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P2X7 in Bipolar and Depressive Disorders

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Pathologies of Calcium Channels

Abstract

Psychiatric illnesses affect a substantial number of people worldwide, with major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) amongst the most common disorders. Current medications for MDD target monoamine systems, principally serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine, to augment synaptic levels of some or all of these neurotransmitters. However, these treatments exhibit comparatively low efficacy relative to placebo, a slow onset of action, and a multiplicity of adverse side effects resulting in poor adherence. Similarly, the pharmacological treatment of BD involves drugs such as lithium, anticonvulsants and antipsychotics that have a range of troubling side effects. Novel therapeutic interventions are badly needed for MDD and BD to improve efficacy, minimise side effects and to maximise patient adherence. Recent reports suggest that mood disorders may sometimes involve a neuroinflammatory state, with particular involvement of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β. Generation, maturation and release of IL-1β can occur via several pathways. One particular pathway is via the activation of the P2X7 receptor, a purinergic ligand-gated ion channel. This chapter focuses on recent research carried out on the P2X7 ion channel receptor, including intracellular signalling events following activation of this receptor, genetic linkage studies of P2X7 and results from studies involving P2X7 knockout mice. Our aim is to provide further insight into the possible role of P2X7 in MDD and BD and the use of P2X7 acting drugs as novel therapies for BD and MDD.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to recognise and thank Dr. Marcus J. Robinson, at The University of Sydney, for his assistance in producing the figures included in this chapter.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Brain and Mind Research Institute and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia

    Melissa L. Barron, Eryn L. Werry & Michael Kassiou

  2. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2141, Australia

    Melissa L. Barron, Eryn L. Werry & Michael Kassiou

  3. School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia

    Iain S. McGregor

  4. School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia

    Michael Kassiou

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  1. Melissa L. Barron
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  1. Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

    Norbert Weiss

  2. Department of Neurophysiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Alexandra Koschak

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Barron, M.L., Werry, E.L., McGregor, I.S., Kassiou, M. (2014). P2X7 in Bipolar and Depressive Disorders. In: Weiss, N., Koschak, A. (eds) Pathologies of Calcium Channels. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40282-1_31

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