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Transactivation of Cellular Genes by Human Retroviruses

  • Chapter
Transacting Functions of Human Retroviruses

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 193))

Abstract

Discovery of the link between human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) and adult T-cell leukemia, and the emergence of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, in association with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has led to intense investigation of underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis and retroviral gene regulation. In contrast to avian and murine RNA viruses previously studied, the human oncogenic retroviruses HTLV-I/II, as well as the Lentivirus family, represented by HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV, demonstrated genomes of increased complexity, encoding multiple mRNA species in contrast to the simpler avian/murine species. “Simple” retroviruses generally encode two mRNA species, unspliced gag/pol, and singly spliced env mRNA, while additional splicing events result in as many as eight identifiable mRNA species for HTLV-1, encoding at least two, and potentially up to five, additional proteins (Myers and Pavlakis 1991). For HIV-1, an exceptionally complex pattern of transcripts is observed, resulting in up to 20 different mRNAs and ten or more different proteins (Myers and Pavlakis 1991; Schwartz et al. 1990). Several of the proteins encoded by the novel spliced mRNAs in HTLV-I/II and HIV-1/HIV-2 act as regulators, both transcriptional and posttranscriptional, of viral gene expression. By definition, these trans-acting regulatory proteins interact with both cis-acting viral sequences, as well as with cellular regulatory machinery to alter viral gene expression. Researchers have therefore focused attention on possible cellular regulatory consequences of retro-viral gene expression.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. UCLA Department of Medicine, Division of Hematoiogy/Oncology and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, 11-934 Factor Building, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90024-1678, USA

    J. D. Rosenblatt, S. Miles & J. C. Gasson

  2. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA

    D. Prager

  3. UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA

    J. D. Rosenblatt

  4. UCLA Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Biology Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA

    J. C. Gasson

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  1. Division of Hematology/Oncology, 11-934 Factor, UCLA School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, 90024-1678, USA

    Irvin S. Y. Chen

  2. Department of Microbiology and Immunology Head of the Center of Neurovirology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA, 10107, USA

    Hilary Koprowski

  3. Department of Microbiology/Immunology Center for Neurovirology, Jefferson Medical College, Rm. 469 Jefferson Alumni Hall 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107-6799, USA

    Alagarsamy Srinivasan

  4. The Scripps Research Institute, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA

    Peter K. Vogt

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Rosenblatt, J.D., Miles, S., Gasson, J.C., Prager, D. (1995). Transactivation of Cellular Genes by Human Retroviruses. In: Chen, I.S.Y., Koprowski, H., Srinivasan, A., Vogt, P.K. (eds) Transacting Functions of Human Retroviruses. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 193. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78929-8_2

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