Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Primary Prevention

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Tobacco or Health?

  • 1526 Accesses

Abstract

As already outlined in previous chapters, efforts to combat cigarette smoking must be directed primarily at developing useful and effective future strategies to ensure that children around the age of 10 years never start to smoke. In 1997, the Commissioner of the US Food and Drug Administration wrote an important article on smoking, “Nicotine addiction: a pediatric disease” [1], in which he described in graphic terms both the tactics of the tobacco industry as well as the adverse consequences of smoking on health. As long ago as the 1970s, two senior executives of the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company stated: “Realistically, if our Company is to survive and prosper, over the long term, we must get our share of the youth market” and “Evidence is now available to indicate that the 14–18-year-old group is an increasing segment of the smoking population” [1]. Essentially, if it is to dispel doubts about smoking and frustrate plans for smoking cessation, the tobacco industry has two time windows in which to generate smokers: (1) in children around the age of 10–12 years and (2) in adolescents around the age of 15–18 years. The number one goal of primary prevention is to ensure that children and adolescents never start to smoke.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 179.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Kessler DA, Natanblut SL, Wilkenfeld JP, Lorraine CC, Mayl SL, Bernstein IB, et al (1997) Nicotine addiction: a pediatric disease. J Pediatr 130(4):518–524

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Delener N (1995) Assessing cigarette smoking motives of young adolescents in the US: research and health perspectives. J Smoking Relat Disord 6:81–88

    Google Scholar 

  3. Walters R, Whent H, Sayers M, Morgan A, Sinkler P (1996) Health update. Smoking. Health Education Authority, London

    Google Scholar 

  4. Health Education Authority (1997) Tobacco control in England: communication strategies of the Health Education Authority. The Health Education Authority, London

    Google Scholar 

  5. Oei TP, Fae A, Silva P (1990) Smoking behavior in nine year old children: a replication and extension study. Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 8(3–4):85–96

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Reed DO (1993) Preventing adolescent nicotine addiction: what can one do? J Amer Acad Phys Assist 6:703–710

    Google Scholar 

  7. Pierce JP, Gilpin EA (1995) A historical analysis of tobacco marketing and the uptake of smoking by youth in the United States: 1890–1977. Health Psychol 14(6):500–508

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Pierce JP, Lee L, Gilpin EA (1994) Smoking initiation by adolescent girls, 1944 through 1988. An association with targeted advertising. JAMA 271(8):608–611

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Gilpin EA, Pierce JP (1997) Trends in adolescent smoking initiation in the United States: is tobacco marketing an influence? Tob Control 6(2):122–127

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung. Die Drogenaffinität Jugendlicher in-der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (1998) Eine Wiederholungsbefragung der BzgA Köln. Endbericht, Köln

    Google Scholar 

  11. Hurrelmann K (1998) Tabakprävention und Tabakentwöhnung bei Kindern. Sucht 44:4–14

    Google Scholar 

  12. Chrapa M (2001) Moderne Drogen- und Suchtprävention (MODRUS II): Soziologisch-empirische Studie der Forschungsgemeinschaft für Konflikt- und Sozialstudien e.V. (FOKUS). Ministerium für Arbeit FGuSdLS-A (ed). Magdeburg, pp 1–96

    Google Scholar 

  13. O’Loughlin J, Paradis G, Renaud L, Sanchez GL (1998) One-year predictors of smoking initiation and of continued smoking among elementary schoolchildren in multiethnic, low-income, inner-city neighbourhoods. Tob Control 7(3):268–275

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. King A, Wold B, Tudor-Smith C, Harel Y (1996) The health of youth: a cross-national survey. WHO Reg Publ Eur Ser 69:1–222

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Tudor-Smith C, Roberts C, Kingdon A (1999) Die Prävalenz von Alkohol- und Tabakkonsum im Jugendalter: Internationale Perspektiven. In: Kolip P (ed) Programme gegen Sucht: Internationale Ansätze zur Suchtprävention im Jugendalter. Juventa, Weinheim

    Google Scholar 

  16. Galanti MR, Rosendahl I, Post A, Gilljam H (2001) Early gender differences in adolescent tobacco use – the experience of a Swedish cohort. Scand J Public Health 29(4):314–317

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Botvin GJ, Griffin KW, Diaz T, Miller N, Ifill-Williams M (1999) Smoking initiation and escalation in early adolescent girls: one-year follow-up of a school-based prevention intervention for minority youth. J Am Med Womens Assoc 54:139–143

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Peters J, Hedley AJ, Lam TH, Betson CL, Wong CM (1997) A comprehensive study of smoking in primary school children in Hong Kong: implications for prevention. J Epidemiol Community Health 51(3):239–245

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Zhu BP, Liu M, Shelton D, Liu S, Giovino GA (1996) Cigarette smoking and its risk factors among elementary school students in Beijing. Am J Public Health 86:368–375

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Bölcskei PL, Hörmann A, Hollederer A, Jordan S, Fenzel H (1997) Suchtprävention an Schulen – Besondere Aspekte des Nikotinabusus. Prävention-Rehabilitation 9:82–88

    Google Scholar 

  21. Alexander CS, Allen P, Crawford MA, McCormick LK (1999) Taking a first puff: cigarette smoking experiences among ethnically diverse adolescents. Ethn Health 4:245–257

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Hurrelmann K, Bründel H (1997) Drogengebrauch und Drogenmißbrauch. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft

    Google Scholar 

  23. Khuder SA, Dayal HH, Mutgi AB (1999) Age at smoking onset and its effect on smoking cessation. Addict Behav 24:673–677

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. McCool JP, Cameron LD, Petrie KJ (2001) Adolescent perceptions of smoking imagery in film. Soc Sci Med 52(10):1577–1587

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Pierce JP, Gilpin EA (2001) News media coverage of smoking and health is associated with changes in population rates of smoking cessation but not initiation. Tob Control 10(2): 145–153

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Sargent JD, Beach ML, Dalton MA, Mott LA, Tickle JJ, Ahrens MB, et al (2001) Effect of seeing tobacco use in films on trying smoking among adolescents: cross sectional study. BMJ 323(7326):1394–1397

    Google Scholar 

  27. Hurrelmann K, Hesse S (1991) Wie ist Suchtprävention möglich? Psychomed 4:251–258

    Google Scholar 

  28. Conrad KM, Flay BR, Hill D (1992) Why children start smoking cigarettes: predictors of onset. Br J Addict 87(12):1711–1724.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Paavola M, Vartiainen E, Puska P (1996) Predicting adult smoking: the influence of smoking during adolescence and smoking among friends and family. Health Educat Res 11:309–315

    Google Scholar 

  30. Ellickson PL, McGuigan KA, Klein DJ (2001) Predictors of late-onset smoking and cessation over 10 years. J Adolesc Health 29(2):101–108

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Patton GC, Carlin JB, Coffey C, Wolfe R, Hibbert M, Bowes G (1998) The course of early smoking: a population-based cohort study over three years. Addiction 93:1251–1260

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Chassin L, Presson CC, Rose JS, Sherman SJ (1996) The natural history of cigarette smoking from adolescence to adulthood: demographic predictors of continuity and change. Health Psychol 15(6):478–484

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Stanton WR, McClelland M, Elwood C, Ferry D, Silva PA (1996) Prevalence, reliability and bias of adolescents’ reports of smoking and quitting. Addiction 91:1705–1714

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. US Department of Health and Human Services (1994) Preventing tobacco use among young people: A report of the Surgeon General. Georgia, Atlanta

    Google Scholar 

  35. Gulotta TP (1994) The what, who, why, where, when, and how of primary prevention. J Prim Prevent 15:5–14

    Google Scholar 

  36. Durlak JA (1995) School-based prevention programs for children and adolescents. Developmental clinical psychology and psychiatry. Sage, Tousands Oaks, CA

    Google Scholar 

  37. Durlak JA (1997) Successful prevention programs for schildren and adolescents. Plenum, New York

    Google Scholar 

  38. Kolip P (1995) Prävalenz des Zigarettenkonsums und Image des Rauchens im Jugendalter: Alters- und geschlechtsspezifische Aspekte. Sucht 41:323–333

    Google Scholar 

  39. Forster I, Schwenkmezger P, Krönig B (1997) Zigarettenkonsum bei Kindern und Jugendlichen: Entstehungsbedingungen und schulische Präventionsansätze. Prävent Rehabilitat 9:62–70

    Google Scholar 

  40. Schwenkmezger P, Krönig B, Forster I, Jähren B, Gläßer E (1998) Personenspezifische und soziale Determinanten eines frühen Rauchbeginns bei Schülerinnen und Schülern der 6. Jahrgangsstufe. Zschr Gesundheitspsychol 6:61–70

    Google Scholar 

  41. Bowen DJ, Dahl K, Mann SL, Peterson AV (1991) Descriptions of early triers. Addict Behav 16(3–4):95–101

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Schwenkmezger P, Krönig B, Gläßer E (1999) Prävention des Zigarettenrauchens: Erfahrungen und ausgewählte Ergebnisse zu personenspezifischen und sozialen Determinanten bei Schülerinnen und Schülern des 6. Schuljahres an Gymnasien, S. 80–87. In: Rauchen und Nikotin – Eine Kontroverse? Vorträge der 2. Nikotinkonferenz Dt, Haustein KO (eds) Perfusion GmbH, Nürnberg

    Google Scholar 

  43. Guidelines for School Health Programs to Prevent Tobacco Use and Addiction (1994) Morb Mort Wkly Rep 43(RR-2):1–19

    Google Scholar 

  44. Botvin GJ, Renick NL, Baker E (1983) The effects of scheduling format and booster sessions on a broad-spectrum psychosocial approach to smoking prevention. J Behav Med 6:359–379

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Botvin GJ, Baker E, Dusenbury L, Tortu S, Botvin EM (1990) Preventing adolescent drug abuse through a multimodal cognitive-behavioral approach: results of a 3-year study. J Consult Clin Psychol 58:437–446

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Hansen WB, Graham JW (1991) Preventing alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette use among adolescents: peer pressure resistance training versus establishing conservative norms. Prev Med 20:414–430

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Perry CL, Telch MJ, Killen J, Burke A, Maccoby N (1983) High school smoking prevention: the relative efficacy of varied treatments and instructors. Adolescence 18:561–566

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Clarke JH, MacPherson B, Holmes DR, Jones R (1986) Reducing adolescent smoking: a comparison of peer-led, teacher-led, and expert interventions. J Sch Health 56:102–106

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Perry CL, Pirie P, Holder W, Halper A, Dudovitz B (1990) Parent involvement in cigarette smoking prevention: two pilot evaluations of the “Unpuffables Program”. J Sch Health 60:443–447

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Biglan A, Glasgow R, Ary D, Thompson R, Severson H, Lichtenstein E, et al (1987) How generalizable are the effects of smoking prevention programs? Refusal skills training and parent messages in a teacher-administered program. J Behav Med 10:613–628

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Brink SG, Simons-Morton DG, Harvey CM, Parcel GS, Tiernan KM (1988) Developing comprehensive smoking control programs in schools. J Sch Health 58:177–180

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. St Pierre RW, Shute RE, Jaycox S (1983) Youth helping youth: a behavioral approach to the self-control of smoking. Health Educ 14:28–31

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Perry C, Killen J, Telch M, Slinkard LA, Danaher BG (1980) Modifying smoking behavior of teenagers: a school-based intervention. Am J Public Health 70:722–725

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Masse LC, Tremblay RE (1997) Behavior of boys in kindergarten and the onset of substance use during adolescence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54(1):62–68

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Milberger S, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Chen L, Jones J (1997) ADHD is associated with early initiation of cigarette smoking in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36(1):37–44

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Morabia A, Costanza MC, Bernstein MS, Rielle JC (2002) Ages at initiation of cigarette smoking and quit attempts among women: a generation effect. Am J Public Health 92(1):71–74

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Faucher MA, Carter S (2001) Why girls smoke: a proposed community-based prevention program. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 30(5):463–471

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Petermann H, Müller H, Kersch B, Röhr M (1997) Erwachsen werden ohne Drogen: Ergebnisse schulischer Drogenprävention. Juventa. Weinheim

    Google Scholar 

  59. Evans RI, Rozelle RM, Maxwell SE, Raines BE, Dill CA, Guthrie TJ, et al (1981) Social modelling film to deter smoking in adolescents: Results of a three-year field investigation. J Appl Psychol 66:399–414

    Google Scholar 

  60. Botvin GJ, Baker E, Dusenbury L, Botvin EM, Diaz T (1995) Long-term follow-up results of a randomized drug abuse prevention trial in a white middle-class population. JAMA 273(14): 1106–1112

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Botvin GJ, Tortu S (1988) Preventing adolescent substance abuse trough life skills training. In: Proce RH, Cowen EL, Lorion RP, McKay JR (eds) 14 ounces of prevention. A casebook for practitioners. American Physiological Association, Washington, pp 98–110

    Google Scholar 

  62. Bruvold WH (1993) A meta-analysis of adolescent smoking prevention programs. Am J Public Health 83(6):872–880

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Hansen WB (1992) School-based substance abuse prevention: a review of the state of the art in curriculum, 1980–1990. Health Educ Res 7(3):403–430

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Tobler NC (1986) Meta-analysis of 143 adolescent drug prevention programs: quantitative outcome results of program participants compared to a control comparsion group. J Drug Issues 16:537–567

    Google Scholar 

  65. Asshauer M, Hahnewinkel R (1999) Lebenskompetenzförderung und Suchtprophylaxe in der Grundschule: Entwicklung, Implementierung und Evaluation primär-präventiver Unterrichts-einheiten. Zschr Gesundheitspsychol 7:158–171

    Google Scholar 

  66. Dupree T, Bölcskei PL (1998) Gesund ins Erwachsenenalter am Beispiel des schulischen Gesundheitsförderungsprogramms Klasse 2000. S. 69–73. Rauchen und Nikotin – Aktuelle Beiträge zur Raucherentwöhnung. In: Haustein KO (ed) Perfusion GmbH, Nürnberg

    Google Scholar 

  67. Philip and Morris (1997, Aug 23) Frankf Allg Ztg

    Google Scholar 

  68. Krönig B, Schwenkmezger P, Forster I (1997) Rauchen: Gesundheitsrisiko Nr. 1: Notwendige Prävention im Schulalter. Prävention und Rehablitation 9:48–56

    Google Scholar 

  69. Schwenkmezger P, Krönig B, Forster I, Jähren B, Gläßer E (1998) Erfahrungen mit einem Programm zur Prävention des Zigarettenrauchens bei Schülerinnen und Schülern der 6. Jahrgangsstufe in Gymnasien. Zschr Gesundheitspsychol 6:85–89

    Google Scholar 

  70. Fuchs R, Schwarzer R (1997) Tabakkonsum: Erklärungsmodelle und Interventionsansätze. In: Schwarzer R (ed) Gesundheitspsychologie. Göttingen, Hofgrefe pp 209–244

    Google Scholar 

  71. Silbereisen RK, Noak P, Eyferth K (1986) Places for development: adolescents, leisure settings, and developmental tasks. In: Silbereisen et al (ed) Development as action in context. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  72. Vartiainen E, Paavola M, McAlister A, Puska P (1998) Fifteen-year follow-up of smoking prevention effects in the North Karelia youth project. Am J Public Health 88:81–85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Peterson AV Jr, Kealey KA, Mann SL, Marek PM, Sarason IG (2000) Hutchinson Smoking Prevention Project: long-term randomized trial in school-based tobacco use prevention – results on smoking. J Natl Cancer Inst 92(24):1979–1991

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Bowen DJ, Kinne S, Orlandi M (1995) School policy in COMMIT: a promising strategy to reduce smoking by youth. J Sch Health 65:140–144

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Denman S (1999) Health promoting schools in England – a way forward in development. J-Public Health Med 21:215–220

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Hartland J, Tudor-Smith C, Bowker S (1998) Smoke-free policies in schools: a qualitative investigation of the benefits and barriers. Health Educ J 57:51–59

    Google Scholar 

  77. Smith C, Nutbeam D, Moore L, Roberts C, Catford J (1994) Current changes in smoking attitudes and behaviours among adolescents in Wales, 1986–1992. J Public Health Med 16:165–171

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Wold B, Holstein B, Griesbach D, Currie C (2000) Control of adolescent smoking. National policies on restriction of smoking at school in eight European countries. EC BIOMED II (ed) Child & Adolescent Health Research Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  79. Stead LF, Lancaster T (2000) Interventions for preventing tobacco sales to minors. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD001497

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. DiFranza JR, Savageau JA, Aisquith BF (1996) Youth access to tobacco: the effects of age, gender, vending machine locks, and it’s the law programs. Am J Public Health 86(2):221–224

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Siegel M, Biener L, Rigotti NA (1999) The effect of local tobacco sales laws on adolescent smoking initiation. Prev Med 29:334–342

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Altman DG, Wheelis AY, McFarlane M, Lee H, Fortmann SP (1999) The relationship between tobacco access and use among adolescents: a four community study. Soc Sci Med 48(6): 759–775

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Jason LA, Billows WD, Schnopp-Wyatt DL, King C (1996) Long-term findings from Woodridge in reducing illegal cigarette sales to older minors. Eval Health Prof 19(1):3–13

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Chapman S, King M, Andrews B, McKay E, Markham P, Woodward S (1994) Effects of publicity and a warning letter on illegal cigarette sales to minors. Aust J Public Health 18(1):39–42

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Mosher JF (1995) The merchants, not the customers: resisting the alcohol and tobacco industries’ strategy to blame young people for illegal alcohol and tobacco sales. J Public Health Policy 16(4):412–432

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Landrine H, Klonoff EA, Fritz JM (1994) Preventing cigarette sales to minors: the need for contextual, sociocultural analysis. Prev Med 23(3):322–327

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Forster JL, Hourigan M, McGovern P (1992) Availability of cigarettes to underage youth in three communities. Prev Med 21(3):320–328

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Rigotti NA, DiFranza JR, Chang Y, Tisdale T, Kemp B, Singer DE (1997) The effect of enforcing tobacco-sales laws on adolescents’ access to tobacco and smoking behavior. N Engl J Med 337(15):1044–1051

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. DiFranza JR (1999) Are the federal and state governments complying with the Synar Amendment? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 153(10):1089–1097

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Levy DT, Cummings KM, Hyland A (2000) A simulation of the effects of youth initiation policies on overall cigarette use. Am J Public Health 90(8):1311–1314

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Redman S, Spencer EA, Sanson-Fisher RW (1990) The role of mass media in changing health-related behaviour: a critical appraisal of two models. Health Promot Int 5:85–101

    Google Scholar 

  92. Worden JK, Flynn BS, Solomon LJ, Secker-Walker RH, Badger GJ, Carpenter JH (1996) Using mass media to prevent cigarette smoking among adolescent girls. Health Educ Q 23:453–468

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Davies J (1993) The impact of the mass media upon the health of early adolescents. J Health Educ 24:28–35

    Google Scholar 

  94. Strasburger VC (1995) Adolescents and the Media. Medical and Psychological Impact. Sage, London

    Google Scholar 

  95. Reid D (1996) Tobacco control: overview. Br Med Bull 52(1):108–120

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Michell L (1994) Smoking prevention programmes for adolescents: a literatur review. Anglia and Oxford Regional Health authority (ed) Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  97. Reid DJ, McNeil AD, Glynn TJ (1995) Reducing the prevalence of smoking in youth in western countries: an international review. Tob Control 4:266–277

    Google Scholar 

  98. Flay BR (1987) Mass media and smoking cessation: a critical review. Am J Public Health 77(2):153–160

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Flay BR (1987) Selling the smokeless society. Fifty-six evaluated mass media programmes and campaigns worldwide. American Public Health Association, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  100. Sowden AJ, Arblaster L (2000) Mass media interventions for preventing smoking in young people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD001006

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Bland JM, Kerry SM (1997) Statistics notes. Trials randomised in clusters. BMJ 315:600

    Google Scholar 

  102. Rooney BL, Murray DM (1996) A meta-analysis of smoking prevention programs after adjustment for errors in the unit of analysis. Health Educ Q 23(1):48–64

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Flynn BS, Worden JK, Secker-Walker RH, Badger GJ, Geller BM (1995) Cigarette smoking prevention effects of mass media and school interventions targeted to gender and age groups. J Health Educat 26:45–51

    Google Scholar 

  104. Hafstad A (1997) Provocative anti-smoking appeals in mass media campaigns. An intervention study on adolescent smoking. Institute of General Practice and Community Medicine, Oslo

    Google Scholar 

  105. Hafstad A, Aaro LE (1997) Activating interpersonal influence through provocative appeals: evaluation of a mass media based antismoking campain targeting adolescents. Health Commun 9:253–272

    Google Scholar 

  106. Anonym (1999) Smoking kills. A white paper on tobacco. The Stationary Office

    Google Scholar 

  107. Schofield MJ, Redman S, Sanson-Fisher RW (1991) A community approach to smoking prevention: a review. Behav Change 8:17–25

    Google Scholar 

  108. Farquhar JW, Fortmann SP, Flora JA, Taylor CB, Haskell WL, Williams PT et al (1990) Effects of communitywide education on cardiovascular disease risk factors. The Stanford Five-City Project. JAMA 264:359–365

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Flay BR (2000) Approaches to substance use prevention utilizing school curriculum plus social environment change. Addict Behav 25(6):861–885

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Sowden A, Arblaster L (2000) Community interventions for preventing smoking in young people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD001291

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Illegal sales of cigarettes to minors (1999) Morb Mort Wkly Rep 48(19):394–398

    Google Scholar 

  112. Foulds J, Godfrey C (1995) Counting the costs of children’s smoking. BMJ 311(7013): 1152–1154

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nikotinforschung und Raucherentwöhnung, Fritz-Lickint-Institut für, Johannes Str. 85–87, 99084, Erfurt, Germany

    Prof. Dr. Knut-Olaf Haustein

  2. Institut für Arbeitsmedizin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Thielallee 73, 14195, Berlin, Germany

    Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. David Groneberg

Authors
  1. Prof. Dr. Knut-Olaf Haustein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. David Groneberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Haustein, KO., Groneberg, D. (2010). Primary Prevention. In: Tobacco or Health?. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87577-2_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87577-2_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-87576-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-87577-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation