Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases are endemic in more than over 100 countries, causing mortality of nearly two million people every year, and at least one million children die of such diseases each year, leaving as many as 2,100 million people at risk around the world. Mosquitoes are associated with the transmission of malaria, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, filariasis and other viral diseases throughout the globe, apart from being a nuisance insect. Vector control, using agents of chemical origin, continues to be practiced in the control of vector-borne diseases. However, due to some drawbacks including lack of selectivity, environmental contamination, and emergence and spread of vector resistance, development of natural products of plant origin with insecticidal properties have been encouraged in recent years for control of a variety of pest insects and vectors. The work herein is based on activities to determine the efficacies of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol extracts of medicinal plants tested against blood-sucking parasites.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adewunmi CO, Ariwodola JO, Olubunmi PA (1987) Systemic effects of water extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera, a Nigerian plant molluscicide used in Schistosomiasis control. Pharmac Biol 8:7It1;ndash;14
Adolf W, Opferkuch HJ, Hecker E (1984) Irritant phorbol derivatives from 4 Jatropha species. Phytochemistry 23:129It1;ndash;132
Agarwal M, Walia S, Dhingra S, Khambay BP (2001) Insect growth inhibition, antifeedant and antifungal activity of compounds isolated/derived from Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger) rhizomes. Pest Manag Sci 57:289It1;ndash;300
Aguilar HH, de Gives PM, Sánchez DO, Arellano ME, Hernández EL, Aroche UL, Valladares-Cisneros G (2008) In vitro nematocidal activity of plant extracts of Mexican flora against Haemonchus contortus fourth larval stage. Ann NY Acad Sci 1149:158It1;ndash;160
Ahmed M, Amin S, Islam M, Takahashi M, Okuyama E, Hossain CF (2000) Analgesic principle from Abutilon indicum. Pharmazie 55:314
Aiyela-agbe OO, Adesogan EK, Ekunday O, Adeniyi BA (2000) The antimicrobial activity of roots of Jateopha podagrica Hook. Phytother Res 14:60It1;ndash;62
Akinjogunla OJ, Eghafona NO, Enabulele IO, Mboto CI, Ogbemudia FO (2010) Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Phyllanthus amarus against extended spectrum It1;beta;- lactamase producing Escherichia coli isolated from stool samples of HIV sero-positive patients with or without diarrhea. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 4(6):402It1;ndash;407
Amin MR, Mostofa M, Hoque ME, Sayed MA (2009) In vitro anthelmintic efficacy of some indigenous medicinal plants against gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle. J Bangladesh Agric Univ 7(1):57It1;ndash;61
Anonyme (1993) Fiche espèce sur Mangifera indica L. Revue de Médecines et Pharmacopées Africaines 6(2):119It1;ndash;124
Anonymous (1952) The wealth of India. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India, pp 35It1;ndash;36
Anonymous (1970) Hamdard pharmacopoeia of eastern medicine, 2nd Impression. Hamdard National Foundation, Pakistan, p 373
Anonymous (1985) The wealth of India: a dictionary of Indian raw material and industrial products, vol 1, Revised Edition. CSIR, New Delhi, pp 37It1;ndash;47
Aouinty B, Outara S, Mellouki F, Mahari S (2006) It1;Eacute;valuation préliminaire de activité larvicide des extraits aqueux des feuilles du ricin (Ricinus communis L.) et du bois de thuya (Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast.) sur les larves de quatre moustiques culicidés: Culex pipiens (Linné), Aedes caspius (Pallas), Culiseta longiareolata (Aitken) et Anopheles maculipennis (Meigen). Biotechnol Agron Soc Environ 10(2):67It1;ndash;71
Areekul S, Sinchaisri P, Tigvatananon S (1987) Effect of Thai plant extracts on the oriental fruit fly. I.Toxicity test. Kasetsart J 21:395It1;ndash;470
Arthan D, Svasti J, Kittakoop P, Pittayakhachonwut D, Tanticharoen M, Thebtaranonth Y (2002) Antiviral isoflavonoid sulfate and steroidal glycosides from the fruits of Solanum torvum. Phytochemistry 59:459It1;ndash;463
Awe SO, Olajide OA, Oladiran OO (1988) Antiplasmodial and antipyretic screening of Mangifera indica extract. Phytother Res 12:437It1;ndash;438
Ayoub SMH, Yankov LK (1981) On the constituents of the peel of Citrullus colcynthis. Part-2. Fitoterpia 52(1):13It1;ndash;16
Badaturuge MJ, Habtemariam S, Thomas MJK (2011) Antioxidant compounds from a South Asian beverage and medicinal plant, Cassia auriculata. Food Chem 125:221It1;ndash;225
Bagalwa M, Chifundera K (2007) Environmental impact evaluation of the stem bark extract of Maesa lanceolata used in Democratic Republic of Congo. J Ethnopharmacol 114:281It1;ndash;284
Bagavan A, Rahuman AA, Kamaraj C, Geetha K (2008) Larvicidal activity of saponin from Achyranthes aspera against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 103:223It1;ndash;229
Bagavan A, Kamaraj C, Elango G, Zahir AA, Rahuman AA (2009) Adulticidal and larvicidal efficacy of some medicinal plant extracts against tick, fluke and mosquitoes. Vet Parasitol 166:286It1;ndash;292
Banerji J, Das B (1993) MAPA, vol 15. Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Calcutta, India, pp 1002It1;ndash;1017
EXIM Bank (2003) Export potential of Indian medicinal plants and products. Publication No. OP 98. Export and Import Bank of India (EXIM Bank), Mumbai, India (see also http://www.eximbankindia.com/publications. Accessed 9 Oct 2005)
Bari MA, Islam W, Khan AR, Mandal A (2010) Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Solanum torvum (Solanaceae). Int J Agric Biol 12(3):386It1;ndash;390
Basalah MO, Ali Whaibi MH, Sher M (1985) Comparative study of some metabolities of Citrullus colocynthis Schrad and Cucumis prophetarum L. J Biol Sci Res 16(1):105It1;ndash;123
Bouquet A, Debray M (1974) Plantes médicinales de la CIt1;ocirc;te dIt1;rsquo;Ivoire. Mémoire ORSTOM, Paris
Bowman WC, Rand MJ (1980) Textbook of pharmacology. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, pp 42.29It1;ndash;42.31
Broussalis AM, Ferraro GE, Martino VS, Pinzón R, Coussio JD, Alvarez JC (1999) Argentine plants as potential source of insecticidal compounds. J Ethnopharmacol 67:219It1;ndash;223
ICMR Bulletin (2002) Prospects of elimination of lymphatic filariasis in India. ICMR Bull 32(5It1;ndash;6)
Burkill HM (1985) The useful plants of West Tropical Africa, families AIt1;ndash;D. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1
Caffarini P, Carrizo P, Pelicano A, Rogggero P, Pacheco J (2008) Effects of acetonic and water extracts of Ricinus communis, Melia azedarach and Trichillia glauca on black common cutting ant (Acromyrmex lundi). IDESIA 26(1):59It1;ndash;64
Capasso F, Mascolo N, Izzo AA, Gaginella TS (1994) Dissociation of castor oil induced diarrhea and intestinal mucosal injury in rat: effect of NG-nitro-L- arginine methyl ester. Br J Pharmacol 113:1127It1;ndash;1130
Chadha KL, Gupta R (1995) Medicinal and aromatic plants. In: Advances in horticulture, vol 11. Malhotra Publishing House, New Delhi, 932 p
Chah KF, Muko KN, Oboegbulem SI (2000) Antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of Solanum torvum fruit. Fitoterapia 71:187It1;ndash;189
Chakraborty T, Babu SPS, Sukul NC, Babu SPS (1996) Preliminary evidence of antifilarial effect of Centella asiatica on Canine dirofilariasis. Fitoterapia 67(2):110It1;ndash;112
Chakraborty A, Brantner A, Mukainaka T, Nobukuni Y, Kuchide M, Konoshima T, Tokuda H, Nishino H (2002) Cancer chemopreventive activity of Achyranthes aspera leaves on EpsteinIt1;ndash;Barr virus activation and two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 177:1It1;ndash;5
Chandrashekhar CH, Latha KP, Vagdevi HM, Vaidya VP (2008) Anthelmintic activity of the crude extracts of Ficus racemosa. Int J Green Pharmacy 2(2):100It1;ndash;103
Chatterjee A, Das B, Adityachaudhary N, Dabkirtaniya S (1980) Note on the insecticidal properties of the seeds of Jatropha gossypifolia Linn. Indian J Agric Sci 50:637It1;ndash;638
Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC (1956) Glossary of Indian medical plants. CSIR, New Delhi
Chopra RN, Chopra IC, Handa KL, Kapur LD (1958) Indigenous drugs of India, 2nd edn. Academic, Calcutta, pp 508It1;ndash;674
Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC (1992) Glossary of Indian medicinal plants, vol 2. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, p 12
Coe FG, Anderson GJ (1996) Screening of medical plants used by Garifuna of Eastern Nicaragua for bioactive compounds. J Ethnopharmacol 53:29It1;ndash;50
Daniel T, Umarani S, Sakthivadivel M (1995) Insecticidal action of Ervatamia divaricata L. and Acalypha indica L. against Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Geobios New Rep 14(2):95It1;ndash;98
Das PC, Das A, Mandal S (1989a) Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of the seed kernel of Mangifera indica extract. Phytother Res 60:235It1;ndash;240
Das PC, Das A, Mandal S, Islam CN, Dutta MK, Patra B (1989b) Antiinflammatory and antimicrobial activities of the seed kernel Mangifera indica. Fitoterapia 6(3):235It1;ndash;241
Das B, Rao SP, Srinivas K, Das R (1996) Jatrodien, a lignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifolia. Phytochemistry 41:985It1;ndash;987
Dash AP, Valecha N, Anvikar AR, Kumar A (2008) Malaria in India: challenges and opportunities. J Biosci 33:583It1;ndash;592
de Padua LS, Bunyapraphatsara N, Lemmens RHMJ (1999) Medicinal and poisonous plants, plant resources of South East Asia. Backhuys, Leiden
Derouich M, Boutayeb A (2006) Dengue fever: mathematical modelling and computer simulation. Appl Math Comput 177:528It1;ndash;544
DGCIS (2004) Monthly statistics of foreign trade of India. Annual report for 2003 It1;ndash; 2004(Vol. 1). Exports including re-exports. Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics, Ministry of Commerce, Kolkata
Dhar ML, Dhar MM, Dhawan BN, Mehrotra BN, Ray C (1968) Screening of Indian plants for biological activity. Part I. Indian J Exp Biol 6:232It1;ndash;247
Dharmasiri MG, Jayakody JR, Galhena G, Liyanage SS, Ratnasooriya WD (2003) Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of mature fresh leaves of Vitex negundo. J Ethnopharmacol 87(2It1;ndash;3):199It1;ndash;206
Duraipandiyan V, Ayyanar M, Ignacimuthu S (2006) Antimicrobial activity of some ethnomedicinal plants used by Paliyar tribe from Tamil Nadu, India. BMC Comp Alt Med 6:35It1;ndash;42
Dutta SC (1973) Medicinal plants. National Council for Education Research and Training, New Delhi
Elango G, Rahuman AA (2010) Evaluation of medicinal plant extracts against ticks and fluke. Parasitol Res. doi:10.1007/s00436-010-2090-9
Elango G, Bagavan A, Kamaraj C, Zahir AA, Rahuman AA (2009a) Oviposition-deterrent, ovicidal, and repellent activities of indigenous plant extracts against Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 105(6):1567It1;ndash;1576
Elango G, Rahuman AA, Bagavan A, Kamaraj C, Zahir AA, Venkatesan C (2009b) Laboratory study on larvicidal activity of indigenous plant extracts against Anopheles subpictus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus. Parasitol Res 104(6):1381It1;ndash;1388
el-Naggar ME, Abdel-Sattar MM, Mosallam SS (1989) Toxicity of colocynithin and hydrated colocynithin from alcoholic extract of Citrullus colocynthis pulp. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 19(1):179It1;ndash;185
Fagbenro-Beyioku AF, Oyibo WA, Anuforom BC (1998) Disinfectant/ antiparasitic activities of Jatropha curcas. East Afr Med J 75:508It1;ndash;511
Faizi S, Naz A (2004) Palmitoleate (9Z-Hexadeca-9-enoate) esters of oleanane triterpenoids from the golden flowers of Tagetes erecta: isolation and autoxidation products. Helv Chim Acta 87:46It1;ndash;56
Farnsworth NR, Soejarto DD (1991) Global importance of medicinal plants. In: Akerele O, Heywood V, Synge H (eds) The conservation of medicinal plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 25It1;ndash;51
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) (1996) Forests, food and health. http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/28813/em. Accessed Oct 10 2005
Ganapathy S, Dash GK (2002) Diuretic and laxative activity of Cocculus hirsuts. Fitotherapia 73(1):28It1;ndash;31
Gangadevi V, Yogeswari S, Kamalraj S, Rani G, Muthumary J (2008) The antibacterial activity of Acalypha indica L. Indian J Sci Technol 1(6):1It1;ndash;5
GarcÃa D, Escalante M, Delgado R, Ubeira FM, Leiro J (2003) Anthelminthic and antiallergic activities of Mangifera indica L. stem bark components Vimang and mangiferin. Phytother Res 17(10):1203It1;ndash;8
Garrido G, González D, Delporte C (2001) Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang). Phytother Res 15:18It1;ndash;21
Gazi MI (1991) The finding of antiplaque features in Acacia Arabica type of chewing gum. J Clin Periodontol 18(1):75It1;ndash;77
Geethangili M, Rao YK, Fang SH, Tzeng YM (2008) Cytotoxic constituents from Andrographis paniculata induces cell cycle arrest in jurkat cells. Phytother Res 22:1336It1;ndash;1341
Georges K, Jayaprakasam B, Dalavoy SS, Nair MG (2008) Pestmanaging activities of plant extracts and anthraquinones from Cassia nigricans from Burkina Faso. Bioresour Technol 99(6):2037It1;ndash;2045
Ghani A (1998) Medicinal plants of Bangladesh. Chemical constituents and uses, 2nd edn. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, pp 301It1;ndash;302
Ghani A (1998b) Medicinal plants of Bangladesh: chemical constituents and uses. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Ghosal S, Jaiswal DK, Biswas K (1978) New glycoxanthones and flavanone glycosides of Hoppea dichotoma. Phytochemistry 17:2119It1;ndash;2123
Gibbons RV, Vaughn DW (2002) Dengue: an escalating problem. BMJ 324:1563It1;ndash;1566
Goonasekara MM, Gunawardhana VK, Jayaseana K, Mohammed SG, Balasubramaniam S (1995) Pregnancy terminating effect of Jatropha curcas in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 47:117It1;ndash;123
Gotoh A, Sakaeda T, Kimura T, Shirakawa T, Wada Y, Wada A, Kimachi T, Takemoto Y, Iida A, Iwakawa S, Hirai M, Tomita H, Okamura N, Nakamura T, Okumura K (2004) Antiproliferative activity of Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz extracts and the active moiety, rhinacanthin C. Biol Pharm Bull 27:1070It1;ndash;1074
Goudgaon NM, Basavaraj NR, Vijayalaxmi A (2003) Antiinflammatory activity of different fractions of Leucas aspera Spreng. Indian J Pharmacol 35:397It1;ndash;398
Govindarajan VS (1982a) Ginger It1;ndash; chemistry, technology, and quality evaluation: part 1. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 17:1It1;ndash;96
Govindarajan VS (1982b) Ginger It1;ndash; chemistry, technology, and quality evaluation: part 2. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 17:189It1;ndash;258
Grainge M, Ahmed S, Mitchell WC, Hylin JW (1984) Plant species reportedly possessing pest-control properties: a database. Resource Systems Institute, East-West Center, Honolulu, HI, USA, p 240
Grant KL, Lutz RB (2000) Ginger. Am J Health Syst Pharm 57:945It1;ndash;947
Guha S, Ghosal S, Chattopadhyay U (1996) Antitumor, immunomodulatory and anti-HIV effect of mangiferin, a naturally glucosylxanthone. Chemotherapy 42:443It1;ndash;451
Guha-Sapir D, Schimmer B (2005) Dengue fever: new paradigms for a changing epidemiology. Emerg Themes Epidemiol 2(1):1
Habs M, Jahn SAA, Schmaehl D (1984) Carcinogenic activity of condensate from colquint seeds (Citrullus colcynthis) after chronic eipcutaneous administration to mice. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 108(1):154It1;ndash;156
Hales S, Wet ND, Maindonald J, Woodward A (2002) Potential effect of population and climate changes on global distribution of dengue fever: an empirical model. Lancet 360:830It1;ndash;834
Hansson A, Veliz G, Naquira C, Amren M, Arroyo M, Arevalo G (1986) Preclinical and clinical studies with latex from Ficus glabrata HBK, a traditional intestinal antihelminthic in the Amazonian area. J Ethnopharmacol 2:105It1;ndash;138
Hartwell JL (1969) Plants used against cancer, a survey. Lloydia 32:153It1;ndash;205
Heller J (1996) Promoting the conservation and use of under utilized and neglected crops. 1. Physic nut: Jatropha curcas L. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome
Horsten SFAJ, Van den Berg AJJ, Kettenes-van den Bosch JJ, Leeflang BR, Labadie RP (1996) Cyclogossine A: a novel cyclic heptapeptide isolated from the latex of Jatropha gossypifolia. Planta Med 62:46It1;ndash;50
Hsu JH, Liou SS, Yu BC, Cheng JT, Wu YC (2004) Activation of _1Aadrenoceptor by andrographolide to increase glucose uptake in cultured myoblast C2C12 cells. Planta Med 70:1230It1;ndash;1233
Husain A, Virmani OP, Popli SP, Misra LN, Gupta MM, Srivastava GN, Abraham Z, Singh AK (1992) Dictionary of Indian medicinal plants. CIMAP, Lucknow, p 546
Igbinosa OO, Igbinosa EO, Aiyegoro OA (2009) Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of stem bark extracts from Jatropha curcas (Linn). Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 3(2):058It1;ndash;062
Iqbal Z, Lateef M, Jabbar A, Ghayur MN, Gilani AH (2006) In vitro and In vivo anthelmintic activity of Nicotiana tabacum L. leaves against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. Phytother Res 20:46It1;ndash;48
Irvine FR (1961) Woody plants of Ghana (with special reference to their uses), 2nd edn. OUP, London, pp 233It1;ndash;237
Ivan A (1998) Chemical constituents, traditional and modern uses. In: Medicine plants of the world. Ross Humana, Totowa, NJ, pp 375It1;ndash;395
Iwu MM (1993) Handbook of African medicinal plants. CRC, Boca Raton, FL, pp 24It1;ndash;33
Jagannadha Rao KV, Ramachandra RL (1961) Chemical examination of Cocculus hirsutus (Linn) Diels. J Sci Ind Res 20(B):125It1;ndash;126
Jayashree G, Kurup M, Sudarslal S, Jacob VB (2003) Anti-oxidant activity of Centella asiatica on lymphoma-bearing mice. Fitoterapia 74:431It1;ndash;434
Johri RK, Pahwa GS, Sharma SC, Zutshi U (1991) Determination of estrogenic/antiestrogenic potential of antifertility substances using rat uterine peroxidase assay. Contraception 44(5):549It1;ndash;557
Joshi SG (2000) Cesalpinaceae It1;ndash; Cassia auriculata. Text book of medicinal plants. India Book House, Bangalore
Joshi SC, Pant SC (2010) Effect of H2SO4 on seed germination and viability of Canna indica L, medicinal plant. J Am Sci 6:6
Kager PA (2002) Malaria control: constraints and opportunities. Trop Med Int Health 7:1042It1;ndash;1046
Kamaraj C, Rahuman AA, Bagavan A (2008) Antifeedant and larvicidal effects of plant extracts against Spodoptera litura (F.), Aedes aegypti L. and Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Parasitol Res 103(2):325It1;ndash;331
Kamaraj C, Bagavan A, Rahuman AA, Zahir AA, Elango G, Pandiyan G (2009) Larvicidal potential of medicinal plant extracts against Anopheles subpictus Grassi and Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 104(5):1163It1;ndash;1171
Kamaraj C, Rahuman AA, Bagavan A, Elango G, Rajakumar G, Zahir AA, Marimuthu S, Santhoshkumar T, Jayaseelan C (2010) Evaluation of medicinal plant extracts against blood-sucking parasites. Parasitol Res 106:1403It1;ndash;1412
Kambu K, Tona L, Luki N, Cimaga K, Makuba W (1989) Evaluation de lIt1;rsquo;activité antimicrobienne de quelques préparations traditionnelles antidiarrhéiques utilisées dans la ville de Kinshasa-Zaïre. Bull de Méde Tradi Pharmacop 3(1):15It1;ndash;24
Kannathasan K, Senthilkumar A, Chandrasekaran M, Venkatesalu V (2007) Differential larvicidal efficacy of four species of Vitex against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. Parasitol Res 101(6):1721It1;ndash;1723
Karunamoorthi K, Ramanujam S, Rathinasamy R (2008) Evaluation of leaf extracts of Vitex negundo L. (Family: Verbenaceae) against larvae of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and repellent activity on adult vector mosquitoes. Parasitol Res 103:545It1;ndash;550
Kerharo J, Adam JG (1974) Pharmacopée sénégalaise traditionnelle. Plantes médicinales et toxiques. Edition Vigot It1;ndash; Frères, Paris
Khan N, Sultana S (2005) Chemomodulatory effect of Ficus racemosa extract against chemically induced renal carcinogenesis and oxidative damage response in Wistar rats. Life Sci 29:1194It1;ndash;1210
Khumrungsee N, Bullangpoti V, Pluempanupat W (2009) Efficiency of Jatropha gossypifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae) against Spodoptera exigua HIübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): toxicity and its detoxifying enzyme activities. KKU Sci J (Suppl) 37:50It1;ndash;55
Kiemer AK, Hartung T, Huber C, Vollmar AM (2003) Phyllanthus amarus has anti-inflammatory potential by inhibition of iNOS, COX-2, and cytokines via the NF-kB pathway. J Hepatol 38:289It1;ndash;297
Kirtikar KR, Basu BD (1975) Indian medicinal plants, vol 3, 2nd edn. International Book Distributors, Dehra Dun, pp 2327It1;ndash;2328
Kirtikar KR, Basu BD (1987) Indian medicinal plants. Lalit mohan Basu, Allahabad, India, pp 1385It1;ndash;1386
Kirtikar KR, Basu BA (1991) Indian medicinal plants, vol 3. Periodical Experts Book Agency, New Delhi, pp 2274It1;ndash;2277
Kirtikar KR, Basu BD (1993) Indian medicinal plants, 2nd edn. Periodical Experts Books Agency, New Delhi, pp 499It1;ndash;505
Kirtikar KR, Basu BD (1996) Indian medicinal plants, vol 3. International Book Distributors, Allahabad, 2247
Kleinschmidt HE, Johnson RW (1977) Weeds of Queensland. It1;ndash; 147 s. (zitiert nach pier.)
Komalamisra N, Trongtokit Y, Rongsriyam Y, Apiwathnasorn C (2005) Screening for larvicidal activity in some thai plants against four mosquito vector species. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 36:1412It1;ndash;1422
Kondrachine AV (1992) Malaria in WHO Southeast Asia region. Indian J Mal Res 29:129It1;ndash;160
Kossou DK, Gbèhounou G, Ahanchédé A, Ahohuendo B, Bouraïma Y, Huis AV (2001) Indigenous cowpea production and protection practices in Benin. Insect Sci Appl 21(2):123It1;ndash;132
Kuhn H (1965) Tobacco alkaloids and their pyrolysis products in the smoke. In: von-Euler US (ed) Tobacco alkaloids and related compounds. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 37It1;ndash;49
Kumaran A, Karunakaran RJ (2006) Antioxidant activity of Cassia auriculata flowers. Fitoterapia 78(1):46It1;ndash;47
Kumaria R (2010) Correlation of disease spectrum among four Dengue serotypes: a five years hospital based study from India. Braz J Infect Dis 14(2):141It1;ndash;146
Kundu JK, Na HK, Surh YJ (2009) Ginger-derived phenolic substances with cancer preventive and therapeutic potential. Forum Nutr 61:182It1;ndash;189
Kuppusamy C, Murugan K (2006) Mosquitocidal effect of ethanolic extracts of Andrographis paniculata Nees on filarial vector Culex quinqufasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). In: International conference on diversity of insects: challenging issues in management and conservation, Tamil Nadu, India, 30 JanIt1;ndash;3 Feb 2006, pp 194
Latha M, Pari L (2003) Preventive effects of Cassia auriculata L. flowers on brain lipid peroxidation in rats treated with streptozotocin. Mol Cell Biochem 243(1It1;ndash;2):23It1;ndash;28
Lee MJ, Rao YK, Chen K, Lee YC, Chung YS, Tzeng YM (2010) Andrographolide and 14-deoxy-11, 12-didehydroandrographolide from Andrographis paniculata attenuate high glucose-induced fibrosis and apoptosis in murine renal mesangeal cell lines. J Ethnopharmacol 132:497It1;ndash;505
Levetin E, McMahon TK (2003) Plants and society, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, Dubuque, Iowa
Li H, Miyahara T, Tezuka Y (1998) The effect of Kampo formulae on bone resorption in vitro and in vivo. I.Active constituents of Tsu-kan-gan. Biol Pharm Bull 21:1322It1;ndash;1326
Li RW, Leach DN, Myers SP, Lin GD, Leach GJ, Waterman PG (2004) A new anti-inflammatory glucoside from Ficus racemosa L. Planta Med 70:421It1;ndash;426
Liu SY, Sporer F, Wink M, Jourdane J, Henning R, Li YL, Ruppel A (1997) Anthraquinones in Rheum palmatum and Rumex dentatus (Polygonaceae), and phorbol esters in Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae) with molluscicidal activity against the schistosome vector snails Oncomelania, Biomphalaria, and Bulinus. TM IH Trop Med Int Health 2:179It1;ndash;188
Lu Y, Luo J, Huang X, Kong L (2009) Four new steroidal glycosides from Solanum torvum and their cytotoxic activities. Steroids 74:95It1;ndash;101
Maasilamani G, Shokat A (1981) J Res Ayurveda Siddha 2:109
Mahato RB, Chaudhary RP (2005) Ethnomedicinal study and antibacterial activities of selected plants of Palpa District, Nepal. Sci World 3:26It1;ndash;31
Maity P, Hansda D, Bandyopadhyay U, Mishra DK (2009) Biological activities of crude extracts and chemical constituents of Bael, Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Indian J Exp Biol 47(11):849It1;ndash;861
Manandhar NP (1972) Fodder trees. The Rising Nepal 7:1It1;ndash;2
Mandal SC, Tapan K, Maity J, Das M, Pal M, Saha BP (1999) Hepatoprotective activity of Ficus racemosa leaf extract on liver damage caused by carbon tetrachloride in rats. Phytother Res 13:430It1;ndash;432
Mandal SC, Saha BP, Pal M (2000) Studies on bacterial activity of Ficus racemosa leaf extract. Phytother Res 14:278It1;ndash;280
Manjunath MBL (1969) The wealth of India. PID CSIR, New Delhi, pp 109It1;ndash;110
Mansingh A, Williams LAD (1998) Pesticidal potential of tropical plants It1;ndash; II. Acaricidal activity of crude extracts of several Jamaican plants. Insect Sci Appl 18:149It1;ndash;155
Mansour F, Azaizeh H, Saad B, Tadmor Y, Abo-Moch F, Said O (2004) The potential of middle eastern flora as a source of new safe bio-acaricides to control Tetranychus cinnabarinus, the carmine spider mite. Phytoparasitica 32(1):66It1;ndash;72
MartÃnez G, Delgado R, Pérez G (2000) Evaluations of the in vitro antioxidant activity of Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang). Phytother Res 14:424It1;ndash;427
Matławska I, Sikorska M (2002) Flavonoid compounds in the flowers of Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet (Malvaceae). Acta Pol Pharm 59(3):227It1;ndash;229
Matsuse TI, Lim YA, Hattori M, Correa M, Gupta MP (1999) A search for anti-viral properties in Panamanian medicinal plants It1;ndash; the effect on HIV and essential enzymes. J Ethnopharmacol 64:15It1;ndash;22
Meshram PB, Kulkarni N, Joshi KC (1996) Antifeedant activity of Azadirachta indica and Jatropha curcas against Papilio demoleus L. J Environ Biol 17:295It1;ndash;298
Michael E, Bundy DAP, Grenfel BT (1996) Re-assessing the global prevalence and distribution of lymphatic filariasis. Parasitology 122:409
Mishra V, Khan NU, Singhal KC (2005) Potential antifilarial activity of fruit extracts of Ficus racemosa Linn. against Setaria cervi in vitro. Indian J Exp Biol 43:346It1;ndash;350
Mishra SK, Sangwan NS, Sangwan RS (2007) Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh): a review. Pharmacogn Rev 1:283It1;ndash;298
Mishra K, Dash AP, Swain BK, Dey N (2009) Anti-malarial activities of Andrographis paniculata and Hedyotis corymbosa extracts and their combination with curcumin. Malar J 12:8It1;ndash;26
Morsy TA, Rahem MA, Allam KA (2001) Control of Musca domestica third instar larvae by the latex of Calotropis procera (Family: Asclepiadaceae). J Egypt Soc Parasitol 31(1):107It1;ndash;110
Moursy LE (1997) Insecticidal activity of Calotropis procera extracts on the flesh fly, Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis Fallen. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 2:505It1;ndash;514
MIüller G, Schlein Y (2006) Sugar questing mosquitoes in arid areas gather on scarce blossoms that can be used for control. Int J Parasitol 36(10It1;ndash;11):1077It1;ndash;1080
Murray JA (1989) Plants and drugs of Sind. Indus, Karachi, pp 154It1;ndash;155
Murugan K, Jeyabalan D (1999) Mosquitocidal effect of certain plants extracts on Anophels stephensi. Curr Sci 76:631It1;ndash;633
Mushobozy DMK, Nganilevanu G, Ruheza S, Swella GB (2009) Plant oils as common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seed protectants against infestations by the Mexican bean weevil Zabrotes subfascistus (Boh.). J Plant Prot Res 49(1):35It1;ndash;39
Muthukrishnan J, Pushpalatha E, Kasthuribai A (1997) Biological effects of four plant extracts on Culex quinquefasciatus Say larval stages. Insect Sci Appl 17:389It1;ndash;394
Nadkarni KM (1976) Indian materia medica. Popular Prakashan, Bombay, pp 850It1;ndash;885
Nadkarni AC (1982) Indian material medica, vol 1, 3rd edn. Popular prakashan, Bombay
Nadkarni KM, Nadkarni AK, Chopra RN (1976) Indian materia medica, vol 1. Popular Prakashan, Bombay, pp 548It1;ndash;550
Navot N, Zamir D (1986) Linkage relationships of 19 protein-coding genes in atermelons. Theor Appl Genet 72(2):274It1;ndash;278
Nayak SK, Singhai AK (1993) Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of roots of Cocculus hirsutus. Indian J Nat Prod 9:12It1;ndash;14
Ndebia EJ, Kamga R, Nchunga-Anye Nkeh B (2007) Analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of aqueous extract from leaves of Solanum torvum (Solanaceae). Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 4:240It1;ndash;244
Nikkon F, Saud ZA, Rahman MM, Haque ME (2002) Biological activity of the extracts of the flower of Tagetes erecta Linn. J Biosci 10:117It1;ndash;119
Nirmal SA, Shelke SM, Gagare PB, Jadhav PR, Dethe PM (2007) Antinociceptive and anthelmintic activity of Canna indica. Nat Prod Res 21(12):1042It1;ndash;1047
Obayed Ullah M, Sultana S, Haque A, Tasmin S (2009) Antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activity of Centella asiatica. Eur J Sci Res 30:260It1;ndash;264
Oliver-Bever B (1986) Medicinal plants in tropical West Africa. Cambridge University Press, London
Oluwafemi F, Debiri F (2008) Antimicrobial effect of Phyllanthus amarus and Parquetina nigrescens on Salmonella typhi. Afr J Biomed Res 11:215It1;ndash;219
Omoregbe RE, Ikuebe OM, Ihimire IG (1996) Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants extracts on Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi and Shigella dysenteriae. Afr J Med Med Sci 25:373It1;ndash;375
Pialoux G, GaIüzère M, Jauréguiberry S, Strobel M (2007) Chikungunya, an epidemic arbovirus. Lancet Infect Dis 7:319It1;ndash;327
Porchezhian E, Ansari SH (2005) Hepatoprotective activity of Abutilon indicum on experimental liver damage in rats. Phytomedicine 12:62It1;ndash;64
Pousset JL (1989) Plantes médicinales africaines. Utilisation pratique. ACCT, Paris
Prajapati V, Tripathi AK, Aggarwal KK, Khanuja SP (2005) Insecticidal, repellent and oviposition-deterrent activity of selected essential oils against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Bioresour Technol 96:1749It1;ndash;1757
Prakash A, Rao J (1997) Botanical pestcides in agriculture. CRC, Boca Raton, FL
Prasanna R, Harish CC, Pichai R, Sakthisekaran D, Gunasekaran P (2008) Cassia auriculata leaf extract (CALE) was evaluated in human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 and human larynx carcinoma Hep-2 cell lines. Cell Biol Int 33(2):127It1;ndash;134
Promsiri S, Naksathit A, Kruatrachue M, Tharava U (2006) Evaluations of larvicidal activity of medicinal plant extracts to Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) and other effects on a non target fish. Insect Sci 13:179It1;ndash;188
Pushpalatha E, Muthukrishnan J (1995) Larvicidal activity of a few plant extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles stephensi. Indian J Malariol 32(1):14It1;ndash;23
Pushpalatha E, Muthukrishnan J (1999) Efficacy of two tropical plant extracts for the control of mosquitoes. J Appl Entomol 123:369It1;ndash;373
Puttarak P, Charoonratana T, Panichayupakarananta P (2010) Antimicrobial activity and stability of rhinacanthins-rich Rhinacanthus nasutus extract. Phytomedicine 17:323It1;ndash;327
Raghavendra K, Subbarao SK (2002) Case studies on insecticide resistance and its anagement. In: Frederick G (ed) Proceedings of Mekong Malaria Forum, RMCP-EC, pp 17It1;ndash;21
Rahman A, Talukder FA (2006) Bioefficacy of some plant derivatives that protect grain against the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatusi. J Insect Sci 6(3):1It1;ndash;10
Rahman M, Ismail HM, Yin LT (1990) Jatropholone a and Jatrophatrione two diterpenes from Jatropha-Gossypifolia. Pertanika 13:405It1;ndash;408
Rahman MA, Taleb MA, Biswas MM (2003) Evaluation of botanical product as grain protectant against grain weevil, Sitophilus granarious (L.) on wheat. Asian J Plant Sci 2(6):501It1;ndash;504
Rahuman AA, Venkatesan P (2008) Larvicidal efficacy of five cucurbitaceous plant leaf extracts against mosquito species. Parasitol Res 103:133It1;ndash;139
Rahuman AA, Gopalakrishnan G, Venkatesan P, Geetha K (2008a) Isolation and identification of mosquito larvicidal compound from Abutilon indicum (Linn.) Sweet. Parasitol Res 102(5):981It1;ndash;988
Rahuman AA, Venkatesan P, Gopalakrishnan G (2008b) Mosquito larvicidal activity of oleic and linoleic acids isolated from Citrullus colocynthis Linn. Schrad. Parasitol Res 1036:1383It1;ndash;1390
Rahuman AA, Venkatesan P, Geetha K, Gopalakrishnan G, Bagavan A, Kamaraj C (2008c) Mosquito larvicidal activity of gluanol acetate, a tetracyclic triterpenes derived from Ficus racemosa Linn. Parasitol Res 103(2):333It1;ndash;339
Rahuman AA, Gopalakrishnan G, Venkatesan P, Geetha K (2008d) Larvicidal activity of some Euphorbiaceae plant extracts against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 102(5):867It1;ndash;873
Rahuman AA, Gopalakrishnan G, Venkatesan P, Geetha K, Bagavan A (2008e) Mosquito larvicidal activity of isolated compounds from the rhizome of Zingiber officinale. Phytother Res 22(8):1035It1;ndash;1039
Rahuman AA, Bagavan A, Kamaraj C, Vadivelu M, Zahir AA, Elango G, Pandiyan G (2009a) Evaluation of indigenous plant extracts against larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 104(3):637It1;ndash;643
Rahuman AA, Bagavan A, Kamaraj C, Saravanan E, Zahir AA, Elango G (2009b) Efficacy of larvicidal botanical extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 104(6):1365It1;ndash;1372
Rajakumar N, Shivanna MB (2009) Ethno-medicinal application of plants in the eastern region of Shimoga district, Karnataka, India. J Ethnopharmacol 126(1):64It1;ndash;73
Rajeshkumar NV, Joy KL, Kuttan G, Ramsewak RS, NairMG KR (2002) Antitumour and anticarcinogenic activity of Phyllanthus amarus extract. J Ethnopharmacol 81:17It1;ndash;22
Rajkumar S, Jebanesan A (2005) Larvicidal and adult emergence inhibition effect of Centella asiatica Brahmi (Umbelliferae) against mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Afr J Biomed Res 8:31It1;ndash;33
Ramos MV, Bandeira GP, de Freitas CDT, Nogueira NAP, Alencar NMN, de Sousa PAS, Carvalho AFU (2006) Latex constituents from Calotropis procera (R. Br.) displaytoxicity upon egg hatching and larvae of Aedes aegypti (Linn). Mem Instit Oswaldo Cruz 101(5): 503It1;ndash;510
Rao BR, Murugesan T, Sinha S, Saha BP, Pal M, Mandal SC (2002) Glucose lowering efficacy of Ficus racemosa bark extract in normal and alloxan diabetic rats. Phytother Res 16:590It1;ndash;592
Rao BR, Murugesan T, Pal M, Saha BP, Mandal SC (2003) Antitussive potential of methanol extract of stem bark of Ficus racemosa Linn. PhytotherRes 17:1117It1;ndash;1118
Rao YK, Vimalamma G, Rao CV, Tzeng YM (2004) Flavonoids and andrographolides from Andrographis paniculata. Phytochemistry 65:2317It1;ndash;2321
Rastogi RP, Mehrota BN (1993) Compendium of Indian medicial plants, vols 2 and 3. Central Drug Research Institute and Publication and Information Directorate, Lucknow and New Delhi, pp 2, 174, 185, 295, 320
Rastogi RP, Mehrotra BN (1995) Compendium of Indian medicinal plants, vols 1 and 4. Central Drug Research Institute and Publication and Information Directorate, , Lucknow and NewDelhi, pp 2, 188, 321
Ratnasooriya WD, Jayakody JR, Nadarajah T (2003) Antidiuretic activity of aqueous bark extract of Sri Lankan Ficus racemosa in rats. Acta Biol Hung 54:357It1;ndash;363
Reyes BA, Bautista ND, Tanquilut NC, Anunciado RV, Leung AB, Sanchez GC, Magtoto RL, Castronuevo P, Tsukamura H, Maeda KI (2006) Anti-diabetic potentials of Momordica charantia and Andrographis paniculata and their effects on estrous cyclicity of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 105:196It1;ndash;200
Rongsriyam Y, Trongtokit Y, Komalamisra N, Sinchaipanich N, Apiwathnasorn C, Mitrejet A (2006) Formulation of tablets from the crude extract of Rhinacanthus nasutus (Thai local plant) against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus larvae: a preliminary study. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 37(2):265It1;ndash;271
Rug M, Ruppel A (2000) Toxic activities of the plant Jatropha curcas against intermediate snail hosts and larvae of schistosomes. Trop Med Inter Health 5:423It1;ndash;430
Sabesan S, Planiyandi M, Das PK (2000) Mapping lymphatic filariasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 94:591
Sadhu SK, Okuyama E, Fujimoto H, Ishibashi M (2003) Separation of Leucas aspera, a medicinal plant of Bangladesh, guided by prostaglandin inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Chem Pharm Bull 51(5):595It1;ndash;598
Sahayaraj K (1998) Antifeedant effect of some plant extracts on the Asian armyworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius). Curr Sci 74:523It1;ndash;525
Sánchez GM, Delgado R, Pérez G (2000) Evaluation of the in vitro antioxidant activity of Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang). Phytother Res 14:424It1;ndash;427
Sane RT, Kuber VV, Chalissery MS, Menon S (1995) Hepatoprotection by Phyllanthus amarus and Phyllanthus debili in Ccl4 induced liver dysfunction. Curr Sci 68(12):1243It1;ndash;1246
Seenivasan SP, Jayakumar M, Raja N, Ignacimuthu S (2004) Effect of bitter apple, Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad seed extracts against pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus Fab. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Entomon 29(1):81It1;ndash;84
Shaalan EAS, Canyon D, Younes MWF, Abdel-Wahab H, Mansour AH (2005) A review of botanical phytochemicals with mosquitocidal potential. Environ Int 31:1149It1;ndash;1166
Shahi M, Hanafi-Bojdb AA, Iranshahi M, Vatandoost H, Hanafi-Bojdd MY (2010) Larvicidal efficacy of latex and extract of Calotropis procera (Gentianales: Asclepiadaceae) against Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). J Vector Borne Dis 47:185It1;ndash;188
Sharma N, Trivedi PC (2002) Screening of leaf extracts of some plants for their nematicidal and fungicidal properties against Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum. Asian J Exp Sci 16:21It1;ndash;28
Sharma A, Singh RT, Handa SS (1993) Estimation of phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin by high performance liquid chromatography in Phyllanthus amarus. Phytochem Anal 4:226It1;ndash;229
Shelly TE, McInnis DO (2001) Exposure to ginger root oil enhances mating success of irradiated, mass-reared males of Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). J Econ Entomol 94:1413It1;ndash;1418
Shelly TE, Rendon P, Hernandez E, Salgado S, McInnis D, Villalobos E, Liedo P (2003) Effects of diet, ginger root oil, and elevation on the mating competitiveness of male Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) from a mass-reared, genetic sexing strain in Guatemala. J Econ Entomol 96:1132It1;ndash;1141
Silva TM, Batista MM, Camara CA, Agra MF (2005) Molluscicidal activity of some Brazilian Solanum spp. (Solanaceae) against Biomphalaria glabrata. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 99:419It1;ndash;425
Singh RN, Saratchandra B (2005) The development of botanical products with special reference to seri-ecosystem. Caspian J Environ Sci 3(1):1It1;ndash;8
Singhi M, Joshi V, Sharma RC, Sharma K (2004) Ovipositioning behaviour of Aedes aegypti in different concentrations of latex of Calotropis procera: studies on refractory behaviour and its sustenance across gonotrophic cycles. Dengue Bull 28:184It1;ndash;188
Siripong P (2006) Induction of apoptosis in tumor cells by three naphthoquinone esters isolated from Thai medicinal plant: Rhinacanthus nasutus Kurz. Biol Pharm Bull 29(10):2070It1;ndash;2076
Siripong P, Kanokmedakul K, Piyaviriyagul S, Yahuafai J, Ruchirawat S, Ruchirawat S, Oku N (2006) Antiproliferative naphthoquinone esters from Rhinacanthus nasutus Kurz. roots on various cancer cells. J Trad Med 23:166It1;ndash;172
Sivapriya M, Srinivas L (2007) Isolation and purification of a novel antioxidant protein from thewater extract of Sundakai (Solanum torvum) seeds. Food Chem 104:510It1;ndash;517
Srivastava J, Vankar PS (2010) Canna indica flower: new source of anthocyanins. Plant Physiol Biochem 48:1015It1;ndash;1019
Subramanian SS, Nagarajan S, Sulochana N (1971) Flavonoids of the Leaves of Jatropha Gossypifolia-D (Oxford). Phytochemistry 10:2548It1;ndash;2549
Surana SJ, Gokhale SB, Jadhav RB, Sawant RL, Wadekar JB (2008) Antihyperglycemic activity of various fractions of Cassia auriculata Linn. in alloxan diabetic rats. Indian J Pharm Sci 70(2):227It1;ndash;229
Suresh Reddy J, Rajeswara Rao P, Reddy MS (2002) Wound healing effects of Heliotropium indicum, Plumbago zeylanicum and Acalypha indica in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 79:249It1;ndash;251
Taylor WG, Fields PG, Elder JL (2004a) Insecticidal components from field pea extracts: isolation and separation of peptide mixtures related to pea albumin 1b. J Agric Food Chem 52(25):7491It1;ndash;7498
Taylor WG, Fields PG, Sutherland DH (2004b) Insecticidal components from field pea extracts: soyasaponins and lysolecithins. J Agric Food Chem 52(25):7484It1;ndash;7490
Thyagarajan SP, Subramanian S, Thirunalasundari T, Venkateswaran PS, Blumberg BS (1988) Effect of Phyllanthus amarus on chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus. Lancet 2:764It1;ndash;766
Tinzaara W, Tushemereirwe W, Nankinga CK, Gold CS, Kashaija I (2006) The potential of using botanical insecticides for the control of the banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Afr J Biotechnol 5(20):1994It1;ndash;1998
Tona L, Kambu K, Ngimbi N (2000) Antiamoebic and spasmolytic activities of extracts from some antidiarrhoeal traditional preparations used in Kinshasa, Congo. Phytomedicina 7:31It1;ndash;38
Unander DW, Venkateswaran PS, Millman I, Bryan HH, Blumberg BS (1990) Phyllanthus species: sources of new antiviral compounds. In: Janick J, Simon JE (eds) Advances in new crops. Timber, Portland, USA, pp 518It1;ndash;521
Unander DW, Webster GL, Blumberg BS (1991) Uses and bioassays in Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae): a compilation II. The subgenus Phyllanthus. J Ethnopharmacol 34:97It1;ndash;133
Upasani SM, Kotkar HM, Mendki PS, Maheshwari VL (2003) Partial characterization and insecticidal properties of Ricinus communis L. foliage flavonoids. Pest Manage Sci 59:1349It1;ndash;1354
Van Quaquebeke E, Simon G, André A, Dewelle J, El Yazidi M, Bruyneel F, Tuti J, Nacoulma O, Guissou P, Decaestecker C, Braekman JC, Kiss R, Darro F (2005) Identification of a novel cardenolide (2It1;Prime;-oxovoruscharin) from Calotropis procera and the hemisynthesis of novel derivatives displaying potent in vitro antitumor activities and high in vivo tolerance: structure-activity relationship analyses. J Med Chem 48(3):849It1;ndash;856
Vedavathi S, Mrudula V, Sudhakar A (1997) Tribal medicine of Chittoor district, AndhraPradesh, India, vols. 48It1;ndash;49. Herbal Folklore Research Center, Tirupati
Vihari V (1995) Ethnobotany of cosmetics of Indo-Nepal border. Ethnobotany 7:89It1;ndash;94
Vineetha A, Murugan K (2009) Larvicidal and smoke repellency effect of Toddalia asiatica and Aegle marmelos against the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae). Entomol Res 39:61It1;ndash;65
Viquaruddin A, Iqbal S (1992) Cohirsutin, a new iso-quinoline alkaloid from Cocculus hirsutus. Fitoterapia 63:308It1;ndash;310
Viquaruddin A, Iqbal S (1993) Jamtinine, an alkaloid from Cocculus hirsutus. Phytochemistry 33:735It1;ndash;736
Viquaruddin A, Tahir R (1991) Cohirsinine, a new alkaloid from Cocculus hirsutus. Phytochemistry 30:1350It1;ndash;1351
Watt JM, Breyer-Brandwijk MG (1962) The medicinal and poisonous plants of Southern and Eastern Africa, vol 1, 2nd edn. Churchill, London
WBSICP (1997) World Bank stresses importance of coming phytomedicines. Newsl Asian Netw Med Aromatic Plants 23:5It1;ndash;6
WHO (2002) WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002It1;ndash;2005. World Health Organization, Geneva
WHO (2004) First Meeting of the Regional Technical Advisory Group on Malaria, Manesar, Haryana, India. SEA-MAL 239:1It1;ndash;38
Wiart C, Mogana S, Califa S, Mahan M, Ismael S, Bucle M, Narayana AK, Sulaiman M (2004) Antimicrobial screening of plants used for traditional medicine in the state of Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. Fitoterapia 75:68It1;ndash;73
Williams LAD, Mansingh A (1993) Pesticidal potentials of tropical plants It1;ndash; I. Insecticidal activity in leaf extracts of sixty plants. Insect Sci Appl 14:697It1;ndash;700
Wink M (2004) Phytochemical diversity of secondary metabolites. Encyclopedia of plant and crop science. Taylor and Francis, Amsterdam, pp 915It1;ndash;919
Wink M, Koschmieder C, Sauerwein M, Sporer F (1997) Phorbol esters of Jatropha curcas It1;ndash; biological activities and potential applications. In: GIübitz GM, Mittelbach M, Trabi M (eds) Biofuel and industrial products from Jatropha curcas. Dbv- Verlag Univ, Graz
Wu TS, Hsu HC, Wu PL, Teng CM, Wu YC (1998) Rhinacanthin-Q, a naphthoquinone from Rhinacanthus nasutus and its biological activity. Phytochemistry 49:2001It1;ndash;2003
Yadav RL, Lal S, Kaul SM (1999) Malaria epidemic and its control in India. Family Med 3:39It1;ndash;41
Yeh SF, Hong CY, Huang YL, Liu TY, Choo KB, Chou CK (1993) Effect of an extract from Phyllanthus amarus on hepatitis B surface antigen gene expression in human hepatoma cells. Antivir Res 20:185It1;ndash;192
Yoganarasimhan SN (2000) Medicinal plants of India, vol 2. Cyber Media, Bangalore, p 10
Yoosook C, Bunyapraphatsara N, Boonyakiat Y, Kantasuk C (2000) Anti-Herpex simplex virus activities of crude water extracts of Thai medicinal plants. Phytomedicine 6:411It1;ndash;419
Yu BC, Hung CR, Chen WC, Cheng JT (2003) Antihyperglycemic effect of andrographolide in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Planta Med 69:1075It1;ndash;1079
Yuanyuan LU, Jianguang L, Xuefeng H, Lingyi K (2009) Four steroidal glycosides from Solanum torvum and their cytotoxic activities. Steroids 74:95It1;ndash;101
Zahir AA, Rahuman AA, Kamaraj C, Bagavan A, Elango G, Sangaran A, Kumar BS (2009) Laboratory determination of efficacy of indigenous plant extracts for parasites control. Parasitol Res 105:453It1;ndash;461
Zahir AA, Rahuman AA, Bagavan A, Santhoshkumar T, Mohamed RR, Kamaraj C, Rajakumar G, Elango G, Jayaseelan C, Marimuthu S (2010) Evaluation of botanical extracts against Haemaphysalis bispinosa Neumann and Hippobosca maculata Leach. Parasitol Res 107(3):585It1;ndash;592
Zheng MS, Lu ZY (1990) Antiviral effect of mangiferin and isomangiferin on Herpex simplex virus. Chin Med J 103:160It1;ndash;165
Zheng CJ, Qin LP (2007) Chemical components of Centella asiatica and their bioactivities. Chin Integr Med/Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao 5(3):348It1;ndash;351
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rahuman, A.A. (2011). Efficacies of Medicinal Plant Extracts Against Blood-Sucking Parasites. In: Mehlhorn, H. (eds) Nature Helps.... Parasitology Research Monographs, vol 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19382-8_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19382-8_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-19381-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-19382-8
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)