Abstract
Symphalangism (SYM) is characterized by variable fusion of the proximal interphalangeal joints. Occasionally the distal joints are affected. Clinically, there is inability to flex the affected joints, loss of the interphalangeal creases, and fusion of carpal and tarsal bones. Conductive hearing loss due to stapes ankylosis is frequently present. Multiple synostoses syndrome (SYNS, including more than one form) refers to the more severe variant of this condition, with additional joint fusion in the elbow and/or other large joints.
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References
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Mundlos, S., Horn, D. (2014). Symphalangism; Multiple Synostoses Syndrome; Tarsal/Carpal Coalition Syndrome; Teunissen–Cremers Syndrome. In: Limb Malformations. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-95928-1_52
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-95928-1_52
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