Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Rifts, paleorifts, rifted margins, anorogenic and alkaline magmatism

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Giant Metallic Deposits

  • 3271 Accesses

Abstract

The term “rift” was introduced, in 1896, by Gregory for a structural graben in Africa (now the Gregory Rift), then for the entire continental system of grabens of which this was a part (the East African Rift system). Since then, until the onset of plate tectonics in 1968, “riftology” became an established branch of geotectonics and a fairly mature one in terms of global inventarization and description of the visually discernible (i.e. mostly geologically young) physiographic rifts. Since 1968 “riftology” has continued its evolution as an integral part of the New Global Tectonics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

  • Sears JW, St George GM, Wiune JC (2005) Continental rift systems and anorogenic magmatism. Lithos, v 80, pp 147–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivanova TN (1963) Mestorozhdeniya Apatita Khibinskoi Tundry. Gosgeol’tekhizdat’, Moscow, 288 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Howland AL, Garrels EM, Jones WR (1949) Chromite deposits of Boulder River area, Sweetgrass County, Montana. U.S. Geol Surv Bull 948-C, pp 63–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan RK, Willett GC (1990) Mount Weld carbonatite, in: FE Hughes, ed, pp 591–597

    Google Scholar 

  • Temple AK, Grogan RM (1965) Carbonatite and related alkalic rocks at Powderhorn, Colorado. Econ Geol, v 60, pp 672–692

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin AM (1991) Precambrian Geology. The Dynamic Evolution of the Continental Crust. Academic Press, London, 666 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowan JC (1968) Geology of the Strathcona ore deposit. CIM Bull, v 61, no 699, pp 38–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Laznicka P (1993) Precambrian Empirical Metallogeny. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1622 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall D, Watkinson DH (2000) The Cobalt mining district: silver sources, transport and deposition. Explor Mining Geol, v 9, pp 81–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Chalmers DI (1990) Brockman multi-metal and rare earth deposit, in: FE Hughes, ed, pp 707–710

    Google Scholar 

  • Naldrett AJ (1989b) Magmatic Sulphide Deposits. Clarendon-Oxford Univ Press, New York, 186 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Ensign CO Jr, et al (1968) Copper deposits in the Nonesuch Shale, White Pine, Michigan, in: Ridge JD, ed, Ore Deposits of the United States 1933–1967, AIME, New York, NY, pp 460–495

    Google Scholar 

  • Naldrett AJ, Rao BV, Evensen NM, Dressler BO (1985) Major and trace element and isotopic studies at Sudburya model for the structure and its ores. Ontario Geol Surv Misc Paper 127, pp 30–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Wernicke B (1992) Cenozoic extensional tectonics of the U.S. Cordillera. The Geology of North America, v G-3, Geol Soc Amer, Boulder, CO, pp 553–582

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey JC, Larsen LM, Sørensen H, eds (1981) The Ilímaussaq intrusion, South Greenland. A progress report on geology, mineralogy, geochemistry and economic geology. Rapp Grønlands Geol Unders, no 103

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewey JF, Bird JM (1971) Origin and emplacement of the ophiolite suite: Appalachian ophiolites in Newfoundland. Journ Geophys Res, v 76, pp 3179–3206

    Google Scholar 

  • Danni JCM (1976) Magmatic differentiation of the alkalineultrabasic intrusions in the Iporá region, South-West Goiás, Brazil, in: Proc of the 1st Intern Symp on Carbonatites, Poços de Caldas, pp 149–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Hannington MD, de Ronde CEJ, Petersen S (2005) Seafloor tectonics and submarine hydrothermal systems. Econ Geol 100th Anniv Vol, pp 111–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Dietz RS (1964) Sudbury structure as an astrobleme. Journ Geol, v 72, pp 412–434

    Google Scholar 

  • Arndt NT, Lesher CM, Czamanske GK (2005) Mantlederived magmas and magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits. Econ Geol 100th Anniv Vol, pp 5–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Green JC (1982) Geology of Keweenawan extrusive rocks. Geol Soc Amer Mem 156, pp 47–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Klitgord KD, Hutchinson DR, Schouten H (1988) U.S. Atlantic continental margin; structural and tectonic framework, in: The Geology of North America, v I-2. Geol Soc Amer, Boulder

    Google Scholar 

  • Boerner DE, Milkereit B (1999) Structural evolution of the Sudbury impact structure in the light of seismic reflection data. Geol Soc Amer Spec Paper 339, pp 419–432

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess PC (1989) Origins of Igneous Rocks. Harvard Univ Press, Cambridge MA, 336 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Gruenewaldt G, Worst BG (1986) Chromite deposits at Zwartkop chrome mine, western Bushveld Complex, in CR Anhaeusser and S Maske, eds, pp 1217–1227

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown AC (2006) Genesis of native copper lodes in the Keweenaw district, northern Michigan: a hybrid evolved meteoric and metamorphogenic model. Econ Geol, v 101, pp 1437–1444

    Google Scholar 

  • Bárdossy G, Aleva GJJ (1990) Lateritic Bauxites. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 624 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkham RV (1996b) Volcanic redbed copper, in: OR Eckstrand et al, eds, Geology of Canada no 8, pp 241–252

    Google Scholar 

  • Pye EG, Naldrett AJ, Giblin PE, eds (1984) The Geology and Ore Deposits of the Sudbury Structure. Ontario Geol Surv Spec Vol 1, 603 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks CK, Keays RR, Lambert DD, et al (1999) Re-Os isotope geochemistry of Tertiary picritic and basaltic magmatism of East Greenland: Constraints on plumelithosphere interactions and the genesis of the Platinova Reef, Skaergaard Intrusion. Lithos, v 47, pp 89–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Norman DI, Sawkins FJ (1985) The Tribag breccia pipes: Precambrian Cu-Mo deposits, Batchawana Bay, Ontario. Econ Geol, v 80, pp 1593–1621

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen J (1968) Niobium mineralization in the Ilímaussaq alkaline complex, South-West Greenland. 23 Intern Geol Congr, Prague, v 7, pp 263–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Issler RS (1978) The Seis Lagos carbonatite complex. Proc of the 1st Internat Sympos on Carbonatites, Poços de Caldas, DNPB, Brasilia, pp 233–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Chao ECT, Tatsumoto M, Minkin JA, Back JM, McKee EH, Ren Yingchen (1989) Multiple lines of evidence for establishing the mineral paragenetic sequence of the Bayan Obo rare earth ore deposit of Inner Mongolia, China. Proc of the 8th Quadren IAGOD Sympos, pp 55–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler BS, Burbank WS (1929) The copper deposits of Michigan. U.S. Geol Surv Prof Paper 144, 238 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Pallister JS (1987) Magmatic history of Red Sea rifting: Perspective from the central Saudi Arabian coastal plain. Geol Soc Am Bull, v 98, pp 400–417

    Google Scholar 

  • White WS (1968) The native copper deposits of northern Michigan, in: JD Ridge, ed, Ore Deposits of the United States 1933–1967, AIME, New York, pp 303–325

    Google Scholar 

  • Pirajno F (2001) Ore Deposits and Mantle Plumes. Kluwer Acad Publ, Dordrecht, 576 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Souch BE, Podolsky T, INCO Geol Staff (1969) The sulfide ores of Sudbury: Their particular relation to a distinctive intrusion-bearing facies of the Nickel Irruptive. Econ Geol Monogr 4, pp 252–261

    Google Scholar 

  • Landon SM (1994) Interior Rift Basins. AAPG Memoir 59, Tulsa, 276 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossi Sad JH, Torres N (1978) Geology and mineral resources of the Barreiro Complex, Araxá, Minas Gerais. Proc First Intern Sympos on Carbonatites, DNPM Brazil, pp 307–312

    Google Scholar 

  • Hester BW (1988) Silver mining in the Gowganda field, northeastern Ontario-a case history, in: MJ Jones, ed, Silver; exploration, mining and treatment. Inst Min Metall, London, Conf Proc, pp 131–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Mungall JE, Ames DE, Hanley JJ (2004) Geochemical evidence from the Sudbury structure for crustal redistribution by large bolide impacts. Nature, v 429, pp 546–550

    Google Scholar 

  • Page NJ (1977) Stillwater Complex, Montana: rock succession, metamorphism and structure of the Complex and adjacent rocks. U.S. Geol Surv Profess Paper 999, 79 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Coats CJA, Snajdr P (1984) Ore deposits of the North Range, Onaping-Levack area, Sudbury, in: EG Pye et al, eds, Ontario Geol Surv Spec Vol 1, pp 327–346

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolley AR (1989) The spatial and temporal distribution of carbonatites, in: K Bell, ed, Carbonatites-Genesis and Evolution. Unwin Hyman, London, pp 149–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerrich R, Goldfarb RJ, Richards JP (2005) Metallogenic provinces in an evolving geodynamic framework. Econ Geol 100th Anniv Vol, pp 1097–1136

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolley AR, Church AA (2005) Extrusive carbonatites: A brief review. Lithos, v 85, pp 1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Chao ECT et al (1997) The sedimentary carbonate-hosted giant Bayan Obo REE-Fe-Nb ore deposit of Inner Mongolia, China. U.S. Geol Surv Bull 2143, 65 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman PF (1989) Precambrian geology and tectonic history of North America, in: AW Bally, AR Palmer, eds, The Geology of North America-An Overview. Geol Soc Amer, Boulder, pp 447–512

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowan EJ, Riller U, Schwerdtner WM (1999) Emplacement geometry of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. Geol Soc Amer, Spec Paper 339, pp 300–418

    Google Scholar 

  • Listerud WH, Meineke DG (1977) Mineral resources of a portion of the Duluth Complex and adjacent rocks in St Louis and Lake Counties, Northeastern Minnesota. Minnes Dept Nat Res, Div of Minerals, Rept 93

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilibina TV, Afanas’eva MA, Barkanov IV (1976) Geologiya i Metallogeniya Shchitov Drevnikh Platform SSSR. Nedra, Leningrad, 339 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Kogarko IN (1987) Alkaline rocks of the eastern part of the Baltic Shield (Kola Peninsula), in: JG Fitton, BG Upton, eds, Alkaline Igneous Rocks. Geol Soc London Spec Publ 30, pp 531–544

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsen LM, Sørensen H (1987) The Ilímaussaq intrusionprogressive crystallization and formation of layering in an agpaitic magma, in: JG Fitton, BGJ Upton, eds, Alkaline Igneous Rocks. Geol Soc Spec Publ 30, pp 473–488

    Google Scholar 

  • Groves DI, Condie KC, Goldfarb RJ, Hronsky JMA, Vielreicher RM (2005) Secular changes in global tectonic processes and their influence on the temporal distribution of gold-bearing mineral deposits. Econ Geol, v 100, pp 203–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein EM, Danil’chenko NA, Postnikov SA (1994) Geology of the unique Tomtor deposit of rare metals (north of the Siberian Platform). Geol Ore Deposits, v 36, pp 75–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiemstra SA (1985) The dstribution of some platinumgroup elements in the UG2 chromitite layer of the Bushveld Complex. Econ Geol, v 80, pp 944–957

    Google Scholar 

  • Faure G (2001) Origin of Igneous Rocks. The Isotopic Evidence. Springer, Berlin, 496 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes S-J, Lightfoot PC (2005) Formation of magmatic nickel sulfide ore deposits and processes affecting their copper and platinum group element contents. Econ Geol 100th Anniv Vol, pp 179–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Willemse J (1964) A brief outline of the geology of the Bushveld Igneous Complex, in: SH Haughton, ed, pp 91–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner PA (1929) The platinum deposits and mines of South Africa. Edinburgh, 326 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Cawthorn RG, Molyneux TG (1986) Vanadiferous magnetite deposits of the Bushveld Complex, in: CR Anhaeusser, S Maske, eds, pp 1251–1266

    Google Scholar 

  • Worst BG (1960) The Great Dyke of Southern Rhodesia. S Rhodesia Geol Surv Bull 47, 234 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyle RW (1976) Mineralization processes in Archean greenstone and sedimentary belts. Geol Surv Canada, Paper 75-15

    Google Scholar 

  • Mainwaring PR, Naldrett AJ (1977) Country rock assimilation and the genesis of Cu-Ni sulfides in the Western Intrusion, Duluth Complex, Minnesota. Econ Geol, v 72, pp 1269–1284

    Google Scholar 

  • McConnell RB (1972) Geological development of the rift system of eastern Africa. Geol Soc Amer Bull, v 83, pp 2549–2522

    Google Scholar 

  • Castor SB (2008) The Mountain Pass rare-earth carbonatite and associated ultrapotassic rocks, California. Canadian Mineralogist, v 46, pp 779–806

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke DB (1977) The Tertiary volcanic province of Baffin Bay. Geol Assoc Canada, Spec Paper 16, pp 445–460

    Google Scholar 

  • Engell J, Hansen J, Jensen M, Kunzendorf H, Lovborg L (1971) Beryllium mineralization in the Ilímaussaq intrusion, South Greenland, with description of a field berylometer and chemical methods. Grønl Geol Unders, Rapport Nr 33, 40 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Jolly WT (1974) Behavior of Cu, Zn and Ni during prehnite-pumpellyite rock metamorphism of the Keweenawan basalts, northern Michigan. Econ Geol, v 69, pp 1118–1125

    Google Scholar 

  • Putzer H (1976) Metallogenetische Provinzen in Südamerika. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, 299 p

    Google Scholar 

  • McKibben MA, Andes JP Jr, Williams AE (1988a) Active ore formation at a brine interface in metamorphosed deltaic lacustrine sediments: The Salton Sea geothermal system, California. Econ Geol, v 83, pp 511–523

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann J, Arndt N, Windley B, Zhou Meifu, Wang CY, Harris C (2007) Field relationship and geochemical constraints on the emplacement of the Jinchuan deposit, Gansu, China. Econ Geol, v 102, pp 75–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanekom HJ, Van Staden CMvH, Smit PJ, Pike DR (1965) Geology of the Palabora igneous complex. South Afr Dept of Mines, Geol Surv Mem 54, 185 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Mossom RJ (1986) The Atok platinum mine, in: CR Anhaeusser, S Maske, eds, pp 1143–1153

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen TFD, Brooks CK (1995) Precious metals in magmas of East Greenland, factors important in the mineralization in the Skaergaard intrusion. Econ Geol, v 90, pp 1911–1917

    Google Scholar 

  • Naldrett AJ, Cameron G, von Gruenewaldt G, Sharpe MR (1987) The formation of stratiform PGE deposits in layered intrusions, in: I Parsons, ed, Origin of Igneous Layering. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp 313–397

    Google Scholar 

  • Vermaak CF (1976) The Merensky Reef-thoughts on its environment and genesis. Econ Geol, v 71, pp 1270–1298

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace H (1981) Keweenawan geology of the Lake Superior Basin. Geol Surv Canada, Paper 81-10, pp 399–417

    Google Scholar 

  • Molyneux TG (1970) The geology of the area in the vicinity of Magnet Heights, Eastern Transvaal, with special reference to the magnetic iron ore. Geol Soc S Africa, Spec Publ 1, pp 228–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Cawthorn RG, Barnes SJ, Ballhaus C, Malitch KN (2005) Platinum group element, chromium and vanadium deposits in mafic and ultramafic rocks. Econ Geol 100th Anniv Vol, pp 215–249

    Google Scholar 

  • Willemse J (1969) The geology of the Bushveld Igneous Complex, the largest repository of magmatic ore deposits in the world. Econ Geol Monogr 4, pp 1–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson ED (1961) Primary textures and mineral associations in the ultramafic zone of the Stillwater Complex, Montana. U.S. Geol Surv Prof Paper 358, 106 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen BL (1973) A survey of the economic geology of Greenland (exclusive fossil fuels). Grønl Geol Unders, Rapp Nr 56, 45 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Tankard AJ, Jackson MPA, Erikson KA, et al (1982) Crustal Evolution of Southern Africa-3.8 billion years of Earth History. Springer, New York, 523 p

    Google Scholar 

  • White JA (1994) The Potgietersrus prospect-geology and exploration history. XVth CMMI Congress, Johannesburg, v 3, S Afr Inst Min Metall, pp 173–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Naldrett AJ, Keats H, Sparkes K, Moore R (1996) Geology of the Voisey’s Bay Ni-Cu-Co deposit, Labrador, Canada. Explor Mining Geol, v 5, pp 169–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Chai G, Naldrett AJ (1992) Characteristics on Ni-Cu-PGE mineralization and genesis of the Jinchuan deposit, Northwest China. Econ Geol, v 87, pp 1475–1495

    Google Scholar 

  • Upton BGJ (1988) History of Tertiary igneous activity in the North Atlantic borderlands. Geol Soc London, Spec Publ 39, pp 429–453

    Google Scholar 

  • Laznicka P (1999) Quantitative relationships among giant deposits of metals. Econ Geol, v 94, pp 455–472

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonnichsen W (1972) Southern part of Duluth Complex, in: PK Sims, GB Morey, eds, The Geology of Minnesota, pp 361–387

    Google Scholar 

  • Sleep NH (2006) Mantle plumes from top to bottom. Earth Sci Rev, v 77, pp 231–271

    Google Scholar 

  • Petruk W, Moore HA, Atchison DW (1972) The Cobalt area. 24th Intern Geol Congr, Field Exc A39-C39, Guidebook, pp 11–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Carten RB, White WH, Stein HJ (1993) High-grade graniterelated molybdenum systems: Classification and origin. Geol Assoc Canada Spec Paper 40, pp 521–554

    Google Scholar 

  • Einsele G (1992) Sedimentary Basins? Springer, New York, 628 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren J (1999). Evaporites. Their Evolution and Economics. Blackwell Science, Oxford, 438 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Raedeke LD, Vian RW (1986) A three-dimensional view of mineralization in the Stillwater J-M Reef. Econ Geol, v 81, pp 1187–1195

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson JC, Shawe DR, Pray LC, Sharp WN (1954) Rareearth mineral deposits of the Mountain Pass district, San Bernardino County, California. U.S. Geol Surv Profess Paper 261, 75 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Naldrett AJ (2004) Magmatic Sulfide Deposits: Geology, Geochemistry, and Exploration. Springer, Heidelberg, 727 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Viljoen MJ, Hieber R (1986) The Rustenburg section of Rustenburg Platinum Mines Limited, with reference to the Merensky Reef, in: CR Anhaeussser, S Maske, eds, pp 1107–1134

    Google Scholar 

  • Zientek ML, Czamanske GK, Irvine TN (1985) Stratigraphy and nomenclature of the Stillwater Complex, Montana, in: GK Czamanske, ML Zientek, eds, pp 21–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Vermaak CF (1986) Summary aspect of the economics of chromium with special reference to southern Africa, in: CR Anhaeusser, S Maske, eds, pp 1155–1181

    Google Scholar 

  • Blake DH (1987) Geology of the Mount Isa Inlier and environs, Queensland and Northern Territory. Austral Bur Miner Res Geol Geophys Bulletin, no 225

    Google Scholar 

  • Ames DE, Davidson A, Wodicka N (2008) Geology of the giant Sudbury polymetallic mining camp, Ontario, Canada. Econ Geol, v 103, 1057–1077

    Google Scholar 

  • Cawthorn RG, Walraven F (1998) Emplacement and crystallization time for the Bushveld Complex. Journ Petrol, v 39, pp 1669–1687

    Google Scholar 

  • Laznicka P (1985a) Empirical Metallogeny. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1794 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohse H, Brooks CK, Kunzendorf H (1971) Field observations on the kakortokites of the Ilímaussaq intrusion, South Greenland. Grønl Geol Unders, Rapp No 38, 43 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowan LC, Kingston MJ, Crowley JK (1986) Spectral reflectance of carbonatites and related alkalic igneous rocks: Selected samples from four North American localities. Econ Geol, v 81, pp 857–871

    Google Scholar 

  • Naldrett AJ (1999a) World-class Ni-Cu-PGE deposits: Key factors in their genesis. Mineralium Deposita, v 34, pp 227–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Dressler BO, Gupta VK, Muir TL (1991) The Sudbury structure, in: Ontario Geol Surv Spec Vol 4, Part 1, pp 593–625

    Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson SC (1989) Phalaborwa: a saga of magmatism and miscibility, in: K Bell, ed, Carbonatites, Genesis and Evolution. Unwin Hyman, London, pp 221–254

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Gruenewaldt G (1977) The mineral resources of the Budhveld Complex. Minerals Sci Engn, v 9, pp 83–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson AH (1982) The geology of the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe: The ultramafic rocks. Journ Petrol, v 23, pp 240–292

    Google Scholar 

  • Condie KC (2001) Mantle plumes and their record in Earth history. Cambridge Univ. Press, 305 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Currie KL (1974) The alkaline rocks of Canada. Geol Surv Canada, Bull 239

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson JB, Garson MS, Roberts B (1987) Altered former alkalic carbonatite lava from Oldoinyo Lengai, Tanzania: Inferences for calcite carbonatite lavas. Geology, v 15, pp 765–768

    Google Scholar 

  • Kruger FJ, Marsh JS (1982) The mineralogy, petrology and origin of the Merensky Reef cyclic unuit in the western Bushveld Complex. Econ Geol, v 80, pp 958–974

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholten JC, Stoffers P, Garbe-Schoenberg D, Moammar M (2000) Hydrothermal mineralization in the Red Sea, in: DS Cronan, ed, Handbook of Marine Mineral Deposits. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 369–395

    Google Scholar 

  • Gain SB, Mostert AB (1982) The geological setting of the platinoid and base metal sulfide mineralization in the Platreef of the Bushveld Complex in Drenthe, north of Potgietersrus. Econ Geol, v 77, pp 1395–1404

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant RW, Bite A (1984) Sudbury quartz diorite offset dikes, in: EG Pye et al, eds, pp 275–300

    Google Scholar 

  • Ripley EM (1981) Sulfur isotopic studies of the Dunka Road Cu-Ni deposit, Duluth Complex, Minnesota. Econ Geol, v 76, pp 610–620

    Google Scholar 

  • Hattori KH, Cameron EM (2004) Using the high mobility of palladium in surface media in exploration for platinum group element deposits: Evidence from the Lac des Iles region, Northwestern Ontario. Econ Geol, v 99, pp 157–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke, K (1996) The African Plate. South African Journ of Geol, v 99, pp 339–409

    Google Scholar 

  • Lightfoot PC, Zotov IA (2005) Geology and geochemistry of the Sudbury igneous complex, Ontario, Canada: Origin of nickel sulfide mineralization associated with an impact-generated melt sheet. Geol Ore Deposits, v 47, pp 349–362

    Google Scholar 

  • Todd SG, et al (1982) The J-M platinum-palladium Reef of the Stillwater Complex, Montana: I Stratigraphy and petrology. Econ Geol, v 77, pp 1454–1480

    Google Scholar 

  • Eales HV, Cawthorn RG (1996) The Bushveld Complex, in: RG Cawthorn, ed, Layered Intrusions. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 181–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Vlasov KA, Kuzmenko MZ, Yeskova YeM (1959) the Lovozero Alkalic Massif. Engl transl, Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, 627 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Naldrett AJ (1997) Key factors in the genesis of Noril’sk, Sudbury, Jinchuan, Voisey’s Bay and other world class Ni-Cu-PGE deposits-implications for exploration. Austral Journ Earth Sci, v 44, pp 283–315

    Google Scholar 

  • Semenov EI (1974) Economic mineralogy of alkaline rocks, in: H Sørensen, ed, Alkaline Rocks, pp 543–553

    Google Scholar 

  • McKibben MA, Hardie LA (1997) Ore-forming brines in active continental rifts, in: HL Barnes, ed, Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits. Wiley, New York, pp 877–935

    Google Scholar 

  • Upton BGJ, Emeleus CH (1987) Mid-Proterozoic alkaline magmatism in southern Greenland: The Gardar Province, in: JG Fitton, BGJ Upton, eds, Alkaline Igneous Rocks. Geol Soc London, Spec Publ 30, pp 449–471

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckstrand OR (1996) Magmatic nickel-copper-platinum group elements, in: Geology of Canada, No 8. Geol Surv Canada, pp 584–605

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller RR (1988) Yttrium (Y) and other rare metals (Be,Nb,REE,Ta,Zr) in Labrador. Newfoundland Dept Min Rept 88-1, pp 229–245

    Google Scholar 

  • Deans T (1966) Economic mineralogy of African carbonatites; same public, in: OF Tuttle, J Gittins, eds, Carbonatites. Interscience, New York, pp 385–413

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerasimovsky VI, Volkov VOP, Kogarko LN, Polyakov AI, Saprykina TV, Balashov YA (1966) The Geochemistry of the Lovozero Alkaline Massif, Part 1+2. Engl Transl, Austral Nat Univ, Canberra

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson RN (1982) Magmatism of the British Tertiary Province. Scott Journ Geol, v 18, pp 49–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Kravchenko SM, Laputina IP, Kataeva ZT, Krasil’nikova IG (1996) Geochemistry and genesis of rich Sc-REE-Y790 References Nb ores at the Tomtor deposit, northern Siberian Platform. Geochem Internat, v 34, pp 847–863

    Google Scholar 

  • Dudkin OB (1993) Gigantskie kontsentratsii fosfora v Khibinakh. Geol Rud Mestorozhd, v 35, pp 195–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Tukiainen T (1988) Niobium-tantalum mineralization in the Motzfeldt Centre of the Igaliko nepheline syenite complex, South Greenland, in: J Boissonvas, P Omenetto, eds, Mineral Deposits Within the European Community. Springer, Berlin, pp 230–246

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobolev VS, et al (1978) Poiskovye kriterii sul’fidnykh rud Noril’skovo tipa. AN SSSR, Sibir Otdel, Trudy 418, 320 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell RH (1986) Kimberlites. Plenum, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramm U, Kogarko IN (1994) Nd and Sr isotope signatures of the Khibina and Lovozero agpaitic centres, Kola alkaline province, Russia. Lithos, v 32, pp 225–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Viljoen MJ (1994) A review of regional variations in facies and grade distribution of the Merensky Reef, western Bushveld Complex, with some mining implications. XVth CMMI Congress, Johannesburg, S Afr Inst Min Metall, v 3, pp 183–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson SW, Cannon WF, Schylz KJ (1992) Metallogeny of the Midcontinent rift system of North America. Precambr Res, v 58, pp 355–386

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett G, Dressler BO, Robertson JA (1991) The Huronian Supergroup and associated intrusive rocks. Ontario Geol Surv Spec Vol 4, pt 1, pp 549–592

    Google Scholar 

  • Smolkin VF, Neradovsky YuN (2006) The Monchegorsk ore district, Kola Peninsula. IAGOD 2006 Pre- Symposium Field Excursions, Field Trip Guidebook, Moscow, pp 13–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheilletz A (2002) The giant Imiter silver deposit: Neoproterozoic epithermal mineralization in the Anti- Atlas, Morocco. Mineralium Deposita, v 37, pp 772–781

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison GG (1984) Morphological features of the Sudbury Structure in relation to an impact origin, in: EG Pye et al, eds, The Geology and Ore Deposits of the Sudbury Structure. Ontario Geol Surv Spec Vol 1, 603 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Wimmenauer W (1974) The alkaline province of central Europe and France, in: H Sørensen, ed, The Alkaline Rocks. Springer, pp 238–271

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Gruenewaldt G, Hatton CJ, Merkle RKW (1986) Platinum-group element-chromitite association in the Bushveld Complex. Econ Geol, v 81, pp 1067–1079

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds IM (1986) The mineralogy and ore petrography of the Bushveld titaniferous magnetite-rich layers, in: CR Anhaeuasser, S Maske, eds, pp 1267–1286

    Google Scholar 

  • Zientek ML, Cooper RW, Corson SR, Geraghty EP (2002) Platinum group elenment mineralization in the Stillwater Complex, Montana. CIM Spec Vol 24, pp 459–481

    Google Scholar 

  • Zolotukhin VV (1964) Osnovnye Zakonomernosti Prototektoniki i Voprosy Formirovaniya Rudonosnykh Trappovykh Intrusii. Nauka, Moscow, 176 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Naldrett AJ (1998) Ni-Cu-PGE ores of the Noril’sk region, Siberia: Lessons for exploration elsewhere. Pathways ‘98, pp 68–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersen JCO, Rasmussen H, Nielsen TFD, Ronsbo JG (1998) The Tripple Group and the Platinova gold and palladium reefs in the Skaergaard intrusion: Stratigraphic and petrographic relations. Econ Geol, v 93, pp 488–509

    Google Scholar 

  • Naldrett AJ (1989a) Contamination and the origin of the Sudbury structure and its ores. Rev Econ Geol, v 4, pp 119–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Cousins CA (1964) Additional notes on the chromite deposits of the eastern part of the Bushveld Complex, in: SH Houghton, ed, pp 169–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson JB (1966) Oldoinyo Lengai-an active volcano with sodium carbonatite lava flows, in: OF Tuttle, J Gittins, eds, Carbonatites. Interscience, New York, pp 155–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Carmichael ISE, Turner FJ, Verhoogen J (1974) Igneous Petrology. McGraw-Hill, New York, 739 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Ilyin AV (1989) Apatite deposits in the Khibiny and Kovdor alkaline igneous complexes, Kola Peninsula, northwestern USSR, in: AJG Notholt, RP Sheldon, DF Davidson, Intern Geol Correl Program, Project 156- Phosphorites, pp 485–493

    Google Scholar 

  • Lightfoot PC, Keays RR, Morrison GG, et al (1997a) Geochemical relationships in the Sudbury Igneous Complex: Origin of the Main Mass and offset dikes. Econ Geol, v 92, pp 289–307

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown AC (1971) Zoning in the White Pine copper deposits, Ontonagon County, Michigan. Econ Geol, v 66, pp 543–573

    Google Scholar 

  • MacLeod WN, Turner DC, Wright EP (1971) The geology of the Jos Plateau. Geol Surv Nigeria, Bull 32, 269 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Arndt NT, Czamanske GK, Walker RJ, Chauvel C, Fedorenko VA (2003) Geochemistry and origin of the intrusive host of the Noril’sk-Talnakh Cu-Ni-PGE sulfide deposit. Econ Geol, v 98, pp 495–515

    Google Scholar 

  • Prendergast MD (1987) The chromite ore field of the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe, in: CW Stone, ed, pp 89–108

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lochside Drive 64, 5021, West Lakes, South Australia, Australia

    Prof. Dr. Peter Laznicka

Authors
  1. Prof. Dr. Peter Laznicka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Peter Laznicka .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Laznicka, P. (2010). Rifts, paleorifts, rifted margins, anorogenic and alkaline magmatism. In: Giant Metallic Deposits. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12405-1_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation