The Regulatory Frameworks to Address Land Contamination in China

Zhao, Xiaobo

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31615-9_3

Xiaobo Zhao²

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Abstract

Up to date, there is no nationwide specific legislation to address the contaminated land issue in China. Existing provisions under the current legal system, particularly in the context of environmental regulatory system are mainly about soil or land protections. This Chapter examines the environmental legislative frameworks of China which have addressed the contaminated land problem. Several key mechanisms such as land contamination remediation and environmental liability system have been discussed.

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Notes

1.
Province (省) is a standard provincial government is nominally led by a provincial committee, headed by a secretary. The committee secretary is first-in-charge of the province; come in second is the governor of the provincial government. 23 provinces are Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Qinghai, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Sichuan, Hubei, Henan, Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hainan, Guangdong, Fujian and Taiwan.
2.
Autonomous Regions (自治区) is a minority subject which has a higher population of a particular minority ethnic group along with its own local government, but an autonomous region theoretically has more legislative rights than in actual practice. There are five autonomous regions in China: the Tibetans in Tibet, the Zhuangs in Guangxi, the Uyghurs in Xinjiang, the Mongols in Inner Mongolia, and the Huis in Ningxia.
3.
Municipalities (直辖市) are higher level of city which is directly under the Chinese government, with status equal to that of the provinces. Four Municipalities in China today are Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Chongqing.
4.
Special Administrative Regions (SARs) (特别行政区) are highly autonomous and self-governing subnational subject of the People’s Republic of China. Each SAR has a provincial level chief executive as head of the region and head of government. The region’s government is not fully independent, as foreign policy and military defence are the responsibility of the central government, according to the constitution. Up to date, Hongkong and Macao are two SARs in China.
5.
Abigail R Jahiel, ‘The Organization of Environmental Protection in China’ (1998) (156) The China Quarterly 757.
6.
《中华人民共和国宪法》 [Constitution of the People’s Republic of China] art 62.
7.
《中华人民共和国宪法》 [Constitution of the People’s Republic of China] art 67.
8.
《中华人民共和国宪法》 [Constitution of the People’s Republic of China] art 89.
9.
SEPA was initiatively created as the State Council Environmental Protection Leading Group which was created in 1974, following the first world conference on the environment held in Stockholm in 1972. In 1982, an EPB was established within the newly created Ministry of Urban and Rural Construction and Environmental Protection. Till 1988, this EPB was promoted to become the National Environmental Protection Agency under the direct control of the State Council. In the 1998 restructuring, the National Environmental Protection Agency was renamed as SEPA and elevated to the status of a ministry although it is not represented on the State Council.
10.
Abigail R Jahiel, ‘The Organization of Environmental Protection in China’ (1998) (156) The China Quarterly 757.
11.
Xiaoying Ma and Leonard Ortolano made a comprehensive research on the making of China’s environmental laws and regulations. Xiaoying Ma and Leonard Ortolano, Environmental regulation in China: institutions, enforcement, and compliance (Rowman & Littlefield, 2000).
12.
Qi Xiaomiao, “Contaminated Land Redimation in China is Still a Vacancy’—an interview to Zhou Qixing, Dean of the College of Environmental Science and Engineering Nankai University’ (2009) 20 Science News Bi-weekly 30.
13.
It refers to the national level basic law. Although at the end of 2008, there are some regulations promulgated by the MEP on governing heavy metal problem, they are not laws any way.
14.
《中华人民共和国环境保护法》 [Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress, Order No 22, 26 December 1989.
15.
《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》 [Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes (amended)] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress, Order No 31, 29 December 2004.
16.
《中华人民共和国农业法》 [Agriculture Law of the People’s Republic of China (2002)] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress, Order No 81, 28 December 2002.
17.
《中华人民共和国土地管理法》 [Land Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China (2004 Revision)] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress, Order No 6, 30 October 1995.
18.
《中华人民共和国基本农田保护条例》 [Regulation on the Primary farmland Protection] (People’s Republic of China) State Council, Decree No 162, 18 August, 1994.
19.
《中华人民共和国宪法》 [The Constitution Law of the People’s Republic of China].
20.
There have been four Constitution Laws since that establishment of the PRC, which were enacted in 1954, 1975, 1978 and 1982. The most recent Constitution Law was promulgated by the NPC in December 1982 at the Fifth National People’s Congress. It has been amended in 1988, 1993, 1999 and 2004, the latest amendment was made in 2004.
21.
Ibid art 9.
22.
Ibid art 26.
23.
Ibid art 10.
24.
《中华人民共和国环境保护法》 [The Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress, Order No 22, 26 December 1989.
25.
Ibid art 2.
26.
Ibid art 20.
27.
Ibid art 24.
28.
《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》 [Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes (amended)] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress, Order No 31, 29 December 2004.
29.
Ibid arts 1–2.
30.
Ibid art 3.
31.
Ibid art 35.
32.
《中华人民共和国大气污染防治法》 [Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution (2000 revision)] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress, Order No 54, 29 April 2000.
33.
Ibid art 18.
34.
Ibid art 30.
35.
《中华人民共和国土地管理法》 [Land Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China (2004 Revision)] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress, Order No 28, 28 August 2004.
36.
Ibid art 35.
37.
《中华人民共和国农业法》 [Agriculture Law of the People’s Republic of China (2002)] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress, Order No 81, 28 December 2002.
38.
Ibid art 58.
39.
Ibid art 21.
40.
Ibid art 66.
41.
Ibid.
42.
《中华人民共和国农产品质量安全法》 [Law of the People’s Republic of China on Agricultural Product Quality Safety] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress, Order No 49, 29 April 2006.
43.
《中华人民共和国无公害农产品管理办法》 [Regulation on Pollution-free Agricultural Product Management] (People’s Republic of China) Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC, General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China, 4 April 2002.
44.
Ibid art 9 (1).
45.
《土地复垦规定》[The Rules on Land Reclamation] (People’s Republic of China) State Council, 1 January 1989.
46.
《中华人民共和国水污染防治法实施细则》 [Rules for Implementation of the Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution (2000 revision)] (People’s Republic of China) State Council, Order No 284, 20 March 2000.
47.
Ibid art 24.
48.
《中华人民共和国自然保护区条例》 [Regulations on Nature Reserves of the PRC] (People’s Republic of China) State Council, Decree No 167, 9 October 1994, art 32.
49.
Ibid art 32(1).
50.
Ibid art 32(2).
51.
《关于切实做好企业搬迁过程中环境污染防治工作的通知》 [Notice on Readying for Preventing Environmental Pollution when Enterprises Make Move (2004)] (People’s Republic of China) SEPA, Decree No 47, 1 Jun 2004.
52.
Ibid.
53.
《污染场地土壤环境管理暂行办法》(征求意见稿) [Interim Measures for the Soil Environment Management of Contaminated Sites(Draft)] (People’s Republic of China) MEP, Decree No 1321, 15 December 2009.
54.
Ibid.
55.
Ibid art 2.
56.
Ibid art 27(3).
57.
Ibid art 8.
58.
Zhou Wenyin, Interim Measures for the Soil Environment Management of Contaminated Sites Got Approved by the EPM Committee Conference (25 March 2011) <http://www.zhb.gov.cn/zhxx/hjyw/201103/t20110325_207637.htm>.
59.
State Council of the People’s Republic of China, ‘The National Eleventh Five-year Plan for Environmental Protection (2006–2010)’ (2006) http://english.mep.gov.cn/down_load/Documents/200803/P020080306440313293094.pdf.
60.
The Regulation requires an environmental risk assessment to be carried out for contaminated soil.
61.
The Guidelines mainly stipulate work procedures and technical methods for site environmental assessments within Beijing.
62.
The regulations mainly provide that before industrial enterprises may relocate, they should first clean up remaining hazardous materials and wastes and remediate any contaminated soil.
63.
The Measures mainly stipulate the evaluation and identification of contaminated sites. Shenyang Environmental [2007] No. 87
64.
《关于加强我市工业企业原址污染场地治理修复工作的通知》 [Notice on Strengthening Industrial Contaminated Sites Treatment and Remediation] (People’s Republic of China) Chongqing City Council, Decree No 208, 26 Jun 2008.
65.
For example, the Regulation of Environment Protection of Shanghai City prescribes that farming producer should scientifically implicating chemicals, pesticides and agricultural film.
66.
For example, the Regulation of Agricultural Ecology Protection of Anhui Province (1999) and the Regulation of Agricultural Environment Protection of Shandong Province (2004) have definitely take soil protection under the catalogue of agricultural environmental protection.
67.
For example, the Regulation of the Agricultural Environmental Protection of Anhui Province prescribes that water quality of the nearest irrigation sources around industry areas should meet the irrigation water quality standard.
68.
《中华人民共和国环境保护标准管理办法》 [Measures on the Management of Environmental Standards] (People’s Republic of China) SEPA, Decree No 3, 1 April 1999, art 3.
69.
Ibid art 5. According to the Standardization Law, national environmental standards marked as ‘GB’ are mandatory standards, while those marked as ‘GB/T’ are voluntary standards (with the ‘T’ as ‘recommended’). Similarly, standards issued by MEP are marked as ‘HJ’ are mandatory with national scope; however, those marked as ‘HJ/T’ are voluntary ones.
70.
See above n 68, art 3.
71.
《中华人民共和国土壤环境质量标准》 [Environmental Quality Standard for Soils] (People’s Republic of China) MEPA, GB15618-1995, 1March 1996.
72.
《中华人民共和国工业企业土壤环境质量风险评价基准》 [Environmental Quality Risk Assessment Criteria for Soil at Manufacturing Facilities] MEPA, HJ/T 25-1999, 1 August 1999.
73.
《污染场地风险评估技术导则》(征求意见稿) [Guidelines for Risk Assessment of Contaminated Site] (People’s Republic of China) MEP, Decree No [2009] 1020, 29 September 2009.
74.
《污染场地土壤修复技术导则》(征求意见稿) [Guidelines for Soil Remediation of Contaminated Sites Guidelines for Soil Remediation of Contaminated Sites] (People’s Republic of China) MEP, Decree No [2009]1312, 10 December 2009.
75.
《污染场地环境监测技术导则》(征求意见稿) [Technical Guidelines for Environmental Monitoring of Sites] (People’s Republic of China) MEP, Decree No [2010] 99, 1 February 2010.
76.
《土壤环境监测技术规范》 [Technical Specification for Soil Environmental Monitoring] (People’s Republic of China) SEPA, HJ/T 166-2004, 9 December 2004.
77.
Ibid.
78.
For example,《污染源监测管理办法》 [Management Measures of Pollution Sources Monitoring] (People’s Republic of China) SEPA, Decree No 1999/246; 《城市生活垃圾管理办法》 [Management Method for Municipal Domestic Garbage] (People’s Republic of China) Ministry of Housing and Urban–rural Development, Decree No 2007/175, art 28(8); 《医疗废物化学消毒集中处理工程技术规范 (试行)》 [Technical Specifications for Chemical Disinfection Centralized Treatment Engineering on Medical Waste (On Trial)] (People’s Republic of China) SEPA, 8 February 2006, art12.9.7; 《医疗废物微波消毒集中处理工程技术规范(试行)》 [Technical Specifications for Microwave Disinfection Centralized Treatment Engineering on Medical Waste (On Trial)] (People’s Republic of China) SEPA, 8 February 2006, art 12.9.7.
79.
《污染场地土壤环境管理暂行办法》(征求意见稿) [Interim Measures for the Soil Environment Management of Contaminated Sites (Draft)] (People’s Republic of China) MEP, Decree No 1321, 15 December 2009, art 27 (3).
80.
《关于征求<污染场地土壤环境管理暂行办法>(征求意见稿)意见的函》 [Letter about Soliciting for Opinions for the Technical Guidelines for Environmental Monitoring of Sites (Draft)] (People’s Republic of China) MEP, Decree No [2010] 99, 1 February 2010.
81.
《污染场地环境监测技术导则》 (征求意见稿) [Technical Guidelines for Environmental Monitoring of Sites] (People’s Republic of China) MEP, Decree No [2010] 99, 1 February 2010.
82.
《沈阳市污染场地环境治理及修复管理办法(试行)》 [Management Measures of Contaminated Sites Remediation and Control of the Shenyang City] (People’s Republic of China) Shenyang EPB, Shenyang Municipal Planning and Land Resources Bureau, Decree No [2007] 87, 25 May 2007.
83.
Ibid art 12.
84.
《浙江省固体废物污染环境防治条例》 [Regulation on Solid Waste Pollution Prevention and Control of Zhejiang Province] art 16.
85.
This system is regulated both in the Environmental Protection Law art 13, all sectoral pollution laws and special regulations on EP for construction projects.
86.
《中华人民共和国农产品质量安全法》 [Law of the People’s Republic of China on Agricultural Product Quality Safety] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress, Order No 49, 29 April 2006.
87.
Ibid art 15.
88.
《中华人民共和国土地管理法》 [Land Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China (2004 Revision)] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress, Order No 6, 30 October 1995.
89.
《农药限制使用管理规定》 [Provisions on the restriction use of Pesticides] (People’s Republic of China) Ministry of Agriculture, Decree No 17, 28 Jun 2002, art 7(4).
90.
《废弃危险化学品污染环境防治办法》 [Measures for the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Discarded Dangerous Chemicals] (People’s Republic of China) SEPA, Order No 27, 30 August 2005.
91.
《废弃危险化学品污染环境防治办法》 [Measures for the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Discarded Dangerous Chemicals] (People’s Republic of China) SEPA, Order No 27, 30 August 2005, arts 10, 14.
92.
《污染场地土壤环境管理暂行办法》 (征求意见稿) [Interim Measures for the Soil Environment Management of Contaminated Sites(Draft)].
93.
《关于征求<污染场地土壤环境管理暂行办法>(征求意见稿)意见的函》 [Letter about Soliciting for Opinions for the Interim Management Measures for Soil Environment of Contaminated Sites (Draft)] (People’s Republic of China), No [2009] 1321, 15 December 15.
94.
《污染场地土壤环境管理暂行办法》 (征求意见稿) [Interim Measures for the Soil Environment Management of Contaminated Sites(Draft)].
95.
《危险化学品安全管理条例》 [Regulations on the Safety Administration of Dangerous Chemicals] (People’s Republic of China) State Council, Order No 344, 1 February 2002, art 52(3).
96.
《长江三峡水库库底固体废物清理技术规范》 [Technical Standard of Solid Waste Cleaning for Reservoir Bed of The Three Gorges on Yangtze River] (People’s Republic of China) SEPA and State Council Three Gorges Project Construction Committee Executive Office, HJ 85-2005, 13 June 2005, art 4.1.
97.
《污染场地土壤环境管理暂行办法》(征求意见稿) [Interim Measures for the Soil Environment Management of Contaminated Sites (Draft)].
98.
Ibid art 15.
99.
Ibid arts 16–17.
100.
Ibid art 18.
101.
Ibid art 19.
102.
Ibid art 20.
103.
《山西省太原市政府1.21 苯泄漏污染事故应急处置方案 (2006)》 [Contingency Plans for 21 January 2006 benzene Leaking Accident in Taiyuan City Shanxi Province] (People’s Republic of China) City Council of Taiyuan Shanxi Province, 22 January 2006, art 2(2).
104.
《浙江省固体废物污染环境防治条例》 [Regulation on Solid Waste Pollution Prevention and Control of Zhejiang Province] (People’s Republic of China) NPC Standing Committee of Zhejiang Province, Decree No 54, 9 March 2006, art 17.
105.
《本溪市土地开发复垦办法》 [Measures on Land Reclamation in Benxi City] (People’s Republic of China) People’s Government of Benxi City, Decree No 55, 30 March,1998.
106.
《沈阳市污染场地环境治理及修复管理办法(试行) 》 [Management Measures of Contaminated Sites Remediation and Control of the Shenyang City] (People’s Republic of China) Shenyang EPB, Shenyang Municipal Planning and Land Resources Bureau, Decree No [2007] 87, 25 May 2007.
107.
《中华人民共和国民法通则》 [General Principles of the Civil Law] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress, Order No 37, 12 April 1986, art 124.
108.
《中华人民共和国环境保护法》 [Environmental Protection Law], art 41.
109.
See, eg, 《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》 [Marine Environmental Protection Law] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress, Order No 26, 1April 2000, arts 32–40; 《中华人民共和国水污染防治法》 (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress, Order No 87, 1 Jun 2008, art 46; 《中华人民共和国大气污染防治法》 [Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution (2000 revision)], art 46; 《中华人民共和国水土保持法》 [Law on Water and Soil Conservation] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress, Order No 39, 1 March 2011, arts 32–42; 《固体废物污染环境防治法》 [Law on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Waste] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress, Order No 31, 1 April 2005, arts 53–64; 《中华人民共和国放射性污染防治法》 [Law on Radioactive Pollution Prevention and Control] (promulgated by the President), (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress, Order No 6, 1 October 2003, arts 42–5.
110.
《中华人民共和国环境保护法》 [Environmental Protection Law] art 41: ‘If environmental pollution losses result solely from irresistible natural disasters which cannot be averted even after the prompt adoption of reasonable measures, the party concerned shall be exempted from liability.’
111.
《中华人民共和国侵权责任法》 [The Tort Law of the People’s Republic of China] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress, Order No 21, 26 December 2009.
112.
Ibid art 65.
113.
Ibid.
114.
Ibid.
115.
Ibid art 68.
116.
Ibid art 67.
117.
《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》 [Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes], art 58.
118.
《废弃危险化学品污染环境防治办法》[Measures for the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Discarded Dangerous Chemicals] SEPA Order No 27, August 30, 2005, article 25(1).
119.
《沈阳市污染场地环境治理及修复管理办法》 [Management Measures of Contaminated Sites Remediation and Control of the Shenyang City], Chap. 5; 《浙江省固体废物污染环境防治条例》[Regulation on Solid Waste Pollution Prevention and Control of Zhejiang Province], art 52.
120.
It should be noticed that article 40 the Environmental Protection Law, article 61 of the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution and article 57 of the Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution are all related to article 338 of Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China (1997).
121.
《中华人民共和国刑法》 [Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China (1997 revision)] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress, 14 March 1997, art 338.
122.
《中华人民共和国刑法》 [Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China (1997 revision)], art 338.
123.
Article 342 of the Criminal Law provides that: ‘those who illegally occupy farmland for other uses in violation of land administrative law and regulations in a relatively large area and cause damage to large tracts of farmland are to be sentenced to not more than five years of fixed-term imprisonment or criminal detention, and in addition be sentenced to a fine or may be sentenced to a simple fine.’
124.
《关于切实做好企业搬迁过程中环境污染防治工作的通知》 [Notice on Readying for Preventing Environmental Pollution when Enterprises Make Move (2004)] (People’s Republic of China) SEPA, Decree No 47, 1 Jun 2004.
125.
The report said that there was striking rural environmental problems with increasing soil pollution. Environmental pollution caused by such factors as hazardous waste, vehicle emissions and POPs is on the rise. See State Council of the People’s Republic of China, 'The National Eleventh Five-year Plan for Environmental Protection (2006–2010) ’ (2006) <http://english.mep.gov.cn/down_load/Documents/200803/P020080306440313293094.pdf>.
126.
Li Shen, National Soil Pollution Survey Planned (19 July 2006) China.org.cn <http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/175191.htm>.
127.
《国务院关于落实科学发展观加强环境保护的决定》 [Decision of the State Council on the Implementation of the Scientific Outlook on Development and Strengthening Environmental Protection] (People’s Republic of China) State Council, Decree No [2005] 39, 3 December 2005.
128.
Those three main forms of transformations are as follows: to transform from giving weight to economic growth and making light of environmental protection to paying equal attention to both matters; to transform from the fact that environmental protection lags behind economic growth to enabling the former to keep pace with the latter; to transform from protecting the environment mainly by administrative means to resorting to a combination of legal, economic, technical, and administrative instruments if necessary, to address environmental issues. See SEPA, 2005 Report on the State of the Environment in China (6 Jun 2006) MEP <http://www.mep.gov.cn/pv_obj_cache/pv_obj_id_A1AF0B188307942D2A8D7504A6FC94A5FED71200/filename/2005zkgb.pdf>.
129.
《国务院关于落实科学发展观加强环境保护的决定》 [Decision of the State Council on the Implementation of the Scientific Outlook on Development and Strengthening Environmental Protection] (People’s Republic of China) State Council, Decree No [2005] 39, 3 December 2005.
130.
Zengpeiyan, ‘Fully Implement the Scientific Outlook on Development and Make New Development on Environmental Protection’ (2006) (2006(3)) Environmental Economy 1.
131.
Tail gas, electronic wastes and noise had also been paralleled as examples in the same paragraph.
132.
Zeng Peiyan, Strengthen Environmental Protection and Achieve Sustainable Development: Speech at the 23 ^rd Session of the Governing Council of the United Nations Environment Program (21 February 2005) UNEP <http://www.unep.org/GC/GC23/documents/Zeng_Peiyan_speech.pdf>.
133.
mep.gov.cn, Brief Introduction to Environmental Status about Land and Rule Areas in 2008, (17 Jun 2009) MEP, <http://sts.mep.gov.cn/nchjbh/nywrfz/200906/t20090617_152886.htm>.
134.
Ibid.
135.
Ibid.
136.
China.com.cn, Vice Premier Li Keqiang Gave Speech at the National Teleconference on Rural Environmental Protection Work, (24 July 2008), CCICED, <http://www.china.com.cn/tech/zhuanti/wyh/2008-08/13/content_16210275.htm>.
137.
Ibid.
138.
Zhou Shenxian commenced at a ceremony to mark the World Environment Day. See Li Jing, Green Fight ‘Goes beyond Pollution’ (5 Jun 2010) China Daily <http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2010-06/05/content_9937976.htm>.
139.
Wang Qian, China Cracks Down on Heavy Metal Pollution (12 April 2010) China Daily <http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/usa/2010-04/12/content_11017711.htm>.
140.
China.org.cn, 1st National Census on Pollution Sources Completed (9 February 2010) China.org.cn <http://www.china.org.cn/china/2010-02/09/content_19394384.htm>
141.
Zhang lijun, Speech at the News Conference in the State Council Information Office (3 June 2010) China.org.cn <http://www.china.org.cn/china/2010-06/03/content_20178927.htm>, Zhang is the Vice Minister of MEP of China.
142.
MEP, State Statistics Bureau and Ministry of Agriculture, Gazette of the First National Pollution Sources Census (9 February 2010) MEP <http://cpsc.mep.gov.cn/gwgg/201002/W020100225545523639910.pdf>
143.
In addition to MEP, the seven other ministries or offices involved in this campaign are as follows( with homepages afflicted): the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC, http://www.ndrc.gov.cn); Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT, http://www.miit.gov.cn); Ministry of Supervision (MOS, http://www.mos.gov.cn); Ministry of Justice (MOJ, http://www.moj.gov.cn); Ministry of Housing and Urban–rural Development (MOHURD; http://www.cin.gov.cn); State Administration for Industry & Commerce (SAIC, http://www.saic.gov.cn); State Administration of Work Safety (SAWF, http://www.chinasafety.gov.cn); State Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC, http://www.serc.gov.cn).
144.
Zhou Wenyin, ‘MEP hold the National Conference on Heavy Metal Prevention and Control’, China Environmental News (Beijing), 03 September 2009, 1 <http://www.cenews.com.cn/xwzx/zhxw/qt/200909/t20090903_622356.html>
145.
MEP, Inter-ministerial Joint Meeting on Prevention and Control of Heavy Metal Pollution Held in Beijing (12 July 2010) MEP <http://english.mep.gov.cn/Ministers/Activities/201008/t20100816_193296.htm>.
146.
Ministry of Health et al., China National Environment and Health Action Plan (2007–2015) (November 2007) <http://www.wpro.who.int/NR/rdonlyres/13A55C9E-9383-47E8-9F24-F23FDA48F066/0/NEHAPfinaledition.pdf>.
147.
Ibid.
148.
《关于修订国家环境保护标准<土壤环境质量标准>公开征求意见的通知》 [Announcement about Amending Soil Environmental Quality Standard] (People’s Republic of China) General Office of MEP, Decree No [2009] 918, 18 September 2009.
149.
Asian Development Bank, Country Environmental Assessment in the People’s Republic of China (May 2007) Asian Development Bank <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Produced-Under-TA/39079/39079-PRC-DPTA.pdf> 63.
150.
OECD, OECD Rural Policy Review: China (OECD publisher, 2009).
151.
For example, Dongling Lead and Zinc Smelting Co in Fengxiang County in the city of Baoji, had been ordered to suspend lead and zinc production after sporadic cases of villages’ lead poisoning near the factory site. The scandal has shed light once again on the dilemma facing many parts of China when industrial development poses threat to the environment and people’s health. The smelter, which started production in 2006, contributed to 17 percent of Fengxiang County’s GDP in 2008. To some extent, the plant also benefited the villagers, some of whom secured factory jobs while others earned extra money by leasing houses to migrant workers or running grocery stores and eateries that were more often frequented by the factory workers than local peasants. Xinhua News Agency, Smelter at Center of Lead Poisoning Scandal Shut Down (19 August 2009) China Daily <http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2009-08/19/content_8587981_2.htm>.

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School of Law, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai, China
Xiaobo Zhao

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Zhao, X. (2013). The Regulatory Frameworks to Address Land Contamination in China. In: Developing an Appropriate Contaminated Land Regime in China. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31615-9_3

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31615-9_3
Published: 22 September 2012
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