Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Trypanosomiases I

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
African Ecology

Part of the book series: Springer Geography ((SPRINGERGEOGR))

  • 1448 Accesses

Abstract

The apparent pathogenicity of the tsetse fly bite to horses in southern Africa as revealed by Vardon, led Westwood (1850) and then Arnaud (1852) to suggest trypanosomiasis was caused by ordinary inoculation of venin by an insect. In 1875 Mégnin argued the swampy shores of lakes and big rivers must be poisoned with endemic anthrax-like infections and septic liquids which attack large herbivores, and these could be transported and inoculated by tsetse and other blood-sucking flies. This was the only explanation as to why some animals were affected and not others.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • ——— and May R. M. (1991) Infectious Disease of Humans Dynamics and Control. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1818) Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire, usually called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816, under the Direction of Captain J. K. Tuckey, R.N. To which is added, the Journal of Professor Smith; some General Observations on the Country and its Inhabitants; and an Appendix: containing the Natural History of that part of the Kingdom of Congo through which the Zaire flows. London, John Murray.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnaud. (1852) Mouche vénimeuse de l’Afrique Méridionale. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Scéances de l’Academie des Sciences. 35, 603.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— Burtt, E. and Fairbairn, H. (1959) The experimental infection of some African wild animals with Trypanosoma rhodesiense, T. brucei and T. congolense. Ann. trop. Med. Parasitol. 53, 147–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, J. R. (1963) Speculations on the evolution of the family Trypanosomatidae Doflein 1901. Exp. Parasitology. 13, 219–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1968) Trypanosomes of wild mammals in the neighbourhood of the Serengeti National Park. In: McDiarmid, A. ed. Diseases in Free-living Wild Animals. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. (24), 147–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1974) Epidemiology of African sleeping sickness. In: Elliott, K., O’Connor, M. and Wolstenholme, G. E. W. eds. Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis with special reference to Chagas’ disease. CIBA Foundation Symposium 20 (new series). Amsterdam, Elsevier. pp29-50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balfour, A. (1906) Second Report of the Wellcome Research Laboratories at the Gordon Memorial College Khartoum. Khartoum, Department of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, J. (1887) La Vie en Afrique ou Trois Ans Dans l’Afrique Centrale. 2 vols. Paris, J. Lebègue & Cie.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertram, B.C.R. (1973) Sleeping sickness in the Serengeti area (Tanzania) 1971, III. Discussion of the relevance of the trypanosome survey to the biology of large mammals in the Serengeti. Acta Tropica, 30, 36-47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bevan, Ll. E. W. (1925) The trypanosomiases of man and animals in Southern Rhodesia. Vet. J. 536–546.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanchard, R. (1890) Traité de zoologie médicale. 2 vols. Paris, J.-B. Ballière et Fils.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyt, W. P., MacKenzie, P. K. I., Pilson, R. D. and Leavis, H. (1972) The importance of the donkey (Equus asinus) as a source of food and a reservoir of trypanosomes for Glossina morsitans Westw. Rhodesia Sci. News. 6 (1), 18–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— Hamerton. A. E. and Bateman, H. R. (1910) A Trypanosome from Zanzibar. Royal Society. Reports of the Sleeping Sickness Commission. (10), 12–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— Hamerton, A. E., Bateman, H. R., Mackie, F. P., and Lady Bruce. (1911) Sleeping Sickness and other Diseases of Man and Animals in Uganda during the years 1908-9-10. Royal Society. Reports of the Sleeping Sickness Commission. (11), 1–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brumpt, E. (1903) Extraits des lettres communiqués par Blanchard à l’académie. Bull. de l’Acad. de méd. 17, 368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnet, M. and White, D. O. (1972) Natural history of infectious disease. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1955) The Natural History of Tsetse Flies. London, H. K. Lewis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castellani, A. (1903) Adult forms and developmental forms of the Trypanosome found in Sleeping Sickness. Royal Society. Reports of the Sleeping Sickness Commission. (2), 9–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colback, H. R. F. (1952) Note au sujet de la carte des trypanosomes animales au Congo belge et au Ruanda-Urundi. Proc. 4th. Meet. int. scient. Comm. Trypanosom. (Laurenço Marques). C. C. T. A. Publ. (52), 26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crone, G. R. ed. (1937) The Voyages of Cadamosto. London, The Hakluyt Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, M. P. (1968) Trypanosomiasis in African wild animals. E. Afr. agric. & for. J. Special Issue. XXXIII, 264–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1943) Traité de protozoologie vétérinaire et comparée. I. Trypanosomes. Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawe, H. and Gluenz, E. (2009) The tale of the trypanosome tail. Biologist. 56, 216–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desowitz, R. (1959) Studies on immunity and host parasite relationships. I. The immunological response of resistant and susceptible breeds of cattle to trypanosomal challenge. Ann. trop. Med. Parasitol. 53, 293–313.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1960) Studies on immunity and host parasite relationships. II. The immune response of antelope to trypanosomal challenge. Ann. trop. Med. Parasitol. 54, 281–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dräger, N. and Mehlitz, D. (1978) Investigations on the prevalence of trypanosome carriers and the antibody response in wildlife in northern Botswana. Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie. 29, 223–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drysdale, J. J. (1879) On the germ theories of infectious diseases. Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool during the Sixty-Eighth Session, 1878–79. XXXIII, 1–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1970) In: Mulligan, H. W. and Potts, W. H. eds. The African Trypanosomiases. London, George Allen And Unwin Ltd. pp xli-lxxxviii.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duke, H. L. (1912) The transmission of Trypanosoma nanum (Laveran). Royal Society. Reports of the Sleeping Sickness Commission. (12), 111–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1921) On the zoological status of the polymorphic mammalian trypanosomes of Africa and their relation to man. Parasitology. 13, 352–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ——— and Todd, J. L. (1903) First Report of the Trypanosomiasis Expedition to Senegambia (1902) of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Medical Parasitology. London, The University Press of Liverpool, Longmans, Green & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dwinger, R. H., Grootenhuis, J. G., Murray, M., Moloo, S. K. and Gettinby, G. (1986) Susceptibility of buffaloes, cattle and goats to infection with different stocks of Trypanosoma vivax transmitted by Glossina morsitans centralis. Research in Veterinary Science. 41, 307–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiennes, R. N. T.-W. (1953) The cattle trypanosomiases - experiments on the maintenance of cattle in tsetse-infested country by means of drug prophylaxis. Brit. Vet. J. 109, 473.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1970) The geographical distribution of Glossina. In: Mulligan, H. W. (ed.) The African Trypanosomiases. London, George Allen and Unwin, pp 274–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1971) The Role of the Trypanosomiases in African Ecology. Oxford, The Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1980) Early ideas about sleeping sickness and their influence on research and control. In: Health in Tropical Africa during the Colonial Period. eds. E. E. Sabben-Clare, D.J. Bradley and K. Kirkwood. Oxford, The Clarendon Press. pp30-36.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— and Leggate, B. M. (1961) The geographical and climatic distribution of trypanosome infection rates in G. morsitans group of tsetse flies. Trans, R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 55, 383–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser, A. D. and Duke, H. L. (1912) The Relation of Wild Animals to Trypanosomiasis. Royal Society. Reports of the Sleeping Sickness Commission. (12), 26–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1913) Antelope infected with Trypanosoma gambiense. Royal Society. Reports of the Sleeping Sickness Commission. (14), 60–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geigy, R. and Kauffmann, M. (1973) Sleeping Sickness Survey in the Serengeti Area (Tanzania) 1971. Acta Tropica. 30, 12–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, W., Stevens, J. and Truc, P. (1999) Identification of trypanosomes: from morphology to molecular biology. In: Dumas, M., Bouteille, B. and Buguet, A. eds. Progress in Human African Trypanosomiasis, Sleeping Sickness. Paris, Springer. pp7-29.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1965) A review of recent knowledge of the relationship between the tsetse fly and its vertebrate hosts. London, Fauna Preservation Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Godfrey, D. G. (1982) Diversity within Trypanosoma congolense. In: Baker, J. R. ed. Perspectives in Trypanosomiasis Research. London, Research Studies Press. pp37-46.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— and Killick-Kendrick, R. (1967) Cyclically transmitted infections of Trypanosoma brucei, T. rhodesiense, and T. gambiense in chimpanzees. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 61, 781–791.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ——— Dwinger, R. H., Dolan, R. B., Moloo, S. K. and Murray, M. (1990) Susceptibility of African Buffalo and Boran Cattle to Trypanosoma congolense transmitted by Glossina morsitans centralis. Veterinary Parasitology. 35, 219–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ——— Tait, A., Maudlin, I. and Welburn, S. C. (1996) The origins, dynamics and generation of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense epidemics in East Africa. Parasitology Today. 12, 50–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1972) The Trypanosomes of Mammals. A Zoological Monograph. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1932) Wild Life and Disease. J. Soc. Pres. Fauna of the Empire. XVI, 16–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoeppli, R. (1969) Parasitic Diseases in Africa and the Western Hemisphere Early Documentation and Transmission by the Slave Trade. Acta Tropica,. Supplement 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hornby, H. H. (1952) Animal trypanosomiasis in Eastern Africa, 1949. London, Colonial Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1902) The Uganda Protectorate. 2 vols. London, Hutchinson & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, A. M. (1986) Trypanosomiasis control and African rural development. London, Longman Group Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— Grootenhuis, J. G. and Mushi, E. Z. (1978) Research on wildlife diseases in Kenya 1967–1978. The Kenya Veterinarian. 2, 29–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— and York, W. (1912) Trypanosomes infecting game and domestic stock in Luangwa valley, North-Eastern Rhodesia. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 6, 301–305.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— Beck, M. and Kleine, F. (1909) Bericht über die Tatigkeit der zur Erforschung der Schlafkrankheit in Jahre 1906/07 Nach Ostafrika Enstanden Komission. Berlin, Julius Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Küpper, W., Wolters, M. and Tscharf, I. (1983) Observations on kob antelopes (Kobus kob) in northern Ivory Coast and their epizootiological role in trypanosomiasis transmission. Zeits. für Angewandt Zoologie. 70, 277–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambrecht, F. L. (1964) Aspects of evolution and ecology of tsetse flies and trypanosomiasis in a prehistoric African environment. J. Af. Hist. 5, 1-24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1967) Trypanosomiasis in Prehistoric and Later Human Populations, a Tentative Reconstruction. In: Brothwell, D., and Sandison, A. T. eds. Diseases in Antiquity A Survey of the Diseases, Injuries and Surgery of Early Populations. Springfield, Charles C. Thomas. pp132-151.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1980) Palaeoecology of tsetse flies and sleeping sickness in Africa. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 124, 367–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laveran, A. et Mesnil, F. (1904) Trypanosomes et Trypanosomiases. Paris, Masson et Cie.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leger, M. and Vienne, M. (1919) Épizootie trypanosomes chez les bovidés de la Guyane française. Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 12, 258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leistner, O. A. (1967) The Plant Ecology of the Southern Kalahari. Pretoria, The Government Printer.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1953) The Tabanidae of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Bull. ent. Res. 44, 175–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lièvre, E.-H.-L. (1891) Contributions à la Géographie Médicale. Notes et Observations recueillies au Rio-Nunez (1887–1888). Thèse Doctorat. Bordeaux, Cadoret.

    Google Scholar 

  • Losos, G. J. and Gwamaka, B. (1973) Histological examination of wild animals naturally infected with pathogenic African trypanosomes. Actatrop. 30, 57–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lumsden, W. H. R. (1962) Trypanosomiasis in African wildlife. 1st Int. Conf. Wildl. Disease. New York. pp68-88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield, J. M., Davis, T. H. and Dubois, M. E. (2001) Immunobiology of African Trypanosomiasis: New Paradigms, Newer Questions. In: Black, S. J. and Seed, J. R. eds.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martini, E. (1903) Über die Empfänglichkeit der nutzbaren Säugetiere für die Tsetsekrankheit. Deutsch. medizin. Wochenschr. XXXII, 573–575.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCulloch, B. (1967) Trypanosomes of the brucei subgroup as a probable cause of disease in wild zebra (Equus burchelli). Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 61, 261–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNamara, J. J., Mohammed, G. and Gibson, W. C. (1994) Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) godfreyi sp. nov. from tsetse flies in the Gambia: biological and biochemical characterization. Parasitology. 109, 497–509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mehlitz, D. (1982) Trypanosomes in African Wild Mammals. In: Baker, J. R. ed. Perspectives in Trypanosomiasis Research. London, Research Studies Press. pp25-35.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1986) Le Reservoir Animal de la Maladie du Sommeil Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. Eschborn, GTZ.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— Zillmann, U. and Godfrey, D. G. (1981) Recent investigation of the animal reservoir of gambiense sleeping sickness. Int. Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control. 17th Meeting. Arusha, O.A.U./S.T.R.C. Publication 112, 157–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— Losos, G. J. and Kutuza, S. B. (1973) Transmission of Trypanosoma brucei to cats and dogs by feeding on infected goats. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 67, 331–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monod, Th., DaMota, T. and Mauny, R. (1951) Description de la Côte Occidentale d’Afrique (Sénégal au Cap de Monte, Archipels) par Valentim Fernandes (1506–1510). Bissau, Centro de Estudos da Guiné Portuguesa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulla, A. F. and Rickman, L. R. (1988) The isolation of human serum-resistant Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) species from Zebra and Impala in Luangwa valley, Zambia. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 82, 718.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mwambu, P. M. and Woodford, M. H. (1972) Trypanosomes from game animals of the Queen Elizabeth National Park, Western Uganda. Trop. Anim. Hlth. Prod. 4, 152–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nabarro, D. (1907) Trypanosomes and Trypanosomiases by Laveran, A. and Mesnil, F. Trans. and ed. London, Baillière, Tindall and Cox.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— and Greig, E. D. W. (1905) Further Observations on the Trypanosomiases (Human and Animal) in Uganda. Royal Society. Reports of the Sleeping Sickness Commission. (5), 10–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1958)West African Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research Annual Report for the Year 1957. London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noireau, F., Gouteux, J. P., Toudic, A., Samba, F. and Frezil, J. L. (1986) Importance épidémiologique du réservoir animal Trypanosoma brucei gambiense au Congo. 1. Prévalence des trypanosomoses animals dans les foyers de maladie du sommeil. Trop. Med. Parasit. 37, 393–398.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okiwelu, S. N. (1977) Host preference and trypanosome infection rates of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood in the Republic of Zambia. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 71, 101–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olubayo, R. O. (1979) Trypanosomiasis of game animals. In: Pathogenicity of Trypanosomes. ed. Losos, G. and Chouyinard, A. Ottawa, International Development Research Centre.pp87-88.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— and Grootenhuis, J. G. (1985) Trypanotolerance in Wildlife: Potential for Research and Utilization. Wildlife Research for Sustainable Development. Nairobi, Kenya Wildlife Service. pp46-48.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1976) Ecological effect of control of African trypanosomiasis. Science. 191 (4229), 815–821.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Page, W. A. (1959) The ecology of Glossina longipalpis Wied. in Southern Nigeria. Bull. Ent. Res. 50, 595–615.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Randall, J. A. (1958) Animal trypanosomiasis in Uganda. In: Symposium on Animal Trypanosomiasis. Luanda. pp117-118. London, CCTA.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1901) The lake-level of the Victoria Nyanza. Geog. J. 18, 403–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rickman, L. R. (1981) The effects of some African game animals sera in the BIIT in the Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei species trypanosomes. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 75, 122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, C. J. (1971) The lack of infectivity to cattle of a strain of Trypanosoma simiae transmitted by Glossina morsitans and G. tachinoides. Ann. trop. med. Parasit. 65, 319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, L. W., Wellde, B. T., Reardon, M. J. and Onyango, F. K. (1989) Mechanical transmission of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense by Glossina morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae). Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 83, (Suppl.1), 127–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, D. and Boreham, P. F. L. (1973) II. The vector role of Glossina swynnertoni Austen. Sleeping Sickness Survey in the Serengeti Area (Tanzania) 1971. Acta trop. 30, 24–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossini, C. C. (1905) Gadla Anor wosseu Acta Sancti Honarii. Vitae Sanctorum Indigenarum. Leipzig.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roubaud, E. (1908) Résultats actuels des travaux biologiques de la Mission d’études de la Maladie du sommeil. La Géographie. 38, 99–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rurangirwa, F. R., Musoke, A. J., Nantulya, V. M., Nkonge, C., Njuguna, L., Mushi, E. Z., Karstad, L., and Grootenhuis, J. (1986) Immune effector mechanisms involved in thecontrol of parasitaemia in Trypansoma brucei-infected wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus). Immunology. 58, 231–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— Schaller, G. B. and Baker, J. R. (1967) Isolation of Trypanosomes of the T. brucei Group from Lion. Acta Tropica. 24, 109–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— (1907) Further Paper respecting the Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Sleeping Sickness, held at London in June 1907. Cd.3854. London, HMSO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoch, G. (1883) Die Tsetse-Fliege Afrikas. Mitt. Der Schweiz. Entomol. Gessellsch. VI: 685–686.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, J. J. and Lainson, R. 1972. Trypanosoma vivax in Brazil. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 66, 25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soff, H. G. (1969) Sleeping sickness in the Lake Victoria region of British East Africa, 1900–1915. Afr. Hist. Studies. 2, 255–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Squire, F. A. (1951) Seasonal variation in the incidence of Trypanosoma vivax in Glossina palpalis (R.-D.). Bull. ent. Res. 42, 371.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephen, L. E. (1986) Trypanosomiasis a veterinary perspective. Oxford, Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, J. R. and Brisse, S. (2004) Systematics of Trypanosomes of Medical and Veterinary Importance. In: Maudlin, I., Holmes, P. H. and Miles, M. A. eds. The Trypanosomiases. Wallingford, CABI Publishing. pp1-23.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • ——— Noyes, H. A., Dover, G. A. and Gibson, W. C. (1999) The ancient and divergent origins of the human pathogenic trypanosomes, Trypanosoma brucei and T. cruzi. Parasitology. 118, 107–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strong, R. P., Bequaert, J. C. and Cleveland, L. R. (1931) Report on the available evidence showing the relation of game to the spread of tsetse fly borne diseases in Africa. Special Publication of the American Committee on International Wild Life Protection. Vol. 1, No. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, H. W. and Breinl, A. (1905) Trypanosomes, Trypanosomiasis and Sleeping Sickness: Pathology and Treatment. Liverpool School Trop. Med. Memoir 16, 1–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van den Bergh, L. (1942) Exploration du Parc National Albert et du Parc National de la Kagera. Mission L. Van den Berghe (1936). Fasc. 1. Enquête parasitologique. I. Parasites du sang des Vertébrés. Bruxelles, IPNCB.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Xong, H., Vanhamme, L., Chamekh, M., Chimfwembe, C. E., Van Den Abbeele J., Pays, A., Van Meirvenne, N., Hamers, R., De Baetstelier, P. and Pays, E. (1998) A VSG expression site-associated gene confers resistance to human serum in Trypanosoma rhodesiense. Cell. 95, 839–846.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vickerman, K. (1997) Landmarks in Trypanosome Research. In: Hide, G., Mottram, J. C., Coombs, G. H. and Holmes, P. H. Trypanosomias and Leishmaniasis Biology and Control. Wallingford, CAB International. pp1-37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waiswa, C., Picozzi, K., Olaho-Mukani, W. and Katunguka-Rwakishaya, E. (2003) Monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus, Linnaeus, 1766) as a host for tsetse (Glossina fuscipes fuscipes, Newstead, 1910) in the sleeping sickness endemic foci of Uganda. Afr. J. Ecol. 41, 349–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ——— and Glasgow, J. P. (1956) The natural hosts of some species of Glossina in East Africa. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 50, 593–612.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Welburn, S. C., Fèvre, E. M., Coleman, P. G., Odiit, M. and Maudlin, I. (2001) Sleeping sickness: a tale of two diseases. Trends in Parasitology. 17, 19–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ——— Fèvre, E. M., Coleman, P. G. and Maudlin, I. (2004) Epidemiology of Human African Trypanosomiasis. In: Maudlin, I., Holmes, P. H. and Miles, M. A. eds. The Trypanosomiases. Wallingford, CABI Publishing. pp219-232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenyon, C. M. (1926) Protozoology. A Manual for Medical men, Veterinarians and Zoologists. 2 vols. London, Ballière, Tindall And Cox.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westwood, J. O. (1850) Observations on the Destructive Species of Dipterous Insects known in Africa under the names of Tsetse, Zimb, or Tsaltsalya, and on their supposed connection with the fourth plague of Egypt. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon. Part XVIII: 258–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whiteside, E. F. and Langridge, W. P. (1960) In: Kenya Veterinary Department Annual Report 1959. Nairobi, Government Printer. p46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wickenburg, E. G. (1899) Wanderungen in Ost-Afrika. Wien, Gerold & Cie.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willet, K. C. (1960) West African Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research Annual Report for the Year 1959. London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yorke, W. (1913) The relationship of the big game of Africa to the spread of sleeping sickness.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— A. S., Kanhai, G. K. and Stagg, D. A. (1975) Phagocytosis of Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense by circulating macrophages in the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). Res. Vet. Sci. 19, 108–110.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Wickwood House, SN7 8EZ, Faringdon, UK

    Clive A. Spinage D.Sc

Authors
  1. Clive A. Spinage D.Sc
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Spinage, C.A. (2012). The Trypanosomiases I. In: African Ecology. Springer Geography. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22872-8_19

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation