Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Genitourinary Malignancies: Bladder/Penis/Urethral Cancers

  • Chapter
Oncologic Therapies

  • 148 Accesses

Abstract

Bladder cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the United States and more than 50,000 Americans were diagnosed in 2001 [1]. The vast majority of these patients will suffer from superficial disease and thus approximately 12,000 deaths occurred. Despite a 14.3% increase in the incidence of bladder cancer from 1973 to 1998, the death rate declined by 23%, likely reflecting improvements in the diagnosis, management, and monitoring of patients with superficial disease [2].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Greenlee RT, Hill-Harmon MB, Murray T, Thun M (2001) Cancer statistics 2001. CA 51:15–36

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Ries LAG, Eisner MP, Kosary CL, Hankey BF, Miller BA, Clegg L, Edwards BK (2001) SEER cancer statistics review, 1973-1998, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD

    Google Scholar 

  3. Hartge P, Silveman D, Hoover R, et al (1987) Changing cigarette habits and bladder cancer risk: a case-control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 78:1119–1125

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Engeland A, Andersen A, Haldorsen T, Tretli S (1996) Smoking habits and risk of cancers other than lung cancer: 28 years’ follow-up of 26,000 Norwegian men and women. Cancer Causes Control 7:497–506

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Vineis P (1991) Black (air-cured) and blond (flue-cured) tobacco and cancer risk. I. Bladder cancer. Eur J Cancer 27: 1491–1493

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Rehn L (1895) Blasengeschwülste bei Buchsin-Arbeitern. Arch Klin Chir 50:588–600

    Google Scholar 

  7. Swaminathan S, Reznikoff C (2000) Biochemical and molecular carcinogenesis. In: Vogelzang NJ, Scardino PT, Shipley WU, Coffey DS (eds) Comprehensive textbook of genitourinary oncology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 289–297

    Google Scholar 

  8. Yu MC, Skipper PL, Taghizadeh K et al (1994) Acetylator phenotype, aminobiphenyl-hemoglobin adduct levels, and bladder cancer risk in white, black, and Asian men in Los Angeles, California. J Natl Cancer Inst 86:712–716

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Kantor AF, Hartge P, Hoover RN et al (1984) Urinary tract infection and risk of bladder cancer. Am J Epidemiol 119: 510–515

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Maier U, Ehrenbock PM, Hofbauer J (1997) Urological complications and malignancies after curative radiotherapy for gynecological carcinomas: a retrospective analysis of 10,709 patients. J Urol 158:814–817

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Neugut AI, Ahsan H, Robinson E, Ennis RD (1997) Bladder carcinoma and other second malignancies after radiotherapy for prostate carcinoma. Cancer 79:1600–1604

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Travis LB, Curtis RE, Glimelius B et al (1995) Bladder and kidney cancer following cyclophosphamide therapy for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:524–530

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Talar-Williams C, Hijazi YM, Walther MM et al (1996) Cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis and bladder cancer in patients with Wegener granulomatosis. Ann Intern Med 124: 477–484

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Tumors of the kidney, bladder, and related urinary structures (1995) AFIP Electronic Fascicle v2.0, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  15. Fleming ID, Cooper JS, Henson DE, Hutter RV, Kennedy BJ, Murphy GP, O’Sullivan B, Sobin LH, Yarbro J (1998) AJCC cancer staging handbook. Lippencott Williams and Wilkin, Philadelphia, pp 223–226

    Google Scholar 

  16. Holzbeierlein JM, Smith JA (2000) Natural history and surgical management of superficial bladder cancer. In: Vogelzang NJ, Scardino PT, Shipley WU, Coffey DS (eds) Comprehensive textbook of genitourinary oncology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 384–394

    Google Scholar 

  17. Cookson MS, Herr HW, Zhang A-F, Soloway S, Sogani PC, Fair WR (1997) The treated natural history of high-risk superficial bladder cancer: 15-year outcome. J Urol 158:62–67

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Wishnow KI, Levinson AK, Johnson DE et al (1992) Stage B (P2/3 A/N0) transitional cell carcinoma of bladder highly curable by radical cystectomy. Urology 39:12–16

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Schoenberg MP, Walsh PC, Breazeale DR, Marshall FF, Mostwin JL, Brendler CB (1996) Local recurrence and survival following nerve sparing radical cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer: 10-year follow-up. J Urol 155:490–494

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Pagano F, Bassi P, Galetti TP et al (1991) Results of contemporary radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer: a clinicopathological study with an emphasis on the inadequacy of the tumor, nodes, and metastases classification. J Urol 145:45–50

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Lerner SP, Skinner DG, Lieskovsky G et al (1993) The rationale for en bloc pelvic lymph node dissection for bladder cancer patients with nodal metastases: Long-term results. J Urol 149:758–765

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Herr HW, Scher HI (1990) Surgery of invasive bladder cancer: is pathologic staging necessary? (review) Semin Oncol 17:590–597

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Carbin BE, Ekman P, Gustafson H et al (1991) Grading of human urothelial carcinoma based on nuclear atypia and mitotic frequency II. Prognostic importance. J Urol 145: 972–975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Esrig D, Elmajian D, Groshen S et al (1994) Accumulation of nuclear p53 and tumor progression in bladder cancer. N Engl J Med 331:1259–1264

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Cordon-Cardo C, Wartinger D, Petrylak D, Dalbagni G, Gair WR, Fuks Z, Reuter VE (1992) Altered expression of the retinoblastoma gene product: Prognostic indicator in bladder cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 84:1251–1256

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Mellon K, Wright C, Kelly P, Wilson Home CH, Neal DE (1995) Long-term outcome related to epidermal growth factor receptor status in bladder cancer. J Urol 153:919–925

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Shimazui T, Schalken JA, Giroldi LA et al (1996) Prognostic value of cadherin-associated molecules (alpha-, beta-, and gamma-catenins and pl20cas) in bladder tumors. Cancer Res 56:4154–4158

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Bochner BH, Cote RJ, Weidner N et al (1995) Angiogenesis in bladder cancer: relationship between microvessel density and tumor prognosis. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:1603–1612

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Fossa SD, Ous S, Berner A (1991) Clinical significance of the “palpable mass” in patients with muscle-infiltrating bladder cancer undergoing cystectomy after pre-operative radiotherapy. Br J Urol 67:54–60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Lutzeyer W, Rubben H, Dahm H (1982) Prognostic parameters in superficial bladder cancer: an analysis of 315 cases. J Urol 127:250–254

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Raghavan D, Shipley WU, Garnick MB et al (1990) Biology and management of bladder cancer. N Engl J Med 322: 1129–1138

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Pawinski A, Sylvester R, Kurth KH et al (1996) A combined analysis of European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and Medical Research Council randomized clinical trials for the prophylactic treatment of stage TaTl bladder cancer. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genitourinary Tract Cancer Cooperative Group and the Medical Research Council Working Party on Superficial Bladder Cancer. J Urol 156:1934–1940

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Krege S, Giani G, Meyer R, Otto T, Rubben H et al (1996) A randomized trial of adjuvant therapy in superficial bladder cancer: transurethral resection only versus transurethral resection plus mitomycin C versus transurethral resection plus bacillus Calmette-Guerin. J Urol 156:962–966

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Masters JR, Popert RJ, Thompson PM, Gibson D, Coptcoat MJ, Parmar MK (1999) Intravesical chemotherapy with epirubicin: a dose response study. J Urol 161:1490–1493

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Lamm DL (1992) Long-term results of intravesical therapy for superficial bladder cancer. Urol Clin North Am 19:573–580

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Witjes JA, Fransen MPH, van der Meijden APM et al (1993) Use of maintenance intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) with or without intradermal BCG in patients with recurrent superficial bladder cancer. Urol Int 51:67–72

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Steinberg G, Bahnson R, Brosman S, Middleton R, Wajsman Z, Wehle M (2000) Efficacy and safety of valrubicin for the treatment of Bacillus-Calmette-Guerin refractory carcinoma in situ of the bladder. The Valrubicin Study Group. J Urol 163:761–767

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Zhang GK, Uke ET, Sharer WC, Borkon WD, Bernstein SM (1996) Reassessment of conservative management for stage T1N0M0 rthe cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 155:1907–1909

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Bales GT, Kim H, Steinberg G (1996) Surgical therapy for locally advanced bladder cancer. Semin Oncol 605–613

    Google Scholar 

  40. Stein JP, Lieskovsky G, Cote R et al (2001) Radical cystectomy in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer: long-term results in 1,054 patients. J Clin Oncol 19:666–675

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Bloom HJ, Hendry WF, Wallace DM, Skeet RG (1982) Treatment of T3 bladder cancer: controlled trial of pre-operative radiotherapy and radical cystectomy versus radical radiotherapy. Br J Urol 54:136–151

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Douglas RM, Kaufman DS, Zietman AL, Althausen AF, Heney NM, Shipley WU (1996) Conservative surgery, patient selection, and chemoradiation as organ-preserving treatment for muscle-invading bladder cancer. Semin Oncol 23:614–620

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Tester W, Caplan R, Heaney J, Venner P, Whittington R, Byhardt R, True L, Shipley W (1996) Neoadjuvant combined modality program with selective organ preservation for invasive bladder cancer: results of radiation therapy oncology group phase II trial 8802. J Clin Oncol 14:119–126

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Kaufman DS, Shipley WU, Griffen PP, Heney NM, Althausen AF, Efird JT (1993) Selective bladder preservation by combination treatment of invasive bladder cancer. N Engl J Med 329:1377–1382

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Kachnic LA, Kaufman DS, Heney NM, Althausen AF, Griffen PP, Zietman AL, Shipley WU (1997) Bladder preservation by combined modality therapy for invasive bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol 15:1022–1029

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Natale RB, Grossman HB, Blumenstein B, Vogelzang N et al (2001) SWOG 8710 (INT-0080): randomized phase III trial of neoadjuvant MVAC + cystectomy versus cystectomy alone in patients with locally advanced bladder cancer (abstract). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 20:2A

    Google Scholar 

  47. Anonymous (1999) Neoadjuvant cisplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 354:533–540

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Sternberg CN (1996) Neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced bladder cancer. Semin Oncol 23:621–632

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Anonymous (1999) Neoadjuvant cisplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a randomized controlled trial. International collaboration of trialists. Lancet 354:533–540

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Shipley WU, Winter KA, Kaufman DS, Lee WR, Heney NM, Tester WR, Donnelly BJ, Venner PM, Perez CA, Murray KJ, Doggett RS, True LD (1998) Phase III trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy fo rmus cle-invasive bladder cancer treated with selective bladder preservation by combined radiation therapy and chemotherapy: initial results of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 89-03. J Clin Oncol 16: 3576–3583

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Wallace DM, Raghavan D, Kelly KA et al (1991) Neo-adjuvant (pre-emptive) cisplatin therapy in invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Br J Urol 67:608–615

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Pellegrini A, for GISTV (1993) Neoadjuvant treatment for locally advanced bladder cancer: a randomized prospective clinical trial (abstract). Proc 4th Int Symp Adv Urol Oncol 29A:S229

    Google Scholar 

  53. Malmstrom PU, Rintala E, Wahlqvist R et al (1996) Five-year follow up of a prospective trial of radical cystectomy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Nordic cystectomy trial I. J Urol 155:1903–1906

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Skinner DG, Daniels JR, Russell CA et al (1991) The role of adjuvant chemotherapy following cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer: a prospective comparative trial. J Urol 145: 459–467

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Studer UE, Bacchi M, Biedermann C et al (1992) Adjuvant cisplatin chemotherapy following cystectomy for bladder cancer: results of a prospective randomized trial. J Urol 152: 81–84

    Google Scholar 

  56. Stoeckle M, Meyenburg W, Wellek S et al (1992) Advanced bladder cancer (Stages pT3b, pT4a, pNl, and pN2): improved survival after radical cystectomy and 3 cycles of chemotherapy. Results of a controlled prospective study. J Urol 148: 302–307

    Google Scholar 

  57. Bono AV, Benvenuti C, Reali L et al (1989) Adjuvant chemotherapy in advanced bladder cancer. Italian Uro-Oncologic Cooperative Group. Prog Clin Biol Res 303:533–540

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Freiha F, Reese J, Torti FM (1996) A randomized trial of radical cystectomy versus radical cystectomy plus cisplatin, vinblastine, and methotrexate chemotherapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol 155:495–500

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Fagbemi SO, Stadler WM (1998) New chemotherapy regimens for advanced bladder cancer. Semin Urol Oncol 16: 23–29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Loehrer P, Einhorn LH, Elson PJ et al (1992) A randomized comparison of cisplatin alone or in combination with methotrexate, vinblastine and doxorubicin in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a cooperative group study. J Clin Oncol 10:1066–1073

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Roth BJ, Dreicer R, Einhorn LH et al (1994) Significant activity of paclitaxel in advanced transitional-cell carcinoma of the urothelium: a phase II trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 12:2264–2270

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Stadler WM, Kuzel T, Roth B, Raghavan D, Dorr FA (1997) A phase II study of single agent gemcitabine in previously untreated patients with metastatic urothelial cancer. J Clin Oncol 15:3394–3398

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Moore MJ, Tannock IF, Ernst DS, Huan S, Murray N (1997) Gemcitabine: a promising new agent in the treatment of advanced urothelial cancer. J Clin Oncol 15:3441–3445

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Logothetis CJ, Dexeus FH, Finn L et al (1990) A prospective randomized trial comparing MVAC and CISCA chemotherapy for patients with metastatic urothelial tumors. J Clin Oncol 8:1050–1055

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Saxman SB, Propert KJ, Einhorn LH et al (1997) Long-term follow-up of a phase III intergroup study of cisplatin alone or in combination with methotrexate, vinblastine, and doxorubicin in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a cooperative group study. J Clin Oncol 15:2564–2569

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Sternberg CN, de Mulder PHM, Schornagel JH et al (2001) Randomized phase III trial of high-dose-intensity methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin (MVAC) chemotherapy and recombinant human granulocyte colonystimulating factor versus classic MVAC in advanced urothelial tract tumors: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer protocol no. 30924. J Clin Oncol 19: 2638–2646

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Moore MJ, Winquist EW, Murray N et al (1999) Gemcitabine plus cisplatin, an active regimen in advanced urothelial cancer: a phase II trial of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. J Clin Oncol 17:2876–2881

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Vogelzang NJ, Stadler WM (1999) Gemcitabine and other new chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of metastatic bladder cancer. Urology 53:243–250

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Lorusso V, Manzione L, De Vita F, Antimi M, Selvaggi FP, De-Lena M (2000) Gemcitabine plus cisplatin for advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract: a phase II multicenter trial. J Urol 164:53–56

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Von der Masse H, Hansen SW, Roberts JT et al (2000) Gemcitabine and cisplatin versus methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin in advanced or metastatic bladder cancer: results of a large, randomized, multinational, multicenter phase III study. J Clin Oncol 17:3068–3077

    Google Scholar 

  71. Petrioli R, Frediani B, Manganelli A, Barbanti G et al (1996) Comparison between a cisplatin-containing regimen and a carboplatin-containing regimen for recurrent or metastatic bladder cancer patients. A randomized phase II study. Cancer 77:344–351

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Dodd PM, McCaffrey JA, Hilton S et al (2000) Phase I evaluation of sequential doxorubicin + gemcitabine then ifosphamide + paclitaxel + cisplatin for patients with unresectable or metastatic transitional-cell carcinoma of the urinary tract. J Clin Oncol 18:840–846

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Bellmunt J, Guillem V, Paz-Ares L et al (2000) Phase I-II study of paclitaxel, cisplatin and gemcitabine in advanced transitional-cell carcinoma of the urothelium. Spanish Oncology Genitourinary Group. J Clin Oncol 18:3247–3255

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Khaled HM, Gad el-Mawla N, el-Said A, Hamza MR, Gaafar R, el-Attar I, Abu Rabia A, Magrath I (1996) Combination chemotherapy for advanced bilharzial bladder carcinoma. Ann Oncol 7:751–754

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Vogelzang NJ, Scardino PT, Shipley WU, Coffey DS (2000) Comprehensive textbook of genitourinary oncology, 2nd edn. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. N. B. Davis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. W. M. Stadler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Chicago, Medical Center, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 2115, Chicago, IL, 60637-1470, USA

    Everett E. Vokes M.D.  & Harvey M. Golomb M.D.  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Davis, N.B., Stadler, W.M. (2003). Genitourinary Malignancies: Bladder/Penis/Urethral Cancers. In: Vokes, E.E., Golomb, H.M. (eds) Oncologic Therapies. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55780-4_38

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55780-4_38

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-62818-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-55780-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation