Abstract
This compilation of seminal publications in electrochemistry and electroanalysis is neither complete nor are all the listed contributions of the same importance. The authors feel that it might be of interest and very rewarding for people who use electroanalytical methods in the laboratory to go back to the roots and read some of the publications which later initiated strong developments of the science that is presented in this book. Many of the contributions to science cited here became an inherent part of textbooks and common knowledge so that the original work is usually not referred to and access to this information is difficult. The following web pages give access to much more information on the history of electrochemistry and electroanalysis:
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References
L. GALVANI (1737–1798) publishes electrical experiments with frogs: (1791) De Bononiensi Scientiarum et Artium Instituto atque Academia Commentarii VII: 363, [Ostwalds Klassiker Bd 52 (1894)]
A. VOLTA (1745–1827) communicates the construction of an electrochemical pile in a letter to Sir Joseph Banks, published in: (1800) Philos Trans II: 405 (*)
W. CRUIKSHANKS (1745–1800) publishes the first qualitative analysis (copper) performed with the help of electrolysis: (1800) Nicholsons Journal 4: 187
H. DAVY (1778–1829) publishes a theory of electrolysis: (1807) Philos Trans 1
H. DAVY (1778–1829) discovers sodium and potassium by electrolysis: (1808) Philos Trans (*)
J. J. BERZELIUS (1779–1848) publishes an electrochemical theory of the chemical bond: (1812) J Chem Phys 6: 119
G. S. OHM (1789–1854) publishes the law that became known as Ohm’s law: (1826) Schweigger’s J 46: 137
M. FARADAY (1791–1867) publishes numerous observations on electrochemistry, including the famous law and introduced the modern electrochemical nomenclature (e.g., ion, anion, cation, electrolyte, electrode): (1832–1834) Philos Trans, (Ostwalds Klassiker Bd. 81, 86, 87, 126, 128, 131, 134, 136, Leipzig, 1896–1903) (*); see also: “Faraday as a discoverer” by J. Tyndall (1894)
W. GIBBS (1822–1908) publishes the first electrogravimetric analysis: (1864) Fresenius Z Anal Chem 3: 334
G. J. LIPPMANN (1845–1921) introduces the capillary electrometer that bears his name: Ann Phys 225:546
H. L. F. v. HELMHOLTZ (1821–1894) introduces the dropping mercury electrode, publishes a model of the electrical double layer: (1879) Wied Ann 7: 337
H. L. F. v. HELMHOLTZ (1821–1894) reports in his Faraday Lecture the electrochemical cell with a glass membrane as the separator and build by his assistant W. GIESE (1847–?): (1881) J Chem Soc 39: 277. This was the first glass electrode, although neither Giese nor Helmholtz realized its significance for pH measurements (*)
S.A. ARRHENIUS (1859–1927) publishes the theory of dissociation of electrolytes in water: (1887) Z physik Chem I: 631 (*)
F. W. OSTWALD (1853–1932) publishes a law, which later became known as Ostwalds’ dilution law: (1888) Z physik Chem 2: 36 (*)
W. NERNST (1864–1941) publishes in his habilitation “Die elektro-motorische Wirksamkeit der Jonen”, Leipzig, 1889, the fundamental equation which relates the potential to ion activities: (1889) Z phys Chem 4: 29
R. BEHREND (1856–1926) publishes the first potentiometric precipitation titration: (1893) Z physik Chem 11: 466
E. SALOMON (1874–?) publishes the first current-voltage curve in the form of discrete points: (1896) Z Elektrochem 3: 264 (see also his PhD thesis, Göttingen 1897)
W. BÖTTGER (1871–1949) publishes the first potentiometric acid-base titration: (1897) Z physik Chem 24: 253
E. SALOMON (1874–?) describes the first amperometric titration: Z Elektrochem 4:71 (see also his PhD thesis, Göttingen 1897)
F. CROTOGINO (1878–1947) publishes the first potentiometric redox titration: (1900) Z anorg Chem 24: 225
E. H. RIESENFELD (1877–1957) and W. NERNST (1864–1941) publish the first experiments involving an ion transfer between immiscible electrolyte solutions: (1901) Ann Phys 8:600
F. W. KÜSTER (1861–1917) and M. GRÜTERS publish the first conducto-metric titration: (1903) Z anorg Chem 35: 54
F. G. COTTRELL (1877–1948) publishes the equation which is known as the Cottrell equation: (1903) Z physik Chem 42: 385
B. KUČERA (1874–1921) introduces the dropping mercury electrode for electrocapillary studies: (1903) Ann Phys 11: 529
J. TAFEL (1862–1918) publishes his empirically discovered equation: (1905) Z phys Chem 50: 641
M. CREMER (1865–1935) publishes the observation of a voltage drop across a glass membrane and thus led the basis for modern glass electrodes: (1906) Z Biol 29: 562
S. P. L. SØRENSEN (1868–1939) introduces the concept of pH: (1909) Compt Rend Lab Carlsberg 8: 1, 396; (1909) Biochem Z 21: 131, 201; 22: 352 (*)
F. HABER (1868–1934) and Z. KLEMENSIEWICZ (1886–1963) publish the glass electrode for pH-measurements: (1909) Z physik Chem 67: 385
F. G. DONNAN (1870–1956) publishes a theory of membrane potentials: (1911) Z Elektrochem 17: 204; (1924) Chem Rev 1: 73
L. G. GOUY (1854–1926) [(1909) Compt Rend 149: 654 and (1910) J Phys 9: 457] and D. L. CHAPMAN (1869–1958) [(1913) Phil Mag 25: 475] publish a model of the electrical double layer
E. Ch. S. BIILMANN (1873–1946) introduces the quinhydrone electrode for pH measurements: (1921) Ann Chim 15:109
J. HEYROVSKÝ (1890–1967) publishes first results with the method which he soon called polarography: (1922) Chemicke Listy 16: 256; (1923) Philos Mag 45: 303
J. N. BRØNSTED (1879–1947) gives a new definition of acids and bases: Rec Trav Chim Pays-Bas 42: 718 (*)
P. J. W. DEBYE (1884–1966) and E. A. J. HÜCKEL (1896–1980) publish what is now known as the Debye-Hückel theory of strong electrolytes: Debye P, Hückel E (1923) Phys Z 24:185, 305
O. STERN (1888–1969) publishes his model of the electrical double layer: (1924) Z Elektrochem 30: 508
J. A. V. BUTLER (1899–1977) publishes his contribution to the equation which is known as the Butler-Volmer equation: (1924) Trans Faraday Soc 19: 734
J. HEYROVSKÝ (1890–1967) and M. SHIKATA (1895–1965) publish the construction of the first polarograph, which was the first automatic analyzer: (1925) Rec Trav chim Pays-Bas 46: 496
J. HEYROVSKÝ (1890–1967) and J. BABICKA publish the first observation of a catalytic hydrogen wave: (1930) Coll Czech Chem Commun 2: 370
T. ERDEY-GRÚZ (1902–1976) and M. VOLMER (1885–1965) publish the equation which becomes later known as the Butler-Volmer equation, and they introduce the transfer coefficient: (1930) Z phys Chem A150: 203
Ch. ZBINDEN (1904–1983) publishes a copper determination which can be termed chronopotentiometric stripping microcoulometry: (1931) Bull de la soc chim biol 13: 35. This can be regarded as the key step towards anodic stripping voltammetry.
I. SLENDYK publishes the first example of a catalytic hydrogen wave caused by platinum traces: (1932) Coll Czech Chem Commun 4: 335
A.N. FRUMKIN (1895–1976) describes the influence of the electrical double layer on the kinetics of electrode reactions: (1933) Z Physik Chem 164A: 121
D. ILKOVIČ (1907–1980) publishes the equation which is known as the Ilkovic equation: (1934) Coll Czech Chem Commun 6: 498
A. O. BECKMANN ((1900–2004) invented the first pH meter based on vacuum-tube amplifier (US Patent No. 2,058,761)
J. HORIUTI (1901–1979) and M POLANYI (1891–1976) explain the meaning of the charge transfer coefficient by the help of transition-state theory: Horiuti J, Polanyi M (1935) Acta Physicochim URSS 2:505
L. SZEBELLEDY (1901–1944) and Z. SOMOGYI (1915–1945) establish coulometric analysis: (1938) Fresenius Z Anal Chem 112: 313, 323, 385, 391, 395, 400
I. M. KOLTHOFF (1894–1993) and H. A. LAITINEN (1915–1991) introduce the term voltammetry: (1940) Science 92: 152
V. G. LEVICH (1917–1987) publishes the equation describing the limiting current at a rotating disk electrode: (1942) Acta Physicochim USSR 17: 257
M. KALOUSEK (1915–1996) introduces what is later called ‘Kalousek commutator’: (1948) Coll Czech Chem Commun 13–105
J.E.B. RANDLES (1912–1998) develops linear sweep voltammetry and gives the equation for the peak current of linear sweep voltammetry known as the Randles-Sevcik equation: (1948) Trans Faraday Soc 44: 327. A. SEVCIK (1926–2006) derives a similar equation independently: (1948) Coll Czech Chem Commun 13: 349
G. C. BARKER (1915–2000) and I. L. JENKINS introduce square-wave po-larography: (1952) Analyst 77: 685
V. G. LEVICH (1917–1987) publishes his fundamental book Physico-chemical Hydrodynamics (Izd Akad Nauk SSSR, 2nd ed 1952, Engl Translation: Prentice Hall 1962)
W. KEMULA (1902–1985) introduces polarographic detection in liquid chromatography (so-called chromatopolarography): (1952) Roczn chem 26: 281
W. KEMULA (1902–1985) and Z. KUBLIK (1922–2005) introduce the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE or Kemula electrode) and anodic stripping voltammetry: (1956) Roczn chem 30: 1005; (1958) Anal Chim Acta 18: 104; (1959/60) J Electroanal Chem 1: 123
G. MAMANTOV, P. PAPOFF and P. DELAHAY publish on anodic stripping analysis with hanging mercury drop electrodes employing current and potential step methods: (1957) J Am Chem Soc 79: 4034
A. H. MAKI and D. H. GESKE develop the electrochemical ESR cell: (1959) J Chem Phys 30: 1356
G. C. BARKER (1915–2000) and A. W. GARDNER introduce pulse polarography: (1960) Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem 173: 79. [They published it as early as 1958, however, in a lesser known journal: (1958) At Energy Res Establ, Harwell, C/R 2297).
S. BRUCKENSTEIN and T. NAGAI report the first potentiometric stripping analysis: (1961) Anal Chem 33: 1201
E. PUNGOR (1923–2007) and E. HOLLOS-ROKOSINYI develop the first ion-selective electrode after the invention of the glass electrode: (1961) Acta Chim Hung 27: 63
A. Y. GOKHSHTEIN and Y. P. GOKHSHTEIN (1906–1996) introduce the static mercury drop electrode: (1962) Zh fiz khim 36: 651
J. O’M. BOCKRIS, M. A. V. DEVANATHAN and K. MÜLLER publish their model of the electrical double layer: (1963) Proc Royal Soc (London) A 274: 55
T. KUWANA, R.K. DARLINGTON and D.W. LEDDY develop spectroelec-trochemistry by using optically transparent electrodes: (1964) Anal Chem 36: 2023
R. S. NICHOLSON and I. SHAIN publish the characteristic equations for cyclic voltammetry which they developed using numerical methods: Anal Chem 36:706
R. A. MARCUS publishes his theory for electron transfer reactions: (1965) J Chem Phys 43: 679
P. R. MOSES, L. WIER and R. W. MURRAY introduce chemically modified electrodes: (1975) Anal Chem 47: 1889
D. JAGNER and A. GRANELI introduce potentiometric stripping analysis on a broad scale: (1976) Anal Chim Acta 83: 19
R. N. ADAMS (1924–2002) starts to use microelectrodes: (1976) Anal Chem 48: 1126A
A. MERZ and A. J. BARD [(1978) J Am Chem Soc 100: 3222] as well as M. R. VAN DE MARK and L. L. MILLER publish the first papers on polymer film electrodes: (1978) J Am Chem Soc 100: 3223
K. B. OLDHAM publishes an analytical formula describing an entire linear scan voltammogram: J Electroanal Chem 105:373
K. AOKI, J. OSTERYOUNG and R. A. OSTERYOUNG (1927–2004) introduce differential double pulse polarography: (1980) J Electroanal Chem 110: 1
R. MALPAS, R. A. FREDLEIN and A. J. BARD [(1979) J Electroanal Chem 98: 171]; J. H. KAUFMAN, K. K. KANAZAWA and G. B. SREET [(1984) Phys Rev Lett 53: 2461], as well as S. BRUCKENSTEIN and S. SWATHIRAJAN [(1985) Electrochim Acta 30: 851] develop the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) technique.
A. J. BARD, F.-R. FAN, J. KWAK and O. LEV publish the first true scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM): (1989) Anal Chem 61: 132
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Scholz, F., Inzelt, G., Stojek, Z. (2010). Seminal Publications in Electrochemistry and Electroanalysis. In: Scholz, F., et al. Electroanalytical Methods. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02915-8_18
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