Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Alcoholic Beverages and Carbonated Soft Drinks: Consumption and Gastrointestinal Cancer Risks

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Advances in Nutrition and Cancer

Part of the book series: Cancer Treatment and Research ((CTAR,volume 159))

Abstract

Alcoholic beverages (ABs) and carbonated soft drinks (CSDs) are widely consumed worldwide. Given the high consumption of these beverages, the scientific community has increased its focus on their health impact. There is epidemiological evidence of a causal association between AB intake and digestive cancer, but the role of alcohol in determining cancer is not fully defined. Experimental studies have so far identified multiple mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis; ethanol itself is not carcinogenic but available data suggest that acetaldehyde (AA) and reactive oxygen species—both products of ethanol metabolism—have a genotoxic effect promoting carcinogenesis. Other carcinogenetic mechanisms include nutritional deficits, changes in DNA methylation, and impaired immune surveillance. As CSDs are often suspected to cause certain gastrointestinal disorders, consequently, some researchers have hypothesized their involvement in gastrointestinal cancers. Of all the ingredients, carbon dioxide is prevalently involved in the alteration of gastrointestinal physiology by a direct mucosal effect and indirect effects mediated by the mechanical pressure determined by gas. The role of sugar or artificial sweeteners is also debated as factors involved in the carcinogenic processes. However, several surveys have failed to show any associations between CSDs and esophageal, gastric, or colon cancers. On the other hand, a slight correlation between risk of pancreatic cancer and CSD consumption has been found.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

AA :

Acetaldehyde

AB :

Alcoholic beverages

ADH :

Alcohol dehydrogenase

ALDH :

Aldehyde dehydrogenase

CI :

Confidence intervals

CSD :

Carbonated soft drink

CYP2E1 :

Cytochrome P450 2E1

EGJAC :

Adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction

GCA :

Gastric cardia adenocarcinoma

GI :

Gastrointestinal

HCC :

Hepatocellular carcinoma

MNNG :

N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine

NCGA :

Noncardia gastric adenocarcinoma

NIH–AARP :

National Institutes of Health–American Association of Retired Persons

RR :

Relative risk

SAMe :

S-adenosyl methionine

References

  1. Almiron-Roig E, Drewnowski A (2003) Hunger, thirst, and energy intakes following consumption of caloric beverages. Physiol Behav 79(4–5):767–773

    Google Scholar 

  2. Anderson LA, Cantwell MM, Watson RG et al (2009) The association between alcohol and reflux esophagitis, Barrett’s esophagus, and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology 136(3):799–805

    Google Scholar 

  3. Bagnardi V, Blangiardo M, La Vecchia C et al (2001) Alcohol consumption and the risk of cancer: a meta-analysis. Alcohol Res Health 25:263–270

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bao Y, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, Jiao L et al (2008) Added sugar and sugar-sweetened foods and beverages and the risk of pancreatic cancer in the National Institutes of Health-AARP diet and health study. Am J Clin Nutr 88:431–440

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Batty GD, Shipley MJ, Marmot M et al (2004) Diabetes status and post-load plasma glucose concentration in relation to site-specific cancer mortality: findings from the original Whitehall Study. Cancer Causes Control 15:873–881

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Belpoggi F, Soffritti M, Tibaldi E et al (2006) Results of long-term carcinogenicity bioassays on Coca-Cola administered to Sprague-Dawley rats. Ann NY Acad Sci 1076:736–752

    Google Scholar 

  7. Benedetti A, Parent ME, Siemiatycki J (2009) Lifetime consumption of alcoholic beverages and risk of 13 types of cancer in men: results from a case-control study in Montreal. Cancer Detect Prev 32(5–6):352–362

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bergmann U, Funatomi H, Yokoyama M et al (1995) Insulin-like growth factor I overexpression in human pancreatic cancer: evidence for autocrine and paracrine roles. Cancer Res 55:2007–2011

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Boffetta P, Garfinkel L (1990) Alcohol drinking and mortality among men enrolled in an American Cancer Society prospective study. Epidemiology 1:342–348

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Boffetta P, Hashibe M (2006) Alcohol and cancer. Lancet Onco l7(2):149–156

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bosetti C, Gallus S, Talamini R et al (2009) Artificial sweeteners and the risk of gastric, pancreatic, and endometrial cancers in Italy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18(8):2235–2238

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Bray GA, Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM (2004) Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 79:537–543

    Google Scholar 

  13. Breslow NE, Enstrom JE (1974) Geographic correlations between mortality rates and alcohol, tobacco consumption in the US. J Natl Cancer Inst 53:631–639

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Cho E, Smith-Warner SA, Ritz J et al (2004) Alcohol intake and colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of 8 cohort studies. Ann Intern Med 140:603–613

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Choi SW, Stickel F, Baik HW et al (1999) Chronic alcohol consumption induces genomic but not p53-specific DNA hypomethylation in rat colon. J Nutr 129:1945–1950

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Cook RT (1998) Alcohol abuse, alcoholism, and damage to the immune system—a review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 22:1927–1942

    Google Scholar 

  17. Corrao G, Bagnardi V, Zambon A et al (1999) Exploring the dose-response relationship between alcohol consumption and the risk of several alcohol-related conditions: a meta-analysis. Addiction 94:551–573

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Cuomo R, Sarnelli G, Savarese MF et al (2009) Carbonated beverages and gastrointestinal system: between myth and reality. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 19(10):683–689

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Cuomo R, Savarese MF, Sarnelli G et al (2008) Sweetened carbonated drinks do not alter upper digestive tract physiology in healthy subjects. Neurogastroenterol Motil 20(7):780–789

    Google Scholar 

  20. Daly M (2003) Sugars, insulin sensitivity, and the postprandial state. Am J Clin Nutr 78:865S–872S

    Google Scholar 

  21. Dhingra R, Sullivan L, Jacques PF et al (2007) Soft drink consumption and risk of developing cardiometabolic risk factors and the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged adults in the community. Circulation 116:480–488

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Druesne-Pecollo N, Tehard B, Mallet Y et al (2009) Alcohol and genetic polymorphisms: effect on risk of alcohol-related cancer. Lancet Oncol 10(2):173–180

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. el Ghissassi F, Barbin A, Nair J et al (1995) Formation of 1, N6- ethenoadenine and 3, N4-ethenocytosine by lipid peroxidation products and nucleic acid bases. Chem Res Toxicol 8:278–283

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Fang JL, Vaca CE (1997) Detection of DNA adducts of acetaldehyde in peripheral white blood cells of alcohol abusers. Carcinogenesis 18:627–632

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Fass R, Quan SF, O’Connor GT et al (2005) Predictors of heartburn during sleep in a large prospective cohort study. Chest 127:1658–1666

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Fleischmann A, Fuhr D, Poznyak V et al (2011) Global status report on alcohol and health. WHO Press, Geneva (www.who.int)

  27. Franceschi S, La Vecchia C (1994) Alcohol and the risk of cancers of the stomach and colon-rectum. Dig Dis 12:276–289

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Gallus S, Scotti L, Negri E et al (2007) Artificial sweeteners and cancer risk in a network of case-control studies. Ann Oncol 18:40–244

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Gallus S, Talamini R, Fernandez E Et al (2006) Re: carbonated soft drink consumption and risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 98(9):645–646

    Google Scholar 

  30. Gallus S, Turati F, Tavani A et al(2011) Soft drinks, sweetened beverages and risk of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Causes Control 22(1):33–39

    Google Scholar 

  31. Genkinger JM, Li R, Spiegelman D, Anderson KE et al (2012) Coffee, tea, and sugar-sweetened carbonated soft drink intake and pancreatic cancer risk: a pooled analysis of 14 cohort studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 21(2):305–318

    Google Scholar 

  32. Genkinger JM, Spiegelman D, Anderson KE et al (2009) Alcohol intake and pancreatic cancer risk: a pooled analysis of fourteen cohort studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18:765–776

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Gibson S (2008) Sugar-sweetened soft drinks and obesity: a systematic review of the evidence from observational studies and interventions. Nutr Res Rev 21:134–147

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Giovannucci E (2003) Nutrition, insulin, insulin-like growth factors and cancer. Horm Metab Res 35:694–704

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Gunnels SR, Carver PH, Coker KK et al(2003) National toxicology program USDoHaHS. Toxicity studies of aspartame (CAS No. 22839-47-0) in FVB/N-TgN (v-Ha-ras) Led(Tg.AC) hemizygous mice and carcinogenicity studies of aspartame in B6.129-Trp53tm1Brd (N5) haploinsufficient mice. NTP Technical Report (NIH Publication No. 03-4459 http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/GMM_rpts/GMM1.pdf

  36. Gurney JG, Pogoda JM, Holly EA et al (1997) Aspartame consumption in relation to childhood brain tumor risk: results from a case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 89:1072–1074

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Guthrie JF, Morton JF (2000) Food sources of added sweeteners in the diets of Americans. J Am Diet Assoc 100:43–51

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Hamoui N, Lord RV, Hagen JA et al (2006). Response of the lower esophageal sphincter to gastric distention by carbonated beverages. J Gastrointest Surg 10(6):870–877

    Google Scholar 

  39. Harnack L, Stang J, Story M (1999) Soft drink consumption among US children and adolescents: nutritional consequences. J Am Diet Assoc 99(4):436–441

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Hassan MM, Hwang LY, Hatten CJ et al (2002) Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: synergism of alcohol with viral hepatitis and diabetes mellitus. Hepatology 36(5):1206–1213

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Hoek JB, Pastorino JG (2002) Ethanol, oxidative stress, and cytokine-induced liver cell injury. Alcohol 27:63–68

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Homann N, Kärkkäinen P, Koivisto T, Nosova T, Jokelainen K, Salaspuro M (1997) Effects of acetaldehyde on cell regeneration and differentiation of the upper gastrointestinal tract mucosa. J Natl Cancer Inst 89(22):1692–1697

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Huxley R, Ansary-Moghaddam A, Berrington de Gonzalez A et al (2005) Type-II diabetes and pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis of 36 studies. Br J Cancer 92:2076–2083

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Ibiebele TI, Hughes MC, O’Rourke P et al (2008) Australian cancer study. Cancers of the esophagus and carbonated beverage consumption: a population-based case-control study. Cancer Causes Control 19(6):577–584

    Google Scholar 

  45. Jee SH, Ohrr H, Sull JW et al (2005) Fasting serum glucose level and cancer risk in Korean men and women. JAMA 293:194–202

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Ketcham AS, Wexler H, Mantel N (1963) Affects of alcohol in mouse neoplasia. Cancer Res 23:667–670

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Kubo A, Levin TR, Block G et al (2009) Alcohol types and sociodemographic characteristics as risk factors for Barrett’s esophagus. Gastroenterology 136(3):806–815

    Google Scholar 

  48. Lagergren J, Viklund P, Jansson C (2006). Carbonated soft drinks and risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma: a population-based case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 16 98(16):1158–1161

    Google Scholar 

  49. Larsson SC, Bergkvist L, Wolk A (2006) Consumption of sugar and sugar sweetened foods and the risk of pancreatic cancer in a prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr 84:1171–1176

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Larsson SC, Giovannucci E, Wolk A et al (2007) Alcoholic beverage consumption and gastric cancer risk: a prospective population-based study in women. Int J Cancer 120:373–377

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Larsson SC, Orsini N, Wolk A (2007) Body mass index and pancreatic cancer risk: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int J Cancer 120:1993–1998

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Le Roith D (1997) Seminars in medicine of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center: insulin-like growth factors. N Engl J Med 336:633–640

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Leo MA, Lieber CS (1999) Alcohol, vitamin A, and beta-carotene: adverse interactions, including hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Am J Clin Nutr 69:1071–1085

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Magnuson BA, Burdock GA, Doull J et al (2007) Aspartame: a safety evaluation based on current use levels, regulations, and toxicological and epidemiological studies. Crit Rev Toxicol 37:629–727

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Maier H, Born IA, Veith S, Adler D, Seitz HK (1986) The effect of chronic ethanol consumption on salivary gland morphology and function in the rat. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 10:425–427

    Google Scholar 

  56. Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB (2006) Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 84:274–288

    Google Scholar 

  57. Mallath MK (2006) Re: carbonated soft drink consumption and risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 3 98(9):644–645

    Google Scholar 

  58. Mathers C, Stevens G, Mascarenhas M (2009) Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. WHO Press, Geneva (www.who.int)

  59. Mayne ST, Risch HA, Dubrow R et al (2006) Carbonated soft drink consumption and risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 4 98(1):72–75

    Google Scholar 

  60. McCloy RF, Greenberg GR, Baron JH (1984) Duodenal pH in health and duodenal ulcer disease: effect of a meal, Coca-Cola, smoking, and cimetidine. Gut 25(4):386–392

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Meining A, Classen M (2000) The role of diet and lifestyle measures in the pathogenesis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 95:2692–2697

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Michaud DS, Vrieling A, Jiao L et al (2010) Alcohol intake and pancreatic cancer: a pooled analysis from the pancreatic cancer cohort consortium (PanScan). Cancer Causes Control 21:1213–1225

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Michaud DS, Wolpin B, Giovannucci E et al (2007) Prediagnostic plasma C-peptide and pancreatic cancer risk in men and women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16:2101–2109

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Molina PE, Hoek JB, Nelson S et al (2003) Mechanisms of alcohol induced tissue injury. Alcohol ClinExp Res 27:563–575

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Morgan TR, Mandayam S, Jamal MM (2004) Alcohol and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 127:S87–S96

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Mueller NT, Odegaard A, Anderson K et al (2010) Soft drink and juice consumption and risk of pancreatic cancer: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 19(2):447–455

    Google Scholar 

  67. Nielsen SJ, Siega-Riz AM, Popkin BM (2002) Trends in energy intake in U.S. between 1977 and 1996: similar shifts seen across age groups. Obes Res 10(5):370–378

    Google Scholar 

  68. Nothlings U, Murphy SP, Wilkens LR et al (2007) Dietary glycemic load, added sugars, and carbohydrates as risk factors for pancreatic cancer: the Multiethnic Cohort Study. Am J Clin Nutr 86:1495–1501

    Google Scholar 

  69. Olney JW, Farber NB, Spitznagel E et al (1996) In creasing brain tumor rates: is there a link to aspartame? J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 55:1115–1123

    Google Scholar 

  70. Oneta CM, Lieber CS, Li JJ et al (2002) Dynamics of cytochrome P4502E1 activity in man: induction by ethanol and disappearance during withdrawal phase. J Hepatol 36:47–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Pandeya N, Williams G, Green AC et al (2009) Australian cancer study. Alcohol consumption and the risks of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Gastroenterology 136(4):1215–1224

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Pöschl G, Seitz HK (2004) Alcohol and cancer. Alcohol Alcohol 39:155–165

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Pouderoux P, Friedman N, Shirazi P et al (1997) Effect of carbonated water on gastric emptying and intragastric meal distribution. Dig Dis Sci 42:34–39

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Reda A, Pattison J (2007) The global carbonates report. Canadean Ltd, England (www.candean.com)

  75. Ren JS, Freedman ND, Kamangar F et al (2010) Tea, coffee, carbonated soft drinks and upper gastrointestinal tract cancer risk in a large United States prospective cohort study. Eur J Cancer 46(10):1873–1881

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Rencüzoğullari E, Tüylü BA, Topaktaş M et al (2004) Genotoxicity of aspartame. Drug Chem Toxicol 27(3):257–268

    Google Scholar 

  77. Schernhammer ES, Hu FB, Giovannucci E et al (2005) Sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption and risk of pancreatic cancer in two prospective cohorts. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14(9):2098–2105

    Google Scholar 

  78. Schulze MB, Manson JE, Ludwig DS et al (2004) Sugar-sweetened beverages, weight gain, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women. JAMA 292:3455–3457

    Google Scholar 

  79. Secretan B, Straif K, Baan R et al (2009) A review of human carcinogens—part E: tobacco, areca nut, alcohol, coal smoke, and salted fish. Lancet Oncol 10(11):1033–1034

    Google Scholar 

  80. Seitz HK, Meier P (2007) The role of acetaldehyde in upper digestive tract cancer in alcoholics. Transl Res 149(6):293–297

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Sjodahl K, Lu Y, Nilsen TI et al (2007) Smoking and alcohol drinking in relation to risk of gastric cancer: a population-based, prospective cohort study. Int J Cancer 120:128–132

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Soffritti M, Belpoggi F, Degli Esposti D et al (2006) First experimental demonstration of the multipotential carcinogenic effects of aspartame administered in the feed to Sprague-Dawley rats. Envir Health Perspect 114:379–385

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Soffritti M, Belpoggi F, Manservigi M et al (2010) Aspartame administered in feed, beginning prenatally through life span, induces cancers of the liver and lung in male Swiss mice. Am J Ind Med 53(12):1197–1206

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Soffritti M, Belpoggi F, Tibaldi E et al (2007) Life-span exposure to low doses of aspartame beginning during prenatal life increases cancer effects in rats. Environ Health Perspect 115:1293–1297

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Stickel F, Seitz HK (2004) Ethanol and methytransfer: its role in liver disease and hepatocarcinogenesis. In: Watson RR, Preedy VR (eds) Nutrition and alcohol: linking nutrient interactions and dietary intake. CRC Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  86. Takada A, Nei J, Takase S, Matsuda Y (1986) Effects of ethanol on experimental hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatology 6:65–72

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. The European Food Safety Authority (2006) Opinion of the scientific panel AFC related to new long-term carcinogenicity study on aspartame. EFSA J 356:1–44

    Google Scholar 

  88. The European Food Safety Authority (2011) EFSA statement on the scientific evaluation of two studies related to the safety of artificial sweeteners. EFSA J 9(2):2089

    Google Scholar 

  89. Tippett KS, Cypel YS (1998) Food and nutrient intakes by income. In: Design and operation: the continuing survey of food intakes by individuals and the diet and health knowledge survey, 1994–1996. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington, D.C. Data Table available at: www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/12355000/pdf/Income.pdf

  90. Trichopoulos D (1999) Response to Schwartz GR. Aspartame and breast and other cancers. West J Med 171:301

    Google Scholar 

  91. Trocho C, Pardo R, Rafecas I (1998) Formaldehyde derived from dietary aspartame binds to tissue components in vivo. Life Sci 63:337–349

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Wainfan E, Dizik M, Stender M, Christman JK (1989) Rapid appearance of hypomethylated DNA in livers of rats fed cancerpromoting, methyl-deficient diets. Cancer Res 49(4094–4097):164

    Google Scholar 

  93. Wang XD (2003) Retinoids and alcohol-related carcinogenesis. J Nutr 133:287S–290S

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Watanabe H, Takahashi T, Okamoto T, Ogundigie PO, Ito A (1992) Effects of sodium chloride and ethanol on stomach tumorigenesis in ACI rats treated with N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine: a quantitative morphometric approach. Jpn J Cancer Res 83:588–593

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Weihrauch MR, Diehl V (2004) Artificial sweeteners—do they bear a carcinogenic risk? Ann Oncol 15:1460–1465

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Wight AJ, Ogden GR (1998) Possible mechanisms by which alcohol may influence the development of oral cancer—a review. Oral Oncol 34:441–447

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Wiseman M (2008) the second world cancer research fund/American Institute for Cancer Research expert report. Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Proc Nutr Soc 67:270–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Wu AH, Wan P, Bernstein L (2001) A multiethnic population-based study of smoking, alcohol and body size and risk of adenocarcinomas of the stomach and esophagus (United States). Cancer Causes Control 12(8):721–732

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Wu WJ, Wolcott RM, Pruett SB (1994) Ethanol decreases the number and activity of splenic natural killer cells in a mouse model for binge drinking. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 271:722–729

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Zhang X, Albanes D, Beeson WL et al (2010) Risk of colon cancer and coffee, tea, and sugar-sweetened soft drink intake: pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 2 102(11):771–783

    Google Scholar 

  101. Zvrko E, Gledovic Z, Ljaljevic A (2008) Risk factors for laryngeal cancer in Montenegro. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 59(11–8):9

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Hospital School of Medicine, Federico II University, Via S. Pansini 5, Building no. 6, 80131, Naples, Italy

    Rosario Cuomo, Paolo Andreozzi & Francesco Paolo Zito

Authors
  1. Rosario Cuomo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Paolo Andreozzi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Francesco Paolo Zito
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rosario Cuomo .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy

    Vincenzo Zappia

  2. Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy

    Salvatore Panico

  3. Institute of Food Sciences National Research Council, Avellino, Italy

    Gian Luigi Russo

  4. Dept. of Experimental Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Naples, Italy

    Alfredo Budillon

  5. Dept. of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy

    Fulvio Della Ragione

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Cuomo, R., Andreozzi, P., Zito, F.P. (2014). Alcoholic Beverages and Carbonated Soft Drinks: Consumption and Gastrointestinal Cancer Risks. In: Zappia, V., Panico, S., Russo, G., Budillon, A., Della Ragione, F. (eds) Advances in Nutrition and Cancer. Cancer Treatment and Research, vol 159. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38007-5_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38007-5_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-38006-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-38007-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation