Thompson GH, Carter JR. Late onset tibia vara (Blount’s disease): current concepts. Clin Orthop Rel Res 1990; (255):24-35

    Google Scholar 

  125. Henderson RC. Tibia vara: a complication of adolescent obesity. J Pediatr 1992;121(3):482-6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Appleton RE. Seizure-related injuries in children with newly diagnosed and untreated epilepsy. Epilepsia 2002; 43(7):764-7

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Babayigit A, Dirik E, Bober E et al Adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs on bone mineral density. Pediatr Neurol 2006;35(3):177-81

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Desai KB, Ribbans WJ, Taylor GJ. Incidence of five common fracture types in an institutional epileptic population. Injury 1996; 27(10):97-100

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Lingam S, Joester J. Spontaneous fractures in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Br Med J 1994; 309(6949): 265

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Presedo A, Dabney KW, Miller F. Fractures in patients with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 2007;27(2):147-53

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Samaniego EA, Sheth RD. Bone consequences of epilepsy and antiepileptic medications. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2007; 14(4):196-200

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Blanco JS, Dahir G, McCrystal K. Bilateral femoral neck fractures secondary to hypocalcemic seizures in a skeletally immature patient. Am J Orthop 1999;28(3):187-8

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Schnadower D, Agarwal C, Oberfield SE et al Hypocalcemic seizures and secondary bilateral femoral fractures in an adolescent with primary vitamin D deficiency. Pediatrics 2006;118(5):2226-30

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Sheth RD. Bone health in pediatric epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2004; 5(Suppl 2):S30-5

    Google Scholar 

  135. Sheth RD, Gidal BE, Hermann BP. Pathological fractures in epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2006;9(4):601-5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Wirrell EC. Epilepsy-related injuries. Epilepsia 2006;47 (Suppl 1):79-86

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Harnack GA von. Säuglings-Skorbut (Möller-Barlowsche Krankheit). In Harnack GA von. Kinderheilkunde. Springer Verlag, 1977, pag. 74

    Google Scholar 

  138. Finberg L. Concepts and diet analysis. In Finberg L. Saunders Manual of Pediatric Practice. WB Saunders Company, 1998, pag. 23

    Google Scholar 

  139. Riepe FG, Eichmann D, Oppermann HC et al Special feature: picture of the month. Infantile scurvy. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001;155(5):607-8

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Hoeffel JC, Lascombes P, Mainard L et al Cone epiphysis of the knee and scurvy. Eur J Pediatr Surg 1993;3(3): 186-9

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Maroscia D, Negrini AP, Salsano G et al Scurvy: a disease that has not yet disappeared. Apropos a case [Article in Italian] Radiol Med (Torino) 1992;83(4):462-4

    Google Scholar 

  142. Burches Greus E, Lecuona Lopez C, Ardit Lucas J et al Radiologic diagnosis of Moller-Barlow disease (scurvy). Apropos of a case [Article in Spanish] An Esp Pediatr 1991;34(3):243-6

    Google Scholar 

  143. Ratanachu-Ek S, Sukswai P, Jeerathanyasakun Y et al Scurvy in pediatric patients: a review of 28 cases. J Med Assoc Thai 2003;86(Suppl 3):S734-40

    Google Scholar 

  144. Paul DK, Lahiri M, Garai TB et al Scurvy persists in the current era. Indian Pediatr 1999;36(10):1067

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Ahuja SR, Karande S. An unusual presentation of scurvy following head injury. Indian J Med Sci 2002;56(9): 440-2

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Yilmaz S, Karademir S, Ertan U et al Scurvy. A case report. Turk J Pediatr 1998;40(2):249-53

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Caksen H, Odabas D. Keratomalacia and scurvy in a severely malnourished infant. Pediatr Dermatol 2002;19(1): 93-5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Narchi H, Thomas M. A painful limp. J Paediatr Child Health 2000;36(3):277-8

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Najera-Martinez P, Rodriguez-Collado A, Gorian-Maldonado E et al Scurvy. A study of 13 cases [Article in Spanish] Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 1992;49(5):280-5

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Cheung E, Mutahar R, Assefa F et al An epidemic of scurvy in Afghanistan: assessment and response. Food Nutr Bull 2003;24(3):247-55

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Patterson CR, Burns J, McAllion SJ. Osteogenesis imperfecta: the distinction from child abuse and the recognition of a variant form. Am J Med Genet 1993;45(2): 187-92

    Google Scholar 

  152. Ablin DS, Sane SM. Non-accidental injury: confusion with temporary brittle bone disease and mild osteogenisis imperfecta. Pediatr Radiol 1997;27(2):111-3

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Ablin DS. Osteogenesis imperfecta: a review. Can Assoc Radiol J 1998;49(2):110-23

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Chapman S, Hall CM. Non-accidental injury or brittle bones. Pediatr Radiol 1997;27(2):106-10

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Cazalet J. Note Re R (A Minor) (Expert Evidence) [1991] 1 FLR 291

    Google Scholar 

  156. Lynch MA. A judicial comment on temporary brittle bone disease [Letter]. Arch Dis Child 1995;73(4): 379

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Wissow LS. Child abuse and neglect. N Engl J Med 1995;332(21):1425-31

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Wall J. Re: AB (child abuse: expert witnesses) [1995] 1 FLR 181-200

    Google Scholar 

  159. Singer P. Non-Accidental Injury: Expert Evidence [2001] 2 FLR 1, 27. Royal Courts of Justice, Family Division

    Google Scholar 

  160. Dyer O. Doctor accused of misrepresenting evidence in child abuse cases. Br Med J 2004;328(7433):187

    Google Scholar 

  161. General Medical Council. Br Med J 2004;328:604

    Google Scholar 

  162. Mendelson KL. Critical review of ‘temporary brittle bone disease’. Pediatr Radiol 2005;35(10):1036-40

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Miller ME, Hangartner TN. Temporary brittle bone disease: association with decreased fetal movement and osteopenia. Calcif Tissue Int 1999;64(2):137-143

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Miller ME. Hypothesis: fetal movement influences fetal and infant bone strength. Med Hypotheses. 2005;65(5): 880-6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Altman DH, Smith RL. Unrecognized trauma in infants and children. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1960;42-A: 407-13

    Google Scholar 

  166. O’Neill JA Jr, Meacham WF, Griffin PP et al Patterns of injury in the battered child syndrome. J Trauma 1973; 13(4):332-9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Sillence D. Osteogenesis imperfecta: an expanding panorama of variants. Clin Orthop 1981;(159):11-25

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Sillence D, Butler B, Latham M et al Natural history of blue sclerae in osteogenesis imperfecta. Am J Med Genet 1993;45(2):183-6

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Taitz LS. Child Abuse and metabolic bone disease: are they often confused? Br Med J 1991;302(6786):1244

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology and Toxicology, Netherlands Forensic Institute, 24044, 2490, AA, The Hague, The Netherlands

    Rob A. C. Bilo MD

  2. Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 5800, 6202, AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Simon G. F. Robben MD, PhD

  3. Department of Radiology, Emma Children’s Hospital/Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, 22660, 1100, DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Rick R. van Rijn MD, PhD

Authors
  1. Rob A. C. Bilo MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Simon G. F. Robben MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Rick R. van Rijn MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rob A. C. Bilo MD .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bilo, R.A.C., Robben, S.G.F., van Rijn, R.R. (2010). Normal Variants, Congenital and Acquired Disorders. In: Forensic Aspects of Pediatric Fractures. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78716-7_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78716-7_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-78715-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-78716-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation