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Protection of Cattle Against Babesiosis in Tropical and Subtropical Countries with a Live, Frozen Vaccine

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Tick Vector Biology

Summary

Babesiosis in Africa is usually caused by Babesia bovis and/or Babesia bigemina. Their distribution follows the tick vectors Boophilus microplus (B. bovis & B. bigemina), Boophilus geigyi (B. bovis & B. bigemina), Boophilus decoloratus (B. bigemina) and Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (B. bigemina). The prevalence of clinical disease in a locality depends on transmission rates. Enzootically stable areas have high transmission rates and animals are infected during the first 8 months of life. Up to this age they are protected by maternal antibodies and non-specific age-related factors, and infection does not usually result in clinical disease but induces protective immunity. Enzootic instability is caused by low transmission rates that may be due to environmental factors or management practices such as dipping, resulting in a proportion of the adult cattle population remaining susceptible to the disease. Severe disease outbreaks can occur amongst susceptible cattle when vector numbers and thus transmission rates increase. Similarly, high mortality can occur when susceptible cattle are imported to localities where the disease is endemic.

The most effective protection currently available for susceptible cattle is vaccination with a living vaccine from which cattle acquire a long-lasting immunity. Chilled, live babesiosis vaccine is produced in Australia and South Africa. The vaccine has a short shelf life making distribution and post-production testing for efficacy and contamination impractical in some countries. The requirements of a longer shelf life and quality control after production have led to development of a new Australian babesiosis vaccine cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen.

Choice of Babesia vaccine strains and specific requirements for vaccine production are discussed in relation to problems that may be encountered in Africa when establishing a vaccine production facility. Application of in vitro Babesia culture technology to vaccine production is also discussed.

Since the introduction of a standardized method of vaccine production in Australia, living babesiosis vaccines have generally proved highly effective. Clinical disease outbreaks have, however, occurred in vaccinated herds and possible reasons are suggested. Future work will investigate the mechanisms of antigenic variation in Babesia species in relation to host selection pressure.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Primary Industries, Tick Fever Research Centre, Wacol, Queensland, Australia

    A. J. de Vos & W. K. Jorgensen

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  1. A. J. de Vos
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  2. W. K. Jorgensen
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© 1992 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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de Vos, A.J., Jorgensen, W.K. (1992). Protection of Cattle Against Babesiosis in Tropical and Subtropical Countries with a Live, Frozen Vaccine. In: Tick Vector Biology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76643-5_13

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76643-5_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-76645-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-76643-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

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