Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Glucagon and Insulin Secretion

  • Chapter
Glucagon I

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 66 / 1))

Abstract

There have been suggestions, in view of the striking anatomic juxtaposition of the A- and B-cells (Haist 1965; Epple 1968; Orci et al. 1975) that these cells might influence the secretion of one another. The studies of Samols, Marks and colleagues, based on the demonstrations that glucagon stimulated insulin secretion (Samols et al. 1965 a, 1966 a) and that insulin suppressed glucagon secretion (Samols et al. 1970, 1972; Samols and Harrison 1976) and of the conditions favoring or inhibiting these actions (Samols et al. 1965 b, 1966 b, 1969 a, b; Samols and Marks 1967; Porte et al. 1966) led to the construction of their hypothesis of positive-negative insulin-glucagon feedback within the islets (Samols et al. 1970, 1972). Not surprisingly, in view of its multiple separations from orthodox concepts, and because of its implications, this hypothesis has been controversial. On the one hand, this hypothesis and its subsequent development continues to be contentious (more so in terms of the insulinotropic effect of glucagon than of the glucagonosuppressive effect of insulin). On the other hand, the discovery of pancreatic somatostatin renewed interest in the concept of paracrine insular control mechanisms (Unger and Orci 1977). Consideration of the possible paracrine interrelationships of somatostatin, insulin, and glucagon, is presented in Chap. 31. The present chapter is primarily concerned with the interrelationships between glucagon and insulin, in particular with regard to the hypothesis of Samols and Marks, and to its further development in terms of more recent information and concepts.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adamson V, Cerasi E (1975) Acute suppressive effect of human growth hormone on insulin release induced by glucagon and tolbutamide in man. Diab Metab 1: 51–56

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aguilar-Paradar E, Eisentraut AM, Unger RH (1969) Effects of starvation on plasma pancreatic glucagon in normal man. Diabetes 18: 717–723

    Google Scholar 

  • Alford FP, Bloom SR, Nabarro JDN, Hall R, Besser GM, Coy DH, Kasting AJ, Schally AV (1974) Glucagon control of fasting glucose in man. Lancet 2: 974–977

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arky RA, Freinkel N (1966) Alcohol hypoglycemia. Y. Alcohol infusion to test gluconeogenesis in starvation with special reference to obesity. N Engl J Med 274: 426–433

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asplin CM, Paquette TL, Palmer JP (1981) In vivo inhibition of glucagon secretion by paracrine beta cell activity in man. J Clin Invest 68: 314–318

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Assan R, Hautecouverture G, Guillemant S, Dauchy F, Protin P, Derot M (1969) Evolution of hormonal parameters (glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone) and energetic parameters (glucose, fatty acids, free glycerol) in 10 severe cases of diabetic acido-ketosis under treatment. Pathol Biol (Paris) 17: 1095–1105

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • August GP, Hung W (1976) Impaired glucose, insulin and adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate responses to glucagon in growth hormone deficient children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 43: 1029–1035

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AvRuskin TW, Crigler JR Jr, Soeldner JS (1979) Turner’s syndrome and carbohydrate metabolism. I. Impaired insulin secretion after tolbutamide and glucagon stimulation tests: evidence of insulin deficiency. Am J Med Sci 277: 145–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aydin I, Raskin P, Unger RH (1977) The effect of short-term intravenous insulin administration on the glucagon responses to a carbohydrate meal in adult-onset and juvenile type diabetes. Diabetologia 13: 629–636

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barling P, Beloff-Chain A (1973) Studies on the administration of glucagon and insulin antibodies to rats. Horm Metab Res 5: 154–159

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett PH, Aronoff SL, Unger RH (1976) Evidence for an insulin-independent alpha-cell abnormality in human diabetes. Metabolism [Suppl 1] 25: 1527–1529

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benson JW Jr, Johnson DG, Palmer JP, Werner PL, Ensinck JW (1977) Glucagon and catecholamine secretion during hypoglycemia in normal and diabetic man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 44: 459–464

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhathena SJ, Higgins GA, Recant L (1981) Glucagonoma and glucagonoma syndrome. In: Unger RH, Orci L (eds) Glucagon. Physiology, pathophysiology and morphology of the pancreatic A-cells. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam Oxford New York, pp 413–438

    Google Scholar 

  • Binnick AN, Spencer SK, Dennison WL, Horton ES (1977) Glucagonoma syndrome. Report of two cases and literature review. Arch Dermatol 113: 749–754

    Google Scholar 

  • Blazquez E, Muñoz-Barragan L, Patton GS, Orci L, Dobbs RE, Unger RH (1976) Gastric A-cell function in insulin-deprived depancreatized dogs. Endocrinology 99: 1182–1188

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bloom SR, Polak JM (1978) The glucagonoma syndrome. Adv Exp Med Biol 106: 183–194

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blum I, Doron M, Laron Z (1978) Lack of influence of arginine preloading on the insulin response to i. v. glugacon in children and adolescents. Acta Diabetol Lat 15: 68–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bomboy JD Jr, Lewis SB, Lacy WW, Liljenquist JE (1977) Transient stimulatory effect of sustained hyperglucagonemia on splanchnic glucose production in normal and diabetic man. Diabetes 26: 177–184

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonner-Weir S, Weir GC (1979) The organization of the endocrine pancreas: a hypothetical unifying view of the phylogenetic differences. Gen Comp Endocrinol 38: 28–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braaten JT, Faloona GR, Unger RH (1974) The effect of insulin on the alpha-cell response to hyperglycemia in long-standing alloxan diabetes. J Clin Invest 53: 1017–1021

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan KD, Mawhinney WAA (1973 a) Insulin control of glucagon release from insulin deficient rat islets. Diabetes 22:801–803

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan KD, Mawhinney WAA (1973 b) Glucagon release from isolated pancreas in streptozotocin-treated rats. Diabetes 22:797–800

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cahill GF Jr (1976) Insulin and glucagon. In: Parsons JA (ed) Peptide hormones. University Park Press, Baltimore, pp 85–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Capito K, Hedeskov CJ (1977) The effect of glucose, glucose metabolites and calcium ion on adenylate cyclase activity in homogenates of mouse pancreatic islets. Biochem J 162: 569–573

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cassel D, Levkovitz H, Selinger Z (1977) The regulatory GTPase cycle of turkey erythrocyte adenylate cyclase. J Cyclic Nucleotide Res 3: 393–406

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charles MA, Fanska R, Schmid FG, Forsham PH, Grodsky GM (1973) Adenosine 3′: 5′- monophosphate in pancreatic islets: glucose-induced insulin release. Science 179: 569–571

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cherrington AD, Liljenquist JE (1981) Role of glucagon in regulating glucose production in vivo. In: Unger RH, Orci L (eds) Glucagon. Physiology, pathophysiology and morphology of the pancreatic A-cells. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam Oxford New York, pp 221–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen NJ, Iversen J (1973) Release of large amounts of noradrenaline from the isolated perfused canine pancreas during glucose deprivation. Diabetologia 9: 396–399

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cloutier MG, Pek S, Crowther RL, Floyd JC, Fajans SS (1979) Glucagon-insulin interactions in patients with insulin-producing pancreatic islet lesions. J Clin Endrinol Metab 48: 201–206

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corredor DG, Sabeh G, Mendelsohn LV, Wasserman RE, Sunder JH, Danowski TS (1969) Enhanced postglucose hypophosphatemia during starvation therapy of obesity. Metabolism 18: 754–763

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crockford PM, Hazzard WR, Williams RH (1969) Insulin response to glucagon. The opposing effects of diabetes and obesity. Diabetes 18: 216–224

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curry DL (1970) Glucagon potentiation of insulin secretion by the perfused rat pancreas. Diabetes 19: 420–428

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cutillo S, Ansanelli V, Stoppoloni G, Pacelli Y, D’Onofrio F (1968) Insulin response to glucagon in obese children. Lancet 1: 1188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Day JL, Johansen K, Ganda OP, Soeldner JS, Gleason RE, Midgley W (1978) Factors governing insulin and glucagon responses during normal meals. Clin Endocrinol 9: 443–454

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dobbs RE (1981) Control of glucagon secretion: nutrients, gastroenteropancreatic hormones, calcium, and prostaglandins. In: Unger RH, Orci L (eds) Glucagon. Physiology, pathophysiology and morphology of the pancreatic A-cells. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam London New York, pp 115–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Doi K, Yoshida M, Utsumi M, Kawara A, Fujii S, Sakoda M, Baba S (1978) Developmental patterns of insulin, glucagon and somatostatin in fetal newborn and adult rat pancreas. In: Baba S, Kaneko T, Yanaihara N (eds) Proinsulin, insulin and C-peptide. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam London New York, pp 432–441

    Google Scholar 

  • Epand RM, Douglas RJ (1973) The effect of glucagon antibodies on plasma glucose and insulin levels. Biochim Biophys Acta 320: 741–744

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Epple A (1968) Comparative studies on the pancreatic islets. Endocrinol Jpn 15:107–122 Espinosa De Los Monteros A, Driscoll SG, Steinke J (1970) Insulin release from isolated human fetal pancreatic islets. Science 168: 1111–1112

    Google Scholar 

  • Esterhuizen AC, Spriggs TL, Lever JD (1968) Nature of islet-cell innervation in the cat pancreas. Diabetes 17: 33–36

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frankel BJ, Gerich JE, Hagura R, Fanska RE, Gerritsen GC, Grodsky GM (1974) Abnormal secretion of insulin and glucagon by the in vitro perfused pancreas of the genetically diabetic Chinese hamster. J Clin Invest 53: 1637–1646

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujimoto WY, Ensinck JW, Merchant FW, Williams RH, Smith PH, Johnson DG (1978) Stimulation by gastric inhibitory polypeptide of insulin and glucagon secretion by rat islet cultures. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 157: 89–93

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujita Y, Gotto A, Unger RH (1975) Relationships of insulin and glucagon to triglyceride levels during a high and low carbohydrate intake. Diabetes 24: 552–55

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fussgänger RD, Siissmann H, Hager G, Heinze E, Schleyer M, Pfeiffer EF (1976) Glucagon-insulin interrelationships in the regulation of islet cell functions. In: Proceedings of the Vth Int Congr of Endocrinol, Hamburg, July 18–24, 1976, vol 2. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam London New York, pp 558–567

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia MJ, Czerwinski C, De Santis R, Lan VV, Ramey E, Penhos JC (1973) Hyperglycemic and insulinogenic effects of intravenous glucagon at different blood glucose levels. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 143: 707–710

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerich JE, Schneider V, Dippe SE, Langlois M, Noacco C, Karam JH, Forsham PH (1974 b) Characterization of the glucagon response to hypoglycemia in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 38:77–82

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerich JE, Lorenzi M, Schneider V, Forsham PH (1974 a) Effect of somatostatin on plasma glucose and insulin responses to glucagon and tolbutamide in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 39:1057–1060

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerich JE, Schneider V, Dippe SE, Langlois M, Noacco C, Karam JH, Forsham PH (1974 b) Characterization of the glucagon response to hypoglycemia in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 38:77–82

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerich JE, Langlois M, Naocco C, Lorenzi M, Karam JH, Forsham PH (1976) Comparison of the suppressive effects of elevated plasma glucose and free fatty acid levels on glucagon secretion in normal and insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. Evidence for selective a-cell insensitivity to glucose in diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 58:320–325

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerich JE, Langlois M, Naocco C, Lorenzi M, Karam JH, Forsham PH (1976) Comparison of the suppressive effects of elevated plasma glucose and free fatty acid levels on glucagon secretion in normal and insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. Evidence for selective a-cell insensitivity to glucose in diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 58: 320–325

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grasso S, Messina A, Saporito N, Reitano G (1970) Effect of theophylline, glucagon and theophylline plus glucagon on insulin secretion in the premature infant. Diabetes 19: 837–841

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grey N, McGuigan JE, Kipnis DM (1970) Neutralization of endogenous glucagon by high titer glucagon antiserum. Endocrinology 86: 1383–1388

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grill V, Cerasi E (1974) Stimulation by D-glucose of cyclic adenosine 3′:5′,-monophosphate accumulation and insulin release in isolated pancreatic islets of the rat. J Biol Chem 249: 4196–4201

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grodsky GM, Bennett LL, Smith DF, Schmid FG (1967) Effect of pulse administration of glucose or glucagon on insulin secretion in vitro. Metabolism 16: 222–223

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haist RE (1965) Effects of changes in stimulation on the structure and function of islet cells. In: Leibel BS, Wrenshall GA (eds) On the nature and treatment of diabetes. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam London New York, pp 12–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Halter JB, Porte D Jr (1981) Current concepts of insulin secretion in diabetes mellitus. In: Rifkin H, Raskin P (eds) Diabetes mellitus, vol V. Brady, Bowie, Maryland, pp 33–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Halter JB, Graf RJ, Porte D Jr (1979) Potentiation of insulin secretory responses by plasma glucose levels in man: evidence that hyperglycemia in diabetes compensates for impaired glucose potentiation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 48: 946–954

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haro EN, Blum SF, Falcon WW (1965) The glucagon response of fasting obese subjects. Metabolism 14: 976–984

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi M, Floyd JC Jr, Pek S, Fajans SS (1977) Insulin, proinsulin, glucagon and gastrin in pancreatic tumors and in plasma of patients with organic hyperinsulinism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 44: 681–694

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hendriksen C, Faber OK, Drejer J, Binder C (1977) Prevalence of residual B-cell function in insulin-treated diabetics evaluated by the plasma C-peptide response to intravenous glucagon. Diabetologica 13: 615–619

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hermansen K, Ørskov H, Christensen SE (1979) Streptozotocin diabetes: a glucoreceptor dysfunction affecting D-cells as well as B- and A-cells. Diabetologia 17: 385–389

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins GA, Recant L, Fischman AB (1979) The glucagonoma syndrome: surgically curable diabetes. Am J Surg 137: 142–148

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holst JJ, Galbo H, Richter EA (1978) Neutralization of glucagon by antiserum as a tool in glucagon physiology. Lack of depression of basal blood glucose after antiserum treatment in rats. J Clin Invest 62: 182–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Honey RN, Weir GC (1979) Insulin stimulates somatostatin and inhibits glucagon secretion from the perfused chicken pancreas-duodenum. Life Sci 24: 1747–1750

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Itoh M (1981) Role of pancreatic somatostatin in starvation induced changes in insulin and glucagon secretion. Diabetes [Suppl 1] 30: 117A

    Google Scholar 

  • Iversen J (1973) Adrenergic receptors and the secretion of glucagon and insulin from the isolated perfused canine pancreas. J Clin Invest 52: 2102–2116

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karp M, Laron Z, Doron M (1975) Insulin response to intravenous glucagon in children with familial constitutional short stature. Arch Dis Child 50: 805–808

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawai K, Rouiller D (1981) Evidence that the islet interstitium contains functionally separate “arterial” and “venous” compartments. Diabetes [Suppl 1] 30: 14A

    Google Scholar 

  • Ketterer H, Eisentraut AM, Unger RH (1967) Effect upon insulin secretion of physiologic doses of glucagon administered via the portal vein. Diabetes 16: 283–288

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King AC, Cuatrecasas P (1981) Peptide hormone-induced receptor mobility, aggregation, and internalization. N Engl J Med 305: 77–88

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar D, Mehtalia SD, Miller LV (1974) Diagnostic use of glucagon-induced insulin response. Studies in patients with insulinoma or other hypoglycemic conditions. Ann Intern Med 80: 697–701

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuzuya T, Samols E (1965) Stimulation by hyperosmolarity of glucose metabolism in rat adipose tissue and diaphragm in vitro. J Biol Chem 240: 2277–2283

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lacy PE (1977) The physiology of insulin release. In: Volk BW, Wellman KF (eds) The diabetic pancreas. Plenum, New York, pp 211–230

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambert AE (1976) The regulation of insulin secretion. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 75: 98–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Larkins RG, Martin FIR, Alford FP, Chisholm DJ (1978) Relationship between α and β cell function before and after metabolic control in ketotic diabetic subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 46: 131–139

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leclerq-Meyer V, Marchand J, Malaisse WJ (1973) The effect of calcium and magnesium on glucagon secretion. Endocrinology 93: 1360–1370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leclerq-Meyer V, Marchand J, Leclerq R, Malaisse WJ (1979) Interactions of α-ketoisocaproate, glucose and arginine in the secretion of glucagon and insulin from the perfused rat pancreas. Diabetologia 17: 121–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lefèbvre P (1966) The physiological effect of glucagon on fat-mobilisation. Diabetologia 2: 130–132

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lefèbvre P (1968) Current theories concerning the physiological role of glucagon. Acta Diabetol Lat 5: 143–159

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lefèbvre P, Luyckx A (1969) Lipolytic action of glucagon in vitro and in vivo. In: Vague J (ed) Physiopathology of adipose tissue. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam London New York, pp 257–267

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefèbvre PJ, Luyckx AS (1978) Glucose and insulin in the regulation of glucagon release from the isolated perfused dog stomach. Endocrinology 103: 1579–1582

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lefèbvre PJ, Luyckx AS (1979) Glucagon and diabetes: a reappraisal. Diabetologia 16: 347–354

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lefèbvre PJ, Luyckx AS (1980) Neurotransmitters and glucagon release from the isolated, perfused canine stomach. Diabetes 29: 697–701

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lefèbvre PJ, Luyckx AS (1981) The physiology of extrapancreatic glucagon. In: Unger RH, Orci L (eds) Glucagon. Physiology, pathophysiology and morphology of the pancreatic A-cells. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam Oxford New York, pp 335–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefèbvre PJ, Luyckx AS, Brassinne AH (1978) Vagal stimulation and its role in eliciting gastrin but not glucagon release from the isolated perfused dog stomach. Gut 19: 185–188

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Like A A, Orci L (1972) Embryogenesis of the human pancreatic islets: a light and electron microscopic study. Diabetes [Suppl 2] 21: 511–534

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Majid PA, Saxton C, Dykes JRW, Galvin MC, Taylor SH (1970) Autonomic control of insulin secretion and the treatment of heart failure. Br Med J 4: 328–334

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malaisse WJ, Malaisse-Lagae F, Mayhew D (1967) A possible role for the adenyl-cyclase system in insulin secretion. J Clin Invest 46: 1724–1734

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malaisse WJ, Sener A, Koser M, Ravazzola M, Malaisse-Lagae F (1977) The stimulus-secretion coupling of glucose-induced insulin release. Insulin release due to glycogenolysis in glucose-deprived islets. Biochem J 164: 447–454

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malaisse WJ, Sener A, Herchuelz A, Hutton JC (1979) Insulin release: the fuel hypothesis. Metabolism 28: 373–386

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malaisse-Lagae F, Stefan Y, Cox J, Perrelet A, Orci L (1979) Identification of a lobe in the adult human pancreas rich in pancreatic polypeptide. Diabetologia 17: 361–365

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marks V (1972) Glucagon. Clin Endocrinol Metab 1(3):829–845

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marks V, Samols E (1968 a) The insulinogenic effect of glucagon and plasma immunoreactive glucagon in obesity. Rev Med 21:1373–1382

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks V, Samols E (1968 b) The glucagon test for insulinoma. J Clin Pathol 21:346–352

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marks V, Samols E (1968 c) Diazoxide in the management of intractable hypoglycemia. Ann NY Acad Sci 150:442–454

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matschinsky FM, Pagliara AS, Hover BA, Pace CS, Ferrendelli JA, Williams A (1976) Hormone secretion and glucose metabolism in islets of Langerhans of the isolated perfused pancreas from normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats. J Biol Chem 254: 6053–6064

    Google Scholar 

  • Matschinsky FM, Rujanavech C, Pagliara AS, Norfleet WT (1980) Adaptations of α2- and β-cells of rat and mouse pancreatic islets to starvation, to refeeding after starvation, and to obesity. J Clin Invest 65: 207–218

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGavran MH, Unger RH, Recant L, Polk HC, Kilo C, Levin ME (1966) A glucagon-secreting alpha-cell carcinoma of the pancreas. N Engl J Med 274: 1408–1413

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Metz R, Nice M, Berger S, Mako M (1968) Preservation of insulin and liver glycogen stores during very long fasts. J Lab Clin Med 71: 573–581

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milner RD (1969) Stimulation of insulin secretion in vitro by essential aminoacids. Lancet 1: 1075–1076

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moss J, Vaughan M (1979) Activation of adenylate cyclase by choleragen. Annu Rev Biochem 48: 581–600

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Müller WA, Faloona GR, Unger RH (1973) Hyperglucagonemia in diabetic ketoacidosis. Am J Med 54: 52–57

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson RL, Service FJ, Go VLW (1980) Interrelationships among insulin, glucagon, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide in insulinoma. Mayo Clin Proc 55: 138–145

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishino T, Shima K, Shimomura Y, Tanaka R, Kodaira T, Imagawa K, Kumahara Y (1980) A study of the physiological role of glucagon. Passive immunization with antiserum specific for pancreatic glucagon in rats. Endorcrinol Jpn 1: 109–113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oakley NW, Harrigan P, Kissbah AH, Kissin EA, Adams PW (1972) Factors affecting insulin response to glucagon in man. Metabolism 21: 1001–1007

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohneda A, Watanabe K, Horigome K, Sakai T, Kai Y, Oikawa S-I (1978) Abnormal response of pancreatic glucagon to glycemic changes in diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 46: 504–510

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orci L, Perrelet A (1981) The morphology of the A-cell. In: Unger RH, Orci L (eds) Glucagon. Physiology, pathophysiology, and morphology of the Pancreatic A-cells. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam Oxford New York, pp 3–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Orci L, Pictet R, Rouiller C (1967) Demonstration of the extracellular space in the islets of Langerhans. Its suggested importance in normal and pathological situations. Excerpta Int Congr Ser 140: 97

    Google Scholar 

  • Orci L, Malaisse-Lagae F, Ravazzola M, Rouiller D, Renold AE, Perrelet A, Unger RH (1975) A morphological basis for the intercellular communication between α- and β-cells in the endocrine pancreas. J Clin Invest 56: 1066–1070

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Östenson C-G (1979) Regulation of glucagon release: effects of insulin in the pancreatic A2- cell of the guinea pig. Diabetologia 17: 325–330

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pagliara AS, Stillings SN, Haymond MW, Hover BA, Matschinsky FM (1975) Insulin and glucose as modulators of the amino acid-induced glucagon release in the isolated pancreas of alloxan and streptozotocin diabetic rats. J Clin Invest 55: 244–255

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pek S, Tai T-Y, Crowther R, Fajans SS (1976) Glucagon release precedes insulin release in response to common secretagogues. Diabetes 25: 764–770

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perkins JP (1973) Adenyl cyclase. Adv Cyclic Nucleotide Res 3: 1–64

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeifer MA, Samols E, Wolter CF, Winkler CF (1979) Low dose versus high dose insulin therapy for diabetic ketoacidosis. South Med J 72: 149–154

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pierluissi J, Campbell J (1980) Metasomatrophic diabetes and its induction: basal insulin secretion and insulin release responses to glucose, glucagon, arginine and meals. Diabetologia 18: 223–228

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Porte D (1969) Regulation of insulin secretion in vivo by glucose. In: Gual C, Ebling FJG (eds) Progress in endocrinology. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam London New York, pp 192–201

    Google Scholar 

  • Porte D Jr, Graber AL, Kuzuya T, Williams RH (1966) The effect of epinephrine on immunoreactive insulin levels in man. J Clin Invest 45: 228–236

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Preeyasombat C, Pitchayayothin N, Veravekin A (1975) The glucagon stimulation test in normal Thai children: effect on blood glucose, growth hormone and insulin. J Med Assoc Thai 58: 459–464

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rall LB, Pictet RL, Williams RH, Rutter WJ (1973) Early differentiation of glucagon-producing cells in embryonic pancreas: a possible developmental role for glucagon. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 70: 3478–3482

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raskin P, Fujita Y, Unger RH (1975) Effect of insulin-glucose infusions on plasma glucagon levls in fasting diabetics and nondiabetics. J Clin Invest 56: 1132–1138

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raskin P, Aydin I, Unger RH (1976) Effect of insulin on the exaggerated glucagon response to arginine stimulation in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 25: 227–229

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raskin P, Aydin I, Yamamoto T, Unger RH (1978) Abnormal alpha cell function in human diabetes: the response to oral protein. Am J Med 64: 988–997

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raskin P, Pietri A, Unger RH (1979) Changes in glucagon levels after 4-5 weeks of glucoregulation by portable insulin infusion pumps. Diabetes 28: 1033–1035

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riddle MC, Golper TA, Fletcher WS, Ensinck JW, Smith PH (1978) Glucagonoma syndrome in a 19-year-old woman. West J Med 129: 68–72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodbell M (1981) The actions of glucagon on the adenylate cyclase system. In: Unger RH, Orci L (eds) Glucagon. Physiology, pathophysiology, and morphology of the pancreatic A-cells. Elsevier, Amsterdam Oxford New York, pp 177–193

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan WG, Nibbe AF, Schwartz TB (1976) Beta-cytotrophic effects of glucose, glucagon, and tolbutamide in man. Lancet 1: 1255–1256

    Google Scholar 

  • Samols E (1965) Immunochemical aspects of insulin. In: Leibel BS, Wrenshall GA (eds) On the nature and treatment of diabetes. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam London New York, pp 227–249

    Google Scholar 

  • Samols E, Harrison J (1976 a) Intraislet negative insulin-glucagon feedback. Metabolism 25:1443–1447

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samols E, Harrison J (1976 b) Remarkable potency of somatostatin as a glucagon suppressant. Metabolism 25(11): 1495–1497

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samols E, Harrison J (1977) Tolbutamide: stimulator and suppressor of glucagon secretion. In: Foà PP, Bajaj JS, Foà NL (eds) Glucagon. Its role in physiology and clinical medicine. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 699–710

    Google Scholar 

  • Samols E, Holdsworth D (1968) Disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism: liver disease. In: Dickens F, Randle PJ, Whelan WJ (eds) Carbohydrate metabolism and its disorders, vol 2. Academic, New York London, pp 289–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Samols E, Marks Y (1967) New concepts of the function of pancreatic and nonpancreatic glucagon. J Annu Diabetol Hotel Dieu 7: 43–66

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samols E, Stagner J (1981) Modulation of insulin: local presynaptic α2 but postsynaptic α2 adrenoceptors. Diabetes [Suppl 1] 30: 44A

    Google Scholar 

  • Samols E, Weir GC (1979) Adrenergic modulation of pancreatic A-, B-, and D-cells. α-adrenergic suppression and β-adrenergic stimulation of somatostatin secretion, α-adrenergic stimulation of glucagon secretion in the perfused dog pancreas. J Clin Invest 63:230–238

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samols E, Marri G, Marks V (1965 a) Promotion of insulin secretion by glucagon. Lancet 2:415–416

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samols E, Tyler J, Marri G, Marks V (1965 b) Stimulation of glucagon secretion by oral glucose. Lancet 2:1257–1259

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samols E, Marri G, Marks V (1966 a) The interrelationship of glucagon, insulin and glucose. Diabetes 15:855–866

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samols E, Tyler J, Megyesi C, Marks Y (1966 b) Immunochemical glucagon in human pancreas, gut and plasma. Lancet 2:727–729

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samols E, Tyler J, Marks V, Mialhe P (1969 a) The physiologic role of glucagon in different species. In: Gual C, Ebling FJG (eds) Progress in endocrinology. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam London New York, pp 206–219

    Google Scholar 

  • Samols E, Tyler JM, Rege VP, Marks V (1969 b) The possible role of glucagon (pancreatic and non-pancreatic) in insulin secretion. In: Östman J (ed) Diabetes. Proc 6th Int Diabetes Fed Congr. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam London New York, pp 446–454

    Google Scholar 

  • Samols E, Tyler J, Kajinuma H (1970) Influence of the sulfonamides on pancreatic humoral secretion and evidence of an insulin-glucagon feedback system. Excerpta Medica Int Congr Ser 231: 636–655

    Google Scholar 

  • Samols E, Tyler J, Marks V (1972) Glucagon-insulin interrelationships. In: Lefèbvre PJ, Unger RH (eds) Glucagon. Molecular physiology, clinical and therapeutic implications. Pergamon, Oxford New York, pp 151–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Samols E, Weir GC, Ramseur R, Day JA, Patel YC (1978) Modulation of pancreatic somatostatin by adrenergic and cholinergic agonism and by hyper- and hypoglycemic sulfonamides. Metabolism [Suppl 1] 27: 1219–1221

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarantakis D, Teichman J, Fenichel R, Lien E (1978) (des-ALA1, GLY2)-HIS4,5 D-TRP8- somatostatin. A glucagon-specific and long-acting somatostatin analog. FEBS Lett 92: 153–155

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schatz H, Maier V, Hinz M, Nierle C, Pfeiffer EF (1973) Stimulation of H-3-leucine incorporation into the proinsulin and insulin fraction of isolated pancreatic mouse islets in the presence of glucagon, theophylline and cyclic AMP. Diabetes 22: 433–441

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seino Y, Kurahachi H, Goto Y, Taminato T, Ikeda M, Imura H (1975) Comparative insulinogenic effects of glucose, arginine and glucagon in patients with diabetes mellitus, endocrine disorders and liver disease. Acta Diabetol Lat 12: 89–99

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seino Y, Ikeda M, Kurahachi H, Taminato T, Sakurai H, Goto Y, Inoue Y, Kadowaki S, Mori K, Imura H (1978) Failure to suppress plasma glucagon concentrations by orally administered glucose in diabetic patients after treatment. Diabetes 27: 1145–1150

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Service FJ, Nelson RL, Rubenstein AH, Go VLW (1978) Direct effect of insulin on secretion of insulin, glucagon, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, and gastrin during maintenance of normoglycemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 47: 488–493

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherwin RS, Tamborlane W, Hendler R, Sacca L, DeFronzo RA, Felig P (1977) Influence of glucagon replacement on the hyperglycemic and hyperketonemic response to prolonged somatostatin infusion in normal man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 45: 1104–1107

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sitbon G, Mialhe P (1978) Pancreatic hormones and plasma glucose: regulation mechanisms in the goose under physiological conditions. III. Inhibitory effect of insulin on glucagon secretion. Horm Metab Res 10: 473–477

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorenson RL, Elde RP, Seybold Y (1979) Effect of norepinephrine on insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin secretion in isolated perifused rat islets. Diabetes 28: 899–904

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stagner J, Samols E, Weir G (1980) Sustained oscillations of insulin, glucagon and somatostatin from the isolated canine pancreas during exposure to a constant glucose concentration. J Clin Invest 65: 939–942

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stagner J, Samols E (1982) Differential glucagon and insulin release from the isolated lobes of the in vitro canine pancreas. Diabetes 31 (Suppl 2): 39A

    Google Scholar 

  • Sugden MC, Ashcroft SJH (1977) Phosphoenolpyruvate in rat pancreatic islets: a possible intracellular trigger of insulin release. Diabetologia 13: 481–486

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland EW, Oye I, Butcher RW (1965) The action of epinephrine and the role of the adenyl cyclase system in hormone action. Recent Prog Horm Res 21: 623–646

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tiengo A, Fedele D, Marchiori E, Nosadini R, Muggeo M (1976) Suppression and stimulation mechanisms controlling glucagon secretion in a case of islet-cell tumor producing glucagon, insulin, and gastrin. Diabetes 25: 408–412

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trimble ER, Halban PA, Wollheim CB, Renold AE (1981) Functional differences between rat islets of ventral and dorsal pancreatic origin: a reflection of endogenous glucagon content? Diabetes [Suppl 1] 30: 14A

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner DS, Mclntyre N (1966) Stimulation by glucagon of insulin release from rabbit pacreas in vitro. Lancet 1: 351–352

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turtle JR, Kipnis DM (1967) An adrenergic receptor mechanism for the control of cyclic 3′,5′ adenosine monophosphate synthesis in tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 28: 797–802

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unger RH (1972) Pancreatic alpha-cell function in diabetes mellitus. In: Lefèbvre PJ, Unger RH (eds) Glucagon. Molecular physiology, clinical and therapeutic implications. Pergamon, Oxford New York, pp 245–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Unger RH (1978) Role of glucagon in the pathogenesis of diabetes: the status of the controversy. Metabolism 27: 1691–1709

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unger RH, Eisentraut AM (1965) Studies on the physiologic role of glucagon. In: Leibel BS, Wrenshall GA (eds) On the nature and treatment of diabetes. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam London New York, pp 274–282

    Google Scholar 

  • Unger RH, Lefèbvre PJ (1972) Glucagon physiology. In: Lefèbvre PJ, Unger RH (eds) Glucagon. Molecular physiology, clinical and therapeutic implications. Pergamon, Oxford New York, pp 213–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Unger RH, Orci L (1976) Physiology and pathophysiology of glucagon. Physiol Rev 56: 778–826

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unger RH, Orci L (1977) Hypothesis: the possible role of the pancreatic D-cell in the normal and diabetic states. Diabetes 26: 241–244

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unger RH, Orci L (1981 a) Glucagon and the A cell. Physiology and pathophysiology. Part I. N Engl J Med 304(25): 1518–1524

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unger RH, Orci L (1981 b) Glucagon and the A cell. Physiology and pathophysiology. Part II. N Engl J Med 304(26): 1575–1580

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unger RH, Ohneda A, Valverde I, Eisentraut AM (1967) Mechanisms of response of plasma “glucagons” to ingested nutrients: evidence for enteric control of islet hormone secretion. J Clin Invest 46: 1125–1126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Unger R, Madison L, Muller W (1972) Abnormal alpha cell function in diabetes. Response to insulin. Diabetes 21: 301–307

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanderscheuren-Lodeweyckx M, Wolter R, Malvaux P, Eggermont E, Eeckels R (1974) The glucagon stimulation test: effect of plasma growth hormone and on immunoreactive insulin, Cortisol and glucose in children. J Pediatr 85: 182–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weir GC, Knowlton SD, Atkins RF, McKennan KX, Martin DB (1976) Glucagon secretion from the perfused pancreas of streptozotocin-treated rats. Diabetes 25: 275–282

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weir GC, Samols E, Loo S, Patel YC, Gabbay KH (1979) Somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide secretion. Effects of glucagon, insulin, and arginine. Diabetes 28: 35–40

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woods SC, Porte D Jr (1974) Neural control of the endocrine pancreas. Physiol Rev 54:596–619

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright DE, Rodbell M (1979) Glucagon 1–6 binds to the glucagon receptor and activates hepatic adenylate cyclase. J Biol Chem 254: 268–269

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshino G, Kazumi T, Morita A, Kobayashi N, Terashi K, Baba S (1979) Glucagon secretion during the development of insulin-secreting tumors induced by streptozotocin and nicotinamide. Endocrinol Jpn 26: 655–660

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. E. Samols
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Liège, Belgium

    Pierre J. Lefèbvre M.D (Professor of Medicine, Guest Professor, Corresponding Member, Chairman, Head) (Professor of Medicine, Guest Professor, Corresponding Member, Chairman, Head)

  2. University of Brussels (V.U.B.), Belgium

    Pierre J. Lefèbvre M.D (Professor of Medicine, Guest Professor, Corresponding Member, Chairman, Head) (Professor of Medicine, Guest Professor, Corresponding Member, Chairman, Head)

  3. Royal Academy of Medicine of Belgium, Belgium

    Pierre J. Lefèbvre M.D (Professor of Medicine, Guest Professor, Corresponding Member, Chairman, Head) (Professor of Medicine, Guest Professor, Corresponding Member, Chairman, Head)

  4. Medical Policlinics, University of Liège, Belgium

    Pierre J. Lefèbvre M.D (Professor of Medicine, Guest Professor, Corresponding Member, Chairman, Head) (Professor of Medicine, Guest Professor, Corresponding Member, Chairman, Head)

  5. Division of Diabetes, University of Liège, Belgium

    Pierre J. Lefèbvre M.D (Professor of Medicine, Guest Professor, Corresponding Member, Chairman, Head) (Professor of Medicine, Guest Professor, Corresponding Member, Chairman, Head)

  6. Institut de Mèdecine, Hôpital de Bavière, Boulevard de la Constitution, 66, 4020, Liège, Belgium

    Pierre J. Lefèbvre M.D (Professor of Medicine, Guest Professor, Corresponding Member, Chairman, Head) (Professor of Medicine, Guest Professor, Corresponding Member, Chairman, Head)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1983 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Samols, E. (1983). Glucagon and Insulin Secretion. In: Lefèbvre, P.J. (eds) Glucagon I. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 66 / 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68866-9_22

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68866-9_22

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-68868-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-68866-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation