Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Advances in Anatomy Embryology and Cell Biology ((ADVSANAT,volume 131))

  • 91 Accesses

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anisimov VD, Iljitschew WD (1980a) The peripheral region of the penguin’s sound-sensitive system. Morphol Aspekt Zbol (Mosc): 130–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Anisimov VD, Iljitschew WD (1980b) Sound-conducting functions of the middle ear in birds. I. Structural adaptations of specialized systems. Zool J (Mosc) 59:1706–1717

    Google Scholar 

  • Ax P (1989) Homologie in der Biologie — ein Relationsbegriff im Vergleich von Arten. Zool Beitr NF 32:487–496

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumel J, Gerchmann L (1968) The avian intercarotid anastomosis and its homologue in other vertebrates. Am J Anat 122:1–18

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baumel J, King AS, Breazile JE, Evans HE, Vanden Berge JC (1993) Handbook of avian anatomy: nomina anatomica avium, 2nd edn. Nuttall Ornithological Club, Cambridge, MA (Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, vol 23)

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumel J, King AS, Lucas AM, Breazile JE, Evans HE (1979) Nomina anatomica avium. Academic, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Beehler BM, Pratt TK, Zimmermann DA (1986) Birds of New Guinea. Princeton University Press, Princeton (Handbook no 9 of the Wau Ecology Institute)

    Google Scholar 

  • Blake ER (1977) Spheniscidae (penguins) to Laridae (gulls and allies). University of Chicago Press, Chicago (Manual of neotropical birds, vol 1)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bock WJ (1963) The cranial evidence for ratite affinities. 13th International Ornithological Congress, Ithaca, pp 39–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Bock WJ (1969) The origin and radiation of birds. Ann NY Acad Sci 167:147–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Bock WJ (1977) Foundations and methods of classical evolutionary classification. NATO Adv Study Inst Ser A Life Sci 14:57–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Bock WJ (1989) The homology concept: its philosophical foundation and practical methodology. Zool Beitr NF 32:327–353

    Google Scholar 

  • Bock WJ (1990) From biologische anatomie to ecomorphology. Neth J Zool 40:245–277

    Google Scholar 

  • Bock WJ (1991) Explanations in konstruktionsmorphologie and evolutionary morphology. In: Schmidt-Kittler N, Vogel K (eds) Constructional morphology and evolution. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 9–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Bock WJ, Bühler P (1990) The evolution and biogeographical history of the palaeognathous birds. 100th International DO-G Meeting, Current Topics Avian Biol, Bonn 1988, pp 31–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Bock WJ, McEvey A (1969) Osteology of Pedionomus torquatus (Aves: Pedionomidae) and its allies. Proc R Soc Vict 82:187–232

    Google Scholar 

  • Bock WJ, von Wahlert G (1965) Adaptation and the form-function complex. Evolution 19:269–299

    Google Scholar 

  • Bock WJ, Morony JJ, Farrand J (1975) Reference fist of the birds of the world. American Museum of Natural History, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Borg E, Counter SA, Rydquist B (1979) Contraction properties and functional morphology of the avian stapedius muscle. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 88:20–26

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brock GT (1937) The morphology of the ostrich chondroeranium. Proc Zool Soc Lond Ser B 107:225–243

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown L, Urban EK, Newman K (1983) The birds of Africa, vol 1. Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bubien-Waluszewska A (1981) The cranial nerves. In: King AS, McLelland J (eds) Form and function in birds, vol 2. Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bühler P (1981) Functional anatomy of the avian jaw apparatus. In: King AS, McLelland J (eds) Form and function in birds, vol 2. Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bühler P (1987) Zur Strategie des Beutefangs der Nachtschwalben (Caprimulgidae). J Ornithol 128:488–491

    Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee S (1991) Cranial anatomy and relationship of a new triassic bird from Texas. Philos Trans R Soc Lond [Biol] 332:277–342

    Google Scholar 

  • Coates BJ (1985) Nonpasseriformes. Dove, Alderley (Birds of Papua Neu Guinea, vol 1)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen YE, Hernandez HN, Saunders JC (1992a) Middle ear development. II. Morphometric changes in the conducting apparatus of the chick. J Morphol 212:257–267

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen YE, Rubin DM, Saunders JC (1992b) Middle ear development. I. Extra-stapedius response in the neonatal chicken. Hear Res 58:1–8

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coles RB, Lewis DB, Hill KG, Hutchings ME, Gower DM (1980) Directional hearing in the Japanese quail Coturnix coturnix japonica. II. Cochlear physiology. J Exp Biol 86: 153–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cords E (1904) Beiträge zur Lehre vom Kopfnervensystem der Vögel. Bergmann, Wiesbaden (Medical dissertation, University of Freiburg)

    Google Scholar 

  • Counter SA (1978) Ultrastructural features of neuromuscular junctions in the stapedius muscle of Gallus gallus. J Morphol 158:361–366

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Counter SA, Borg E (1979) Physiological activation of the stapedius muscle in Gallus gallus. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 403:13–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Cracraft J (1974) Phylogeny and evolution of ratite birds. Ibis 116:494–521

    Google Scholar 

  • Cracraft J (1981) Toward a phylogenetic classification of the recent birds of the world. Auk 98:681–714

    Google Scholar 

  • Cracraft J (1986) The origin and early diversification of birds. Paleobiology 12:383–399

    Google Scholar 

  • Cracraft J (1988) The major clades of birds. In: Benton MJ (ed) The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapodes. Clarendon, London (The systematic association special volume 35A/1)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cracraft J, Mindel DP (1989) The early history of modern birds: a comparison of molecular and morphological evidence. In: Fernholm B, Bremer K, Jörnvall H (eds) The hierarchy of life. Molecules and morphology in phylogenetic analyses. Elsevier, Amsterdam (Nobel symposium, vol 70)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cramp S, Simmons KEL (1977). Ostrich — Ducks. Oxford University Press, New York (Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, vol 1)

    Google Scholar 

  • Crompton AW (1953) The development of the chondrocranium of Spheniscus demersus with special reference to the columella auris of birds. Acta Zool (Stockh) 34:71–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Currie PJ (1985) Cranial anatomy of Stenonychosaurus inequalis (Saurischia, Theropoda) and its bearing on the origin of birds. Can J Earth Sci 22:1643–1658

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuvier G (1798–1805) Leçons d’anatomie comparée, 5 vols., Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • De Beer GR (1956) The evolution of ratites. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Zool 4:60–70

    Google Scholar 

  • De Beer GR, Barrington BA (1934) The segmentation and chondrification of the skull of the duck. Philos Trans R Soc Lond [Biol] 223:411–467

    Google Scholar 

  • De Kock JM (1955) The cranial morphology of Sturnis vulgaris vulgaris Linneus. Ann Univ Stellenbosch Ser A 31:153–177

    Google Scholar 

  • De Kock JM (1987) The development of the chondrocranium of Melopsittacus undulatus. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 104:1–70

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dombrowsky B (1925) Das Mittelohr der Vögel. Rev Zool Russe 5:15–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Dullemeijer P (1974) Concepts and approaches in animal morphology. Van Gorcum, Assen

    Google Scholar 

  • Edgeworth FH (1935) The cranial muscles of vertebrates. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Elzanowski A (1989) Ontogeny and evolution of ratites. Intern Congr Ornithol 19:2037–2046

    Google Scholar 

  • Elzanowski A (1995) Mesozoic birds and avian phylogeny. Cour Forschungsinst Senckenb 181:481ff

    Google Scholar 

  • Engelbrecht DZ (1958) The development of the chondrocranium of Pyromelana orix orix. Acta Zool (Stockh) 39:115–199

    Google Scholar 

  • Feduccia A (1974) Morphology of the bony stapes in New and Old World suboscines: new evidence for common ancestry. Auk 91:427–429

    Google Scholar 

  • Feduccia A (1975a) Morphology of the bony stapes (columella) in the passeriformes and related groups: evolutionary implications. Univ Kansas Mus Nat Hist Misc Publ 63

    Google Scholar 

  • Feduccia A (1975b) The bony stapes in the Upupidae and Phoeniculidae: new evidence for common ancestry. Wilson Bull 87:416–417

    Google Scholar 

  • Feduccia A (1976) Morphology of the bony stapes in Philepitta and Neodrepanis: new evidence for suboscine affinities. Auk 93:169–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Feduccia A (1977) A model for the evolution of perching birds. Syst Zool 26:19–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Feduccia A (1978) Morphology of the bony stapes (Columella) in birds: evolutionary implications. 17th International Congress of Ornithology, Berlin, pp 620–624

    Google Scholar 

  • Feduccia A (1980) The age of birds. Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Folch A (1992) Struthioniformes. In: del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J (eds) Ostrich to ducks. Lynx, Barcelona (Handbook of the birds of the world, vol 1)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fourie S (1955) A contribution to the cranial morphology of Nyctisyrigmus pectoralis pectoralis with special reference to the palate and cranial kinesis. Ann Univ Stellenbosch Ser A 31:179–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank GH (1954) The development of the chondrocranium in the ostrich. Ann Univ Stellenbosch Ser A 30:197–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank GH, Smit AL (1974) The early ontogeny of the columella auris of Crocodilus niloticus and its bearing on problems concerning the upper end of the reptilian hyoid arch. Zool Afr 9:59–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank GH, Smit AL (1976) The morphogenesis of the avian columella auris with special reference to Struthio camelus. Zool Afr 11:159–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Freye HA (1952/1953) Das Gehörorgan der Vögel. Wiss Z Martin Luther Univ Halle Wittemberg Math Naturwiss Reihe 2(5):267–297

    Google Scholar 

  • Freye-Zumpfe H (1952/1953) Befunde im Mittelohr der Vögel. Wiss Z Martin Luther Univ Halle Wittemberg Math Naturwiss Reihe 2:445–461

    Google Scholar 

  • Gadow H (1891) Vögel. In: Bronn HG (ed) Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs, vol 6, sect 4. C.F. Winter, Leipzig

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaudin EP (1968) On the middle ear of birds. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 65:316–326

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaupp E (1898) Ontogenese und Phylogenese des schalleitenden Apparates bei den Wirbeltieren. Ergeb Anat Entwicklungsgesch 8:990–1149

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaupp E (1913) Die Reichertsche Theorie (Hammer-, Amboß-und Kieferfrage). Arch Anat Physiol Abt Anat Suppl, pp 1–416

    Google Scholar 

  • Gauthier J, Padian K (1985) Phylogenetic, functional and aerodynamic analyses of the origin of birds and their flight. In: The beginnings of birds. Proceedings of the International Archaeopteryx Conference, Eichstätt 1984, pp 185–197

    Google Scholar 

  • Glutz von Blotzheim U (1958) Zur Morphologie und Ontogenese von Schultergürtel, Sternum und Becken von Struthio, Rhea und Dromiceius. Rev Suisse Zool 65:609–772

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldschmid A (1972a) Die Entwicklung des Craniums der Mausvögel (Coliidae, Coliiformes, Aves). I. Die Frühentwicklung des Chondrocraniums. Gegenbaurs Morph Jahrb Leipzig 118:105–138

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldschmid A (1972b) Die Entwicklung des Craniums der Mausvögel (Coliidae, Coliiformes, Aves): IL Die Entwicklung des Chondrocraniums bis zum Auftreten der dermalen Verknöcherungen. Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb 118:274–304

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldschmid A (1972c) Die Entwicklung des Craniums der Mausvögel (Coliidae, Coliiformes, Aves). III. Ausgestaltung und Umbau des Chondrocraniums bis zum Auftreten der Ersatzverknöcherungen. Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb 118:369–413

    Google Scholar 

  • Golubeva TB (1972) The reflex activity of the tympanal muscle in the owl Asio otus. Zh Evol Biol Fiziol 8:173–181

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gummer AW, Smolders JWT, Klinke R (1989a) Mechanics of a single-ossicle ear. I. The extra-stapedius of the pigeon. Hear Res 39:1–14

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gummer AW, Smolders JWT, Klinke R (1989b) Mechanics of a single-ossicle ear. II. The columella footplate of the pigeon. Hear Res 39:15–26

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haubitz B, Prokop M, Döhring W, Ostrom JH, Wellnhofer P (1988) Computed tomography of Archaeopteryx. Paleobiology 14:206–213

    Google Scholar 

  • Haubitz B, Wellnhofer P (1989) Computertomographie bei Archaeopteryx: weiteres Vogelmerkmal. Spektrum Wiss 20:23–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey PH, Pagel MD (1991) The comparative method in evolutionary biology. Oxford University Press, Oxford (Oxford Series in Ecology and Evolution)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hennig W (1950) Grundzüge einer Theorie der phylogenetischen Systematik. Deutscher Zentralverlag, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill KG, Lewis DB, Hutchings ME, Coles RB (1980) Directional hearing in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). I. Acoustic properties of the auditory system. J Exp Biol 86:135–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofer H (1948) Untersuchungen über den Bau des Vogelschädels, besonders über den der Spechte und Steißhühner. Zool Jahrb Abt Anat 69:1–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann CK (1889) Over de ontwikkelingsgeschiedenis van het gehoororgaan en de morphologische beteekenis van het gehoorbeentje bij de reptilien. Natuurkol Verh Konigkl Acad 28

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmgren N (1955) Studies on the phylogeny of birds. Acta Zool (Stockh) 36:243–328

    Google Scholar 

  • Homberger DG (1986) The lingual apparatus of the African grey parrot, Psittacus erithacus Linné (Aves: Psittacidae): description and theoretical mechanical analysis. Ornithol Monogr 39:1–233

    Google Scholar 

  • Homberger DG (1988) Models and tests in functional morphology: the significance of description and integration. Am Zool 28:217–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Houde P (1988) Palaeognathous birds from the early tertiary of the northern hemisphere. Nuttall Ornithological Club, Cambridge, MA (Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, vol 22)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh TM (1951) The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system of the fowl. PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh

    Google Scholar 

  • Huxley TH (1867) On the classification of birds; and on the taxonomic value of the modifications of certain cranial bones observable in the class. Proc Zool Soc Lond 27:415–472

    Google Scholar 

  • Iljitschew WD (1967) Die akustische Lokalisation der Vögel (in Russian). Akademijy nauk SSSR, Moscow

    Google Scholar 

  • Iljitschew WD (1968) Adaptationen des Gehörsystems der Vögel und ihre Rolle in der Evolution (in Russian) Zurnal Obshch Biol 29:32–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Iljitschew WD (1974) Adaptationsökologische Parallelismen — mosaikartige Evolution. Das Hörsystem der Vögel als Objekt der funktionellen Morphologie. Biol Zentralbl 93: 165–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Jollie MT (1957) The head skeleton of the chicken and remarks on the anatomy of this region in other birds. J Morphol 100:389–436

    Google Scholar 

  • Kartaschew NN, Iljitschew WD (1964) Über das Gehörorgan der Alkenvögel. J Ornithol 105:113–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Knudsen EI (1980) Sound localization in birds. In: Popper AN, Fay RR (eds) Comparative studies of hearing in vertebrates. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Knudsen EI, Konishi M (1979) Mechanisms of sound localization in the barn owl (Tyto alba). J Comp Physiol 133:13–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Krause G (1901) Die Columella der Vögel (Columella auris avium). Ihr Bau und dessen Einfluß auf die Feinhörigkeit. Neue Untersuchungen und Beiträge zur comparativen Anatomie des Gehörorganes. Friedländer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Kesteven HL (1942) The ossification of the avian chondrocranium with special reference to that of the emu. Proc Linn Soc New South Wales 67:213–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Kühne R, Lewis B (1985) External and middle ears. In: King AS, McLelland J (eds) Form and function in birds, vol 3. Academic, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang C (1954) Beiträge zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Kopfskelettes von Melopsittacus undulatus. Morphol Jahrb 94:335–390

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang C (1956) Das Cranium der Ratiten mit besonderer Berücksichtigung von Struthio camelus. Z Wiss Zool 159:165–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Leisler B, Winkler H (1985) Ecomorphology. Curr Ornithol 2:155–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Leisler B, Winkler H (1991) Ergebnisse und Konzepte ökomorphologischer Untersuchungen an Vögeln. J Ornithol 132:373–425

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewald J (1990) The directionality of the ear of the pigeon (Columba livia). J Comp Physiol [A] 167:533–543

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz K (1936) Über eine eigentümliche Verbindung branchialer Hirnnerven bei Cypselus apus. Morphol Jahrb 77:305–325

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowe PR (1926) Notes on the quadrate as a factor in avian classification. Ibis 2:152–189

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowe PR (1928) Studies and observations bearing on the phylogeny of the ostrich and its allies. Proc Zool Soc Lond 48:185–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowe PR (1944) Some additional remarks on the phylogeny of struthiones. Ibis 86:37–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas AM, Stettenheim PR (1972) Avian anatomy, integument, 2 vols. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, Washington, DC (Agriculture Handbook, vol 362)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lutz H (1942) Beiträge zur Stammesgeschichte der Ratiten. Vergleich zwischen Emu-Embryo und entsprechenden Carinatenstadien. Rev Suisse Zool 49:299–399

    Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald JD (1973) Birds of Australia. Witherby, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Macke T (1969) Die Entwicklung des Craniums von Fulica atra L. Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb 113:229–294

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manley GA (1972) Frequency responses of the middle ear of the tokay gecko. J Exp Zool 181:159–168

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manley GA (1990) Peripheral hearing mechanisms in reptiles and birds. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York (Zoophysiology, vol 26)

    Google Scholar 

  • May W (1961) Die Morphologie des Chondrocraniums und Osteocraniums eines Waldkauzembryos (Strix aluco L.). Z Wiss Zool 166:134–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayr E (1969) Principles of systematic zoology, 1st edn. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayr E (1974) Cladistic analysis or cladistic classification? Z Zool Syst Evolutionsforsch 12:94–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayr E (1990) Die drei Schulen der Systematik. Verh Dtsch Zool Ges 83:263–276

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayr E, Amadon D (1951) A classification of recent birds. Am Mus Novit 1496:2–42

    Google Scholar 

  • McDowell S (1948) The bony palate of birds. I. The palaeognathae. Auk 65:520–549

    Google Scholar 

  • Meise W (1963) Verhalten der straußartigen Vögel und Monophylie der Ratitae. 13th International Ornithological Congress, pp 115–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Moiseff A, Konishi M (1981) The owl’s interaural pathway is not involved in sound localization. J Comp Physiol 144:299–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Møller AR (1965) An experimental study of the acoustic impedance of the middle ear and its transmission properties. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 60:129–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller HJ (1961) Die Morphologie und Entwicklung des Craniums von Rhea americana Linné. I. Das knorpelige Neurocranium. Z Wiss Zool 165:221–319

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller HJ (1963) Die Morphologie und Entwicklung des Craniums von Rhea americana Linné. II. Viszeralskelett, Mittelohr und Osteocranium. Z Wiss Zool 168:35–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Murie J (1867) On the tracheal pouch of the emu (Dromœus novœ-hollandiœ, Vieill). Proc Zool Soc Lond 34:405–415

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickel R, Schummer A, Seiferle E, Siller WG, Wight PAL (1977) Anatomy of the domestic birds. Parey, Berlin Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Norberg RÅ (1977) Occurrence and independent evolution of bilateral ear asymmetry in owls and implications on owl taxonomy. Philos Trans R Soc Lond [Biol] 280:375–408

    Google Scholar 

  • Norberg RÅ (1977) Skull asymmetry, ear structure and function, and auditory localization in Tengmalm’s owl, Aegolius funereus (Linné). Philos Trans R Soc Lond [Biol] 282:325–410

    Google Scholar 

  • Oeckinghaus H (1978) Einfluß von Kontraktionen des Mittelohrmuskels auf die Entladungen von Hörnervenelementen beim Star. Verh Dtsch Zool Ges 7:191

    Google Scholar 

  • Oeckinghaus H, Schwartzkopff J (1983) Electrical and acoustical activation of the middle ear muscle in a songbird. J Comp Physiol [A] 150:61–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Oldenstam RA (1925) Over het z.g.n. vliegeorgaan van Vitali in het middenoor der vogels. Dissertation, University of Groningen

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson SL (1985) The fossil record of birds. In: Farner DS, King JR, Parkes KC (eds) Avian biology, vol 8. Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Osche G (1973) Das Homologisieren als eine grundlegende Methode der Phylogenetik. Aufsätze Reden Senckenb Naturf Ges 24:155–165

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker TJ (1888) Preliminary note on the anatomy and development of Apteryx. Proc R Soc Lond 43:391–397

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker TJ (1891) Observations on the anatomy and development of Apteryx. Philos Trans R Soc Lond [Biol] 182:25–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker WK (1866a) On the structure and development of the skull in the ostrich tribe. Philos Trans R Soc Lond [Biol] 156:113–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker WK (1866b) On the osteology of gallinaceous birds and tinamous. Trans Zool Soc Lond Ser B 5:149–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker WK (1869) On the structure and development of the skull of the common fowl (Gallus domesticus). Philos Trans R Soc Lond [Biol] 159:755–807

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker WK (1875) On the morphology of the skull in the woodpeckers (Picidae) and wrynecks (Jyngidae). Trans Linn Soc Lond 1:1–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkes KC Clark GA Jr (1966) An additional character linking ratites and tinamous, and an interpretation of their monophyly. Condor 68:459–471

    Google Scholar 

  • Payne RS (1971) Acoustic location of prey by barn owls (Tyto alba). J Exp Biol 54:535–573

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters DS (1987) Mechanische Unterschiede paläognather und neognather Vogelschädel. Nat Mus 117:173–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Plate L (1918) Über Drüsen und Lymphknoten in der Ohrfalte der Truthenne und des Auerhahns. Arch Mikrosk Anat 91:208–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Pohlmann AG (1921) The position and functional interpretation of the elastic ligaments in the middle-ear region of Gallus. J Morphol 35:229–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Popper KL (1969) Logik der Forschung, 3rd edn. Mohr, Tübingen

    Google Scholar 

  • Pumphrey RJ (1961) Sensory organs: hearing. In: Marshall AJ (ed) Biology and comparative physiology of birds. Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Pycraft WP (1901) Some points in the morphology of the palate of the neognathae. J Linn Soc Lond 28:343–357

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichert C (1837) Über die Visceralbogen der Wirbeltiere im Allgemeinen und deren Metamorphosen bei den Vögeln und Säugetieren. Arch Anat Physiol Wiss Med, pp 120–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Remane A (1952) Die Grundlagen des natürlichen Systems, der vergleichenden Anatomie und der Phylogenetik. Geest und Portig, Leipzig

    Google Scholar 

  • Remane J (1989) Die Entwicklung des Homologiebegriffs seit Adolf Remane. Zool Beitr NF 32:497–504

    Google Scholar 

  • Romeis B (1989) Mikroskopische Technik, 17th edn. Urban und Schwarzenberg, Munich

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosowski JJ, Saunders JC (1980) Sound transmission through the avian interaural pathway. J Comp Physiol [A] 136:183–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Saayman JE (1963) In Bydrae tot die Skedelmorfologie van Passer m. melanurus. Ann Univ Stellenbosch 38A:189–213

    Google Scholar 

  • Saiff EI (1974) The middle ear of the skull of birds. The procellariiformes. Zool J Linn Soc 54:213–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Saiff EI (1976) Anatomy of the middle ear region of the avian skull: sphenisciformes. Auk 93:749–759

    Google Scholar 

  • Saiff EI (1978a) Middle ear anatomy of the struthioniformes. 17th International Congress on Ornithology, Berlin, pp 631–634

    Google Scholar 

  • Saiff EI (1978b) The middle ear of the skull of birds: the pelecaniformes and ciconiiformes. Zool J Linn Soc 63:315–370

    Google Scholar 

  • Saiff EI (1981) The middle ear of the skull of birds: the ostrich: Struthio camelus L. Zool J Linn Soc 73:201–212

    Google Scholar 

  • Saiff EI (1982) The middle ear of the skull of the kiwi. Emu 82:75–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Saiff EI (1983) The anatomy of the middle ear region of the rheas (Aves: Rheiformes, Rheidae). Hist Nat Corrientes Argentina 3(6):45–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Saiff EI (1988) The anatomy of the middle ear of the tinamiformes (Aves: Tinamidae). J Morphol 196:107–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders JC (1985) Auditory structure and function in the bird middle ear: an evaluation by SEM and capacitive probe. Hear Res 18:253–268

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders JC, Johnstone BM (1972) A comparative analysis of middle ear function in non-mammalian vertebrates. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 73:353–361

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sauer EGF (1970) Interspecific behavior of the South African ostrich. Ostrich 8 Suppl: 91–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Schestakowa GS (1934) Zur Frage über die Homologie der Gehörknöchelchen. Die Entwicklung des schalleitenden Apparates der Vögel. Bull Soc Nat Mosc S Biol 43:225–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoonees J (1963) Some aspects of the cranial morphology of Colius indicus. Ann Univ Stellenbosch 38A:215–246

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwalbe G (1890) Über den Gehörgangwulst der Vögel. Arch Anat Physiol (Anat Abt): 42–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartzkopff J (1950) Beitrag zum Problem des Richtungshörens bei Vögeln. Z Vergl Physiol 32:319–327

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartzkopff J (1952a) Über den Gehörsinn der Vögel. J Ornithol 93:91–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartzkopff J (1952b) Untersuchungen über die Arbeitsweise des Mittelohres und das Richtungshören der Singvögel unter Verwendung von Chochlea-Potentialen. Z Vergl Physiol 34:46–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartzkopff J (1955) On the hearing of birds. Auk 72:340–347

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartzkopff J (1957) Die Größenverhältnisse von Trommelfell, Columella-Fußplatte und Schnecke bei Vögeln verschiedenen Gewichts. Z Morphol Okol Tiere 45:365–378

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartzkopff J (1973) Mechanoreception. In: Farner DS, King JR, Parkes KC (eds) Avian biology, vol 3. Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Sibley CG, Ahlquist JE (1990) Phylogeny and classification of birds. A study in molecular evolution. Yale University Press, New Haven

    Google Scholar 

  • Sibley CG, Monroe BL Jr (1990) Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world. Yale University Press, New Haven

    Google Scholar 

  • Sibley CG, Ahlquist JE, Monroe BL (1988) A classification of the living birds of the world based on DNA-DNA hybridization studies. Auk 105:409–423

    Google Scholar 

  • Simonetta AM (1960) On the mechanical implications of the avian skull and their bearing on the evolution and classification of birds. Q Rev Biol 35:206–220

    Google Scholar 

  • Skutch A (1983) Birds of tropical America. Texas University Press, Austin (Corrie Herring Hooks series, no 5)

    Google Scholar 

  • Slaby O (1951) Le développement du chondrocrane du cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo L.) au point de vue de l’évolution. Bull Int Acad Tchèque Sci 9:1–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Smit AL, Frank GH (1979) Aspects of the ontogenesis of the avian columella auris. S Afr Tydskr Dierkd 14:23–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith G (1905) The middle ear and columella of birds. Q J Microsc Sci 48:11–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokal RR, Sneath PHA (1963) Principles of numerical taxonomy. Freeman, San Francisco

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonies F (1907) Über die Entwicklung des Chondrocraniums bei den Vögeln. Petrus Camper 4:395–623

    Google Scholar 

  • Starck D (1955) Die endokraniale Morphologie der Ratiten, besonders der Apterygidae und Dinornithidae. Morphol Jahrb 96:14–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Starck D (1982) Vergleichende Anatomie der Wirbeltiere auf evolutionsbiologischer Grundlage, vol 3. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Starck JM (1989) Zeitmuster der Ontogenesen bei nestflüchtenden und nesthockenden Vögeln. Cour Forschungsinst Senckenb 114:1–319

    Google Scholar 

  • Starck JM (1991a) Biogeography and life history of Turnix suscitator Gmelin 1789. Small adult body size as a consequence of selection for rapid growth. Z Zool Syst Evolutionsforsch 29:213–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Starck JM (1991b) Zur Biologie des Binden-Laufhühnchens Turnix suscitator Gmelin 1789. Trop Vogel 12:46–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Starck JM (1992) Towards a model of the functional morphology of the avian middle ear. The transfer function. Zool Jahrb Anat 122:287–302

    Google Scholar 

  • Starck JM (1993) Evolution of avian ontogenies. Curr Ornithol 10:275–366

    Google Scholar 

  • Starck JM, Kriete A (1989) Morphometry and 3D-reconstruction of serial sections, methodological aspects. Eur J Cell Biol 48 Suppl 25:99–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Storer RW (1971) Classification of birds. In: Farner DS, King JR, Parkes KC (eds) Avian biology, vol 1. Academic, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Stresemann E (1934) Sauropsida: Aves. de Gruyter, Berlin (Handbuch der Zoologie 7/2)

    Google Scholar 

  • Suschkin P (1899) Zur Morphologie des Vogelskelettes. Nouv Mem Soc Imp Nat Mosc 16:1–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Suschkin P (1905) Zur Morphologie des Vogelskelettes. Vergleichende Osteologie der normalen Tagraubvögel und die Fragen der Klassifikation. Nouv Mem Soc Imp Nat Mosc, pp 1–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Swart PJ (1946) Die ontogenese van die “Desmognate” monddaktipe by Anas. Ann Univ Stellenbosch 24:1–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiedemann F (1810) Anatomie und Naturgeschichte der Vögel. Landshut, Heidelberg (Zoologie, vol 2)

    Google Scholar 

  • Toerien JM (1971) The developmental morphology of the chondrocranium of Podiceps cristatus. Ann Univ Stellenbosch Ser A 46:1–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Tonkoff W (1900) Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Hühner-Schädels. Anat Anz 18:296–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Tonndorf J, Khanna SM (1970) The role of the tympanic membrane in middle ear transmission. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 79:743–754

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verheyen R (1960a) Les kiwis (Apterygiformes) dans les systèmes de classification. Bull Soc R Zool Anvers 15:3–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Verheyen R (1960b) Contribution à l’ostéologie et à la systématique des Ratitae. Bull Soc R Zool Anvers 17:3–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Versluys J (1904) Entwicklung der Columella auris bei den Lacertilien. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der schalleitenden Apparate und des Zungenbeinbogens bei den Sauropsiden. Zool Jahrb Abt Anat Ontog 19:107–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Bartheld CS (1990) Development and innervation of the paratympanic organ (Vitali organ) in chick embryos. Brain Behav Evol 35:1–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Bartheld CS, Rubel EW (1989) The paratympanic organ: morphology, innervation and function. Soc Neurosci Abstr 15:375

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Helmholtz H (1868) Die Mechanik der Gehörknöchelchen und des Trommelfells. Pflugers Arch 1:1–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Békésy G (1960) Experiments in hearing. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Tyne, Berger AJ (1976) Fundamentals in Ornithology. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Vorster W (1989) The development of the chondrocranium of G alius gallus. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 113:1–77

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wada Y (1923) Beiträge zur vergleichenden Physiologie des Gehörgangs. Pflugers Arch 202:46–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb M (1957) The ontogeny of the cranial bones, cranial peripheral and cranial parasympathetic nerves, together with a study of the visceral muscles of Struthio. Acta Zool (Stockh) 38:83–203

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber E (1990) Zur Kraniogenese bei der Lachmöve (Larus ridibundus L.), zugleich ein Beitrag zur Rekonstruktion des Grundplanes der Vögel. Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb 136:335–387

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Werner CF (1958) Der Canaliculus (Aquaeductus) cochleae und seine Beziehung zu den Kanälen der IX. and X. Hirnnerven bei den Vögeln. Zool Jahrb Abt Anat 77:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Wetmore A (1981) The birds of the Republic of Panama. I. Tinamidae to Rynchopidae. Smithonian Institution, Washington (Smithonian miscellaneaous collections, vol 150/1)

    Google Scholar 

  • Witmer LM (1990) The craniofacial air sac system of mesozoic birds (Aves). Zool J Linn Soc 100:327–378

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolters HE (1975–1982) Die Vogelarten der Erde. Parey, Hamburg

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong CJH, To EC, Schwarz DWF (1992) Location of motoneurons innervating the middle ear muscle of the chicken (Gallus domesticus). Hear Res 61:31–34

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zilles K, Schleicher A, Pehlemann FW (1982) How many sections must be measured in order to reconstruct the volume of a structure using serial sections. Microsc Acta 86:339–346

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zusi RL (1984) A functional and evolutionary analysis of rhynchokinesis in birds. Smithson Contrib Zool 395:1–40

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Starck, J.M. (1995). References. In: Comparative Anatomy of the External and Middle Ear of Palaeognathous Birds. Advances in Anatomy Embryology and Cell Biology, vol 131. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79592-3_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79592-3_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-58991-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-79592-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics