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Physiological Factors Predisposing to Neurotoxicity

  • Conference paper
Applied Toxicology: Approaches Through Basic Science

Part of the book series: Archives of Toxicology ((TOXICOLOGY,volume 19))

Abstract

Many factors determine individual susceptibility to toxic agents in addition to their primary interaction with the target site. Absorption, delivery to target tissues, bio-activation, bio-inactivation, elimination, and adaptive or protective responses all play important parts in determining the overall response of the individual. In addition changes in the physiological significance of the function which is disrupted maybe crucially important.

Pulmonary absorption can be limited by ventilation or perfusion, both of which increase with work rate. Tissue uptake can be limited by local blood flow, which is strongly influenced by local functional activity. In areas with a blood-tissue barrier, such as brain and testis, tissue uptake can be strongly influenced by developmental state, protein binding or vascular damage. Metabolic transformation can show marked inter-individual variations at both hepatic and extra-hepatic sites, due to genetic or nutritional influences. The capacity for adaptation to toxicological insult can also vary markedly, depending on functional reserve capacity as well as on inherent plasticity.

Examples used to illustrate these factors include: the influence of motor activity on the toxicity of carbon monoxide; of noise on the ototoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics; of brain activity on the neurotoxicity of dinitrobenzene; of acid-base balance on the toxicity of nicotine; and of developmental stage on the neurotoxicity of haloperidol. In addition disease states can influence sensitivity. Thus anaemia sensitises to manganese; calcium deficiency to lead; nerve trauma to hexane; and Wilson’s disease to copper overload.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, LE1 9HN, Leicester, UK

    D. E. Ray

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  1. D. E. Ray
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Interkantonale Kontrollstelle für Heilmittel, Erlachstrasse 8, CH-3000 Bern 9, Switzerland

    Jürg P. Seiler

  2. Dept. of Neurochemistry Campus San Juan, University of Alicante, Aptdo. 374, E-03080, Alicante, Spain

    Eugenio Vilanova

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© 1997 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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Ray, D.E. (1997). Physiological Factors Predisposing to Neurotoxicity. In: Seiler, J.P., Vilanova, E. (eds) Applied Toxicology: Approaches Through Basic Science. Archives of Toxicology, vol 19. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_20

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_20

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-64505-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-60682-3

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