Skip to main content

Developing Corporate Entrepreneurial Cultures: Inspirations from the Confucian Gentleman

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Leadership through the Classics

Abstract

This paper presents those corporate entrepreneurial cultural dimensions, which seem to have the greatest importance and relevance in explaining the differences in outcomes of productivity, satisfaction and motivation of the staff in different types of private and public organizations. The method used is a scientific concept analysis mixed with a constructive approach of business sciences. Referred literature indicates that the “Confucian gentleman” would still give remarkable inspirations for a present leader or corporate entrepreneur. As an outcome, we interpret that “motivating” organizations, where both corporate entrepreneurial aspects and cultural effects are apparent, best represent business cultures where the entrepreneurial consequences of innovating, risk managing and catalyzing are emphasized. As a result, we have also formulated a model for “motivating” organizations, to analyze and to further develop those entrepreneurial consequences in the orientation within the following dimensions:

  • Considered time period (long-term orientation – short-term orientation),

  • Preferred target (risk avoiding orientation – growth orientation) and

  • Cultural personality (external orientation – internal orientation).

With operational solutions, it will be possible to test these dimensions statistically. These can also be used as pragmatic tools for analyzing cultural aspects in expert organizations, both to discuss the business strategy and alternative development tendencies. This can be a step towards changing organizational culture when needed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1993). Autonomy as a moderator of the relationship between the big five personality dimensions and job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 111–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bathelt, H., Malmberg, A., & Maskell, P. (2002). Clusters and knowledge: Local buzz, global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation. DRUID Working papers, No 02–12, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blake, R. R., & Mouton, J. S. (1989). Change by design. Reading: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blake, R. R., & Mouton, J. S. (2010). SYMLOG and The leadership grid. http://www.symlog.com. Accessed 15 Dec 2010.

  • Bridges, W. (2003). Managing transitions, making the most of change. Cambridge Center: Da Capo Press, Perscus Book Group. ISBN 0-7382-0824-8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burman, R., & Evans, A. J. (2008). Target zero: A culture of safety. Defence Aviation Safety Centre Journal, 22–27. http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/849892B2-D6D2-4DFD-B5BD-9A4F288A9B18/0/DASCJournal2008.pdf. Accessed 13 Dec 2010.

  • Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E. (2005). Diagnosing and changing organizational culture: Based on the competing values framework. The Jossey-Bass business & management series.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carmazzi, A. F. (2007). Lessons from The Monkey King: leading change to create Gorilla-Sized results. Createspace.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casto, M. L. (2011). Characteristics of Entrepreneur. http://www.4-small-businesses.com/characteristics-of-entrepreneur.html. Accessed 26 April 2011.

  • Chan, W. T. (1963). A source book in Chinese philosophy. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, R. (2007). Building in the 21th century. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, T. G., & Worley, C. G. (2005). Organization development and change (8th ed.). USA: Thomson South-Western.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deal T. E., & Kennedy, A. A. (1982). Corporate cultures: The rites and rituals of corporate Life. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dess, G. G., Ireland, R., Floyd, S., Janey, J., Lane, P., & Zahra, S. (2003). Emerging issues in corporate entrepreneurship. Journal of Management, 29(3), 351–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Digman, J. M. (1989). Five robust trait dimensions: Development, stability, and utility. Journal of Personality, 57(2), 195–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • England, G. W., & Misumi, J. (1986). Work centrality in Japan and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 17, 399–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fey, C. F., Morgoulis-Jakoushev, S., Hyeon, J. P., & Björkman, I. (2007). Opening the black box of the relationship between HRM practices and FIRM performance: A comparison of USA, Finland, and Russia. Jan 2007 Stockholm School of Economics in Russia working paper #07–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gartner, W. B. (1990). What are we talking about when we talk about entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 5, 15–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Handy, C. B. (1985). Understanding organizations (3rd ed.). Harmondsworth: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, R. (1972). Understanding your organization’s character. Harvard Business Review, 50(3), 119–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heikkinen, E. (2007). Yrittäjän persoonallisuus ja sen yhteys yrityksen kasvuun Big Five -teorian mukaan tarkasteltuna. Jyväskylä Studies in Business and Economics, 60. Jyväskylä University 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • He, Q., Jiang, W., & Le, Y. (2009). Use Confucius to improve project leadership in Chinese perspective. In K. Kähkönen, A. S. Kazi, & M. Rekola (eds), The human side of projects in modern business. International Project Management Association IPMA, pp. 319–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work related values. Beverly Hills: Sage. http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisaatiokulttuuri. Accessed 11 Nov 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hornsby, J., Kuratko, D., & Zahra, S. (2002). Middle managers’ perception of the international environment for corporate entrepreneurship: assessing a measure scale. Journal of Business Venturing, 17, 253–273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huselid, M. (1995). The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity, and corporate financial performance. Academy of Management Journal, 38(3), 635–672.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, G. (1988). Rethinking Incrementalism. Strategic Management Journal, 9, 75–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kotter, J. P. (1995). Leading change: Why transformation efforts fail. Harvard Business Review on Point, March–April, 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koiranen, M. (2011). Entrepreneurship education and intrapreneurship in Finland. Tulossilta Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Locke, E., & Latham, G. (1990). A theory of goal-setting and task performance. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, D. (1979). Alternative views of mengerian entrepreneurship. History of Political Economy, 11(2), 271–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGuire, S. J. J. (2003). Entrepreneurial organizational culture: Construct definition and instrument development and validation. Ph.D. Dissertation, The George Washington University, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niittymäki, S. (2009). Towards management and leadership models for Russian business networks. In K. Kähkönen, A. Kaz, & M. Rekola (Eds.), The human side of projects in modern business (pp. 255–268). Finland: Project Management Association Finland (PMAF) in collaboration with VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinder, C. C. (1998). Work motivation in organizational behavior. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ristimäki, K. (2004). Yrittäjäksi identifioituminen – Fenomenologis-hermeneuttinen tutkimus nuorten yrittäjyyteen liittyvän identiteetin kehityksestä (Towards entrepreneur identification – a phenomenologist-hermeneutical study into the development of young peoples’ entrepreneurial identity). Acta Wasaensia No 130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saee, J. (2005). Managing organizations in a global economy: An intercultural perspective. Chapter 2 Understanding cross-cultural management dimensions. Thomson South-Western, a division of learning. Power point presentation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheider, S. C., & Barsoux, J.-L. (1997). Managing across cultures. Dorchester: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schein, E. (2005). Organizational culture and leadership: A dynamic view. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seeck, H. (2008). Johtamisopit Suomessa: taylorismista innovaatioteorioihin. Gaudeamus Helsinki University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. (1976). The wealth of nations. In R. H. Campbell & A. S. Skinner (Eds.), The Glasgow edition of the works and correspondence of Adam Smith (Vol. 2a). Indianapolis: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Senge, P. (1990). The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. New York: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ståhle, P., Sotarauta, M., & Pöyhönen, A. (2004). Innovatiivisten ympäristöjen ja organisaatioiden johtaminen. Eduskunnan kanslian julkaisu 6/2004. Tulevaisuusvaliokunta, Teknologian arviointeja 19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tenhunen, L. (1992). Firm speculation strategies. The case of ARIMA price time series. Tampere University Series A3:19, Tampere 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ucbasaran, D., Westhead, P., & Wright, M. (2001). The focus of entrepreneurial research: Contextual and process issues. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 24(4), 57–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, C. (2011). Confucianism and market economy. In Proceedings of the international conference on ‘Leadership and management in a changing world: Aristotle and Confucius in modern society’, Athens, 12–14, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the financial support of European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) programme “Leverage from the EU” through the Regional Council of Päijät-Häme and HAMK University of Applied Sciences.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lauri J. Tenhunen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tenhunen, L.J., Niittymäki, S.E. (2012). Developing Corporate Entrepreneurial Cultures: Inspirations from the Confucian Gentleman. In: Prastacos, G., Wang, F., Soderquist, K. (eds) Leadership through the Classics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32445-1_33

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics