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Nanoelectronic-Based Detection for Biology and Medicine

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Springer Handbook of Automation

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Abstract

This chapter is a review of the work in nanoelectronic detection of biological molecules and its applications in biology and medicine. About half of the chapter focuses on the methods employed to immobilize deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) on solid substrates with particular focus on the electronic detection and characterization of DNA. Charge-transfer properties and theories are explained, as such electronic and electrical sensing of molecular-level interactions are very important in medical applications for rapid and cheap diagnosis.

A special tool called nanopore, which has been used extensively to characterize DNA, is then reviewed. A special distinction is made between the characteristics, capabilities, and impacts of the biological and the solid-state nanopores. Nanopores, when used in the ion current measurement setup, are used to measure the behavior of DNA as it traverses the nanopore. When the DNA traverses the pore, the blockage of the ion current is observed as a pulse. The statistical analysis of the pulses yields trends that are used to sort the DNA based on various properties. The nanopores are strong prototypes for biosensors, and have become a major experimental tool for investigating biophysical properties of double and single strands of DNA. The DNA sequence can potentially be determined by measuring how the forces on the DNA molecules, and the ion currents through the nanopore, change as the molecules pass through the nanopore.

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Abbreviations

AFM:

atomic force microscopy

ALD:

atomic-layer deposition

APTMS:

3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane

AT:

adenine–thymine

CD:

compact disc

DARPA:

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

DEP:

dielectrophoretic

DNA:

deoxyribonucleic acid

EBL:

electron-beam lithography

FESEM:

field-emission scanning electron microscope

HOMO:

highest occupied molecular orbital

LEEPS:

low-energy electron point source

LUMO:

lowest unoccupied molecular orbital

NNI:

national nanotechnology initiative

NPC:

nanopore channel

PCR:

polymerase chain reaction

PDITC:

1,4-phenylene diisothiocyanate

RNA:

ribonucleic acid

SAM:

self-assembled monolayer

SAM:

software asset management

SOI:

silicon-on-insulator

STM:

scanning tunneling microscope

TEM:

transmission electron microscope

UV:

ultraviolet

bp:

base pair

ssDNA:

single-strand DNA

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, 500 S. Cooper St., 76019, Arlington, TX, USA

    Samir M. Iqbal Prof

  2. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 208 North Wright Street, 61801, Urbana, IL, USA

    Rashid Bashir PhD

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  1. Samir M. Iqbal Prof
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  2. Rashid Bashir PhD
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Correspondence to Samir M. Iqbal Prof or Rashid Bashir PhD .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. PRISM Center, and School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, 315 N. Grant Street, 47907, West Lafayette, IN, USA

    Shimon Y. Nof

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Iqbal, S.M., Bashir, R. (2009). Nanoelectronic-Based Detection for Biology and Medicine. In: Nof, S. (eds) Springer Handbook of Automation. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78831-7_81

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