Abstract
Basically, there are two ways of analysing whether Kuhnian-type paradigms exist in cartography. First, we apply the criteria of contrast used in the distinction of science types. These criteria establish the differences between formal sciences and factual sciences and also distinguish between regional and quantitative geography. Second, an analysis based upon the ‘tendency distribution in the epistemological-space’ (Azócar 2012) is applied. The distribution or ‘location’ of tendencies permits the identification of paradigmatic-shifts according to epistemological and philosophical ‘coordinates’. The term coordinates corresponds to the three bases of modern thought: positivism-empiricism, realism-structuralism, and idealism-hermeneutics. This approach is applied to modern geographic thought and then to the cartography of the modern and post-modern period. The aim is to locate cartographic tendencies according to the epistemological coordinates rather than to describe the technological changes that occurred during the development of the discipline.
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Notes
- 1.
These criteria of contrast are also called ‘contrasting parameters’ (reference). In this book, however, they are named criteria of contrast due to their epistemological and theoretical nature. A criterion of contrast is an indicator that permits the description of distinctions between types of sciences, e.g. formal/factual sciences or physical/social sciences.
- 2.
This tendency was analysed in the section “Critical Cartography in the Context of Post-Modernism”.
- 3.
Ontological security is a stable mental state derived from a sense of continuity in regard to the events in one's life. Giddens (1991) refers to ontological security as a sense of order and continuity in regard to an individual’s experiences. ‘Confidence or trust that the natural and social worlds are as they appear to be, including the basic existential parameters of self and social identity’ (Giddens 1993: 374–377). We consider ontological security as applied to cartography according to Rob Kitchin (2008).
- 4.
This approach was analysed in Chapter “Post-Representational Cartography”.
- 5.
“… die theoretische Kartographie als Wissenschaft zu begründen …” (Eckert 1921: III, drawing on Eckert 1907).
- 6.
“Ist die Kartographie noch eine Wissenschaft?” (Wolodtschenko 2009: 58).
- 7.
‘Le roi est mort, vive le roi!’.
- 8.
To the authors’ opinion this definition certainly hast o be extended by the natural world as well as other celestial bodies.
- 9.
Since for Cosgrove the graphic and representative qualities are crucial criteria of a map’s nature (“Kartizität” Picker 2013: 12), he also includes narrative, literary route descriptions but also abstract geometric compositions in his far-reaching/broad/wide/widely formulated/broadly formulated definition (Cosgrove 1999: 1, 17).
- 10.
“Konstanz liegt am Bodensee.” (Freud 1974: 159).
- 11.
“Die schöne Stadt liegt am Ufer eines weiten Gewässers, das alle Umwohnenden Bodensee heißen.” (Freud 1974: 159).
- 12.
By, 1985 the Canadian R. Simard from the Canada Center for Remote Sensing (CCRS), together with the MIT Professor of Media Arts and Sciences, Stephen A. Benton (1941–2003), produced an achromatic holographic stereogram out of Landsat multispectral scanner data. This, however, was only a sort of stereoscopic image without any further cartographic information like geodetic grid or name labellings.
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© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
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Azócar Fernández, P.I., Buchroithner, M.F. (2014). Possibilities of Paradigms in Cartography. In: Paradigms in Cartography. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38893-4_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38893-4_7
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