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Entwicklung und Kontrolle des Verhaltens

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Verhaltensbiologie

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Zusammenfassung

Eine der vier grundsätzlichen, von Tinbergen (1963) aufgeworfenen Fragen über das Verhalten betrifft dessen Entwicklung im Laufe der Ontogenese. Untersuchungen der frühen Entwicklung des Verhaltens haben eine lange Geschichte, die bis in die klassische Ethologie zurück reicht. Während der frühen Individualentwicklung beginnen frisch geschlüpfte oder neugeborene Jungtiere durch ihr Verhalten mit ihrer belebten und unbelebten Umwelt zu interagieren. Vom ersten Moment an werden die Fähigkeiten, ihre grundlegenden Körperfunktionen zu stabilisieren, für das energetisch kostspielige Wachstum ausreichend Nahrung zu gewinnen sowie nicht gefressen zu werden, von natürlicher Selektion bewertet. Verhaltensweisen, die diese Fähigkeiten beeinflussen, sollten daher weitestgehend abrufbereit vorliegen, also einer genetischen Kontrolle unterliegen (→ Kapitel 11.1). Andere Verhaltensweisen sind artspezifisch, treten nur bei einem Geschlecht oder nur zu bestimmten Phasen der Individualentwicklung auf, was auf einen genetischen Einfluss hindeutet. Künstliche Selektion durch den Menschen kann ebenfalls Hinweise auf die genetische Kontrolle von Verhaltensweisen liefern. Bei der Entwicklung und Integration eines Organismus spielen Hormone eine wichtige integrative Rolle (→ Kapitel 11.2). Zudem haben Hormone auch eine zentrale Rolle bei der Anpassung an sich verändernde reproduktive, ökologische und soziale Bedingungen. Die Entwicklung eines Individuums sollte also über seine komplette Lebensspanne betrachtet werden und nicht nur auf die frühe Individualentwicklung fokussieren. Mit zunehmendem Alter nimmt auch die individuelle Erfahrung zu, so dass es im Laufe der Individualentwicklung zu Modifikation und Anpassung des Verhaltens durch verschiedene Lernprozesse kommt (→ Kapitel 11.3). Außerdem haben neuere Studien gezeigt, dass durch Umwelteinflüsse erworbene Modifikationen des Erbguts über die gesamte Lebensspanne wirken und sogar an die eigenen Nachkommen weitergegeben werden kann. All diese Prozesse werfen grundlegende Fragen über die Kontrolle des Verhaltens auf, die zunehmend interdisziplinär von Genetikern, Neurobiologen und Verhaltensforschern bearbeitet werden (Robinson 1999).

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  1. Abt. Verhaltensökologie & Soziobiologie, Deutsches Primatenzentrum (DPZ), Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Deutschland

    Peter M. Kappeler

  2. Abt. Soziobiologie/Anthropologie, Universität Göttingen, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Deutschland

    Peter M. Kappeler

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Kappeler, P. (2012). Entwicklung und Kontrolle des Verhaltens. In: Verhaltensbiologie. Springer-Lehrbuch. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20653-5_11

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