Skip to main content

The Role of Fluorides in Tooth Chemistry and in the Prevention of Dental Caries

  • Chapter
Pharmacology of fluorides

Abstract

Because the relation of water fluoridation to dental caries has been so thoroughly studied and reviewed, it is not the intention of the author to discuss this subject in detail, but to present a brief outline, pertinent points and some new information. The main purpose of this discussion is to review the vast recent literature on the clinical aspects of fluoride supplementation and topically applied fluoride, and to bring up to date available basic information concerning the chemistry of fluoride and tooth mineral, and the mechanism of action of fluoride in inhibiting caries.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abdul-Ghaffar, IL, and J. C. Muhler: Pretreatment of teeth with sodium fluoride application in children. J. dent. Res. 38, 901–904 (1959).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adler, P.: Der Kariesschutz bei Erwachsenen durch natürlich fluorhaltiges Trinkwasser. Dtsch. Zahn-, Mund-u. Kieferheilk. 15, 24–30 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adler, P., J. Straub, and M. Prorovies: Intra vital uptake of fluorides in the teeth under various conditions. J. dent. Res. 29, 549–555 (1950).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allan, W., and B. W. Nevor: Calcium content of plaque and saliva. Intl. Assoc. Dental Res. 35th Genl. Meeting Abstr. No. 108 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, W. D.: Mechanism of fluoride homeostasis. Arch. oral Biol. Suppl. 4, 156–159 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, W. D., and P. J. Brexxus: Chemical constitution of enamel and dentin. Principal components. J. biol. Chem. 120, 677–687 (1937).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, W. D., and P. J. Brexxus: Possible relationship between the fluorine content of enamel and resistance to dental caries. J. dent. Res. 17, 393–397 (1938).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, W. D., and L. Singer: In vitro uptake and exchange of bone citrate. Ciba Symp. on Bone Structure and Metabolism, pp. 103–116. Boston: Little, Brown 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, F. A. JR., F. J. Mcclure, and C. L. White: Sodium fluoride for children. Dent. Progr. 1, 12–16 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, F. A. JR., H. T. Dean, and D. W. Singleton JR.: The effect on caries incidence of a single topical application of a fluoride solution to the teeth of young adult males of a military population. J. dent. Res. 23, 155–162 (1944).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, F. A. JR., R. C. LIxncs, A. L. Russell, and D. B. Scott: Fifteenth year of the Grand Rapids fluoridation study. J. Amer. dent. Ass. 65, 780–785 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ast, D. B., and B. Fitzgerald: Effectiveness of water fluoridation. J. Amer. dent. Ass. 65, 581–587 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ast, D. B., N. Allaway, and H. L. Draker: Prevalence of malocclusion, related to dental caries and lost first molars, in a fluoridated city, and a fluoride deficient city. Amer. J. Orthop. 48, 106–113 (1962).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ast, D. B., S. B. Finn, and H. C. Chase: Newburgh-Kingston caries fluorine study. Iii. Further analyses of dental findings including the permanent and deciduous dentitions after four years of water fluoridation. J. Amer. dent. Ass. 42, 189–195 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  • BackerDirks, O.: Bias in clinical testing of caries-preventive dentifrices. In: Caries Symp., Zurich, pp. 37–47. Berne and Stuttgart: Hans Huber 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • BackerDirks, O., B. Houwink, and G. W. Kwant: Some special features of the caries preventive effect of water fluoridation. Arch. oral Biol. 4, 187–192 (1961).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartelstone, H. J., I. D. Mandel, and N. W. Chilton: Critical evaluation of clinical studies with stannous fluoride dentifrices. Caries Symp., Zurich, ed. by H. R. Mühlemann, and K. G. König, pp. 27–36. Berne and Stuttgart: Hans Huber 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berggren, H., and E. Welander: Supervised tooth brushing with a sodium fluoride solution in 5, 000 Swedish school children. Acta odont. stand. 18, 209–234 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergman, G.: The caries inhibiting action of sodium fluoride. Acta odont. stand. 11, Suppl. 12, 1–112 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bibby, B. G.: A new approach to caries prophylaxis. Tufts. dent. Outlook 15, 4–8 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bibby, B. G., and F. Brudevold: The action of fluorides and other agents on the teeth in the prevention of dental decay. In: Fluoridation as a Public Health Measure. Amer Ass. Advancement Sci., pp. 148–178. Washington, D.C. 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bibby, B. G., and S. S. Turesky: A note on the duration of caries inhibition produced by fluoride applications. J. dent. Res. 26, 105–108 (1947).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bibby, B. G., and M. VanKesteren: The effect of fluorine on mouth bacteria. J. dent. Res. 19, 391–402 (1940).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bibby, B. G., and E. Wilkins Unpublished report (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bibby, B. G., E. Deroche, and E. Wilkins: The effect of topical applications of lead fluoride on dental caries. J. dent. Res. 26, 446 (1947).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bibby, B. G., E. Wilkins, and E. Witol: A preliminary study of the effects of fluoride lozenges and pills on dental caries. Oral Surg. 8, 213–216 (1955).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Binder, K.: Vorläufiger Bericht über die bisherigen Erfahrungen und Resultate der Fluor- tablettenverabfolgung an Wiener Schulkinder. Ost. Z. Stomat. 55, 653–657 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blayney, J. R.: Economy of water fluoridation. J. Amer dent. Ass. 65, 595–597 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boissevain, C. H., and W. F. Drea: Spectroscopie determination of fluorine in bones, teeth and other organs, in relations to fluorine in drinking water. J. dent. Res. 13, 495–500 (1933).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowes, J. H., and M. M. Murray: A chemical study of “mottled teeth” from Maldon, Essex. Brit. dent. J. 60, 556–562 (1936).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Briner, W. W.: The effect of enamel fluoride on acid production by lactobacillus casei. J. dent. Res. 40, 667 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, H. K., H. R. Mclaren, G. H. Josie, and B. J. Stewart: The Brantford-Sarnia-Stratford fluoridation caries study —1955 report. J. Canad. dent. Ass. 22, 207–216 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brudevold, F.: Study of the phosphate solubility of the human enamel surface. J. dent. Res. 27, 320–329 (1948).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brudevold, F.: Chemical composition of the teeth in relation to caries. Chapt. 1 in, Chemistry and Prevention of Dental Caries, R. F. Sognnaes, ed. Springfield, Ill.: Chas. C. Thomas Springfield, Ill. 1962 a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brudevold, F.: Dental tissue factors in dental caries. Int. dent. J. 12, 496–508 (1962b).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brudevold, F., and M. Little: Chemical studies of the human enamel surface. J. dent. Res. 30, 477 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brudevold, F., and A. C. Messer: Seeding effect of hydroxyapatite in calcifying solutions containing different amounts of fluoride. J. dent. Res. 40, 728 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brudevold, F., B. H. Amdur, and A. C. Messer: Factors involved in remineralization of carious lesions. Arch. oral Biol. 6, 304 (1961).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brudevold, F., D. E. Gardner, and F. A. Smith: The distribution of fluoride in human enamel. J. dent. Res. 35, 420–429 (1956a).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R. B. Nevin, and J. Bonner: Effect of concentration and pH on fluoride uptake by intact enamel. Int’l. Assoc. Dental Res., 34th Genl. Meeting, Abstr. No. 156 (1956b).

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Savory, and L. Bowman: The effet of fluoride in phosphate buffers on enamel. Int’l. Assoc. Dental Res. 35th Genl. Meetingt Abstr. No. 27 (1957a).

    Google Scholar 

  • L. T. Steadman, and F. A. Smith: Inorganic and organic components of tooth structure. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 85, 110–132 (1960).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • P. Gron, R. Speirs, M. Spinelli, and D. E. Gardner: Acquisition of fluoride. Int’l. Assoc. Dental Res. 40th Genl. Meeting Abstr. No. 123 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brudevold, F., J. W. Hein, J. R. Bonner, R. B. Nevin, H. C. Hodge, and B. G. Bibby: Reaction of tooth surfaces with 1 ppm of fluoride as sodium fluoride. J. dent. Res. 36, 771–779 (1957)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brudevold, F., A. Savory, D. E. Gardner: M. Spinelli, and R. Speirs: A study of acidulated fluoride solutions. I. In vitro effects on enamel. Arch. oral Biol. 8, 167–177 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brudevold, F., L. T. Steadman, D. E. Gardner, J. Rowley, and M. F. Little: Uptake of tin and fluoride in intact enamel. J. Amer. dent. Ass. 53, 159–164 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brudevold, F., Bureau of Economic Research: Fluoridation in Canada 1962. J. Canad. dent. Ass. 28, 520–524 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, R. C., T. G. Mondrow, G. Nikiforuk, and F. H. Compton: Topical stannous fluoride as a caries preventive for pre-school children. J. Canad. dent. Ass. 28, 312 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlos, J. P., A. M. Gittelsohn, and W. Haddon: Caries in deciduous teeth in relation to maternal ingestion of fluoride. Publ. Hlth Rept. 77, 658–660 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, C. H., W. D. Armstrong, and L. Singer: Distribution and excretion of radio fluoride in the human. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N. Y.) 104, 235–239 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlstrom, D.: X-ray crystallographic studies on the apatite and calcified structures. Acta radiol. (Stockh.) Suppl. 121 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, W. J., P. Jay, I. L. Shklair, and L. H. Daniel: The effect of topical fluoride on dental caries experience in adult females of a military population. J. dent. Res. 94, 73–76 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheyne, V. D.: Human dental caries and topically applied fluorine. A preliminary report. J. Amer. dent. Ass. 29, 804–807 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciirietzberg, J. E.: Tooth brushing as a substitute for quick cleansing in the topical fluoride technic. J. Amer. dent. Ass. 42, 435–438 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooley, W. E.: Reactions of tin (II) and fluoride ions with etched enamel. J. dent. Res. 40. 1199–1210 (1961).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Compton, F. H., and R. M. Grainger: The Riversid epre-school Dental Project. J. Canad. dent. Ass. 25, 478–488 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Council on Dental Therapeutics: Prescribing supplement of dietary fluoride. J. Amer. dent. Ass. 56, 589–591 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Council on Dental Therapeutics: Evaluation of Crest toothpaste. Amer. dent. Ass. J. 61, 272–274 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Crosby, N. D., and P. A. Shepherd: Studies on patterns of fluid intake, water balance and fluoride retention. Part I. Patterns of fluid intake in relation to the ingestion of plain water. Med. J. Australia 44, 305–311 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Czarnoska, R., A. Dobrzonska, M. SzPringer, and E. I. Jachimcsak: Effect of the topical application of an aqueous sodium fluoride solution on the caries incidence in Polish children. Czas. stomat. 12, 699–706 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Darling, A. I.: The structure of the enamel revealed in dental disease. Arch. oral Biol. 4, 80–85 (1961).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davenport, R. R., and B. G. Bibby: Unpublished report (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawes, C., and G. N. Jenkins: Some inorganic constituents of dental plaque and their relationship to early calculus formation and caries. Arch. oral Biol. 71, 161 (1962).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dean, H. T.: Endemic fluorosis and its relation to dental caries. Publ. Hlth Rept. 53, 1443–1452 (1938).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dean, H. T., F. A. Arnold, and E. Elvove: Domestic water and dental caries. V. Additional studies of the relation of fluoride domestic waters to dental caries experience in 4425 white children, aged 12 to 14 years, of 13 cities in 4 states. Publ. Hlth Rept. 57, 1155–1179 (1942).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dean, H. T., P. Jay, F. A. Arnold JR., and E. E.Vove: Domestic water and dental caries. I. A dental caries study, including L. acidophilus estimations of a population severely affected by mottled enamel and which for the past 12 years has used a fluoride-free water. Publ. Hlth Rept. 56, 365–381 (1941a).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dean, H. T., P. Jay, F. A. Arnold JR., and E. Elvove: Domestic water and dental caries. II. A study of 2832 white children aged 12 to 14 years, of eight suburban Chicago communities, including L. acidophilus studies of 1761 children. Publ. Hlth Rept. 56, 761–792 (1941 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Deatherage, C. F.: Fluoride domestic waters and dental caries experience in 2026 white Illinois selective service men. J. dent. Res. 22, 129–137 (1943a).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deatherage, C. F.: A study of fluoride domestic waters and dental caries experience in 263 white Illinois selective service men living in fluoride areas following the period of calcification of the permanent teeth. J. dent. Res. 22, 173–180 (1943b).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dowse, C. M., and G. N. Jenkins: Fluoride uptake in vivo in enamel defects and its significance. J. dent. Res. 36, 816 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Englander, H. R., R. DE Palma, and R. G. Kesel: The Aurora-Rockford, I.linois study. I. Effects of water having naturally occurring fluoride on dental health of young adults. J. Amer. dent. Ass. 65, 614–621 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ericsson, Y.: Enamel-apatite solubility. Acta odont. scand. 8, Suppl. 3, 1–131 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ericsson, Y.: Reduction of the solubility of enamel surfaces. Acta odont. scand. 9, 60–83 (1950).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ericsson, Y.: The state of fluorine in milk and its absorption and retention when administered in milk. Acta odont. scand. 16, 51–77 (1958a).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ericsson, Y.: The distribution and reactions of fluoride ions in enamel-saliva environment, investigated with the radioactive fluorine isotope F18. Acta odont. scand. 16, 127–141 (1958b).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ericsson, Y.: Karies profylax genom fluortabletter. Meddelanden frau Kungl Medicinalstyrelsen Stockholm 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ericsson, Y.: Fluoride in dentifrices. Investigations using radioactive fluorine. Acta odont. scand. 19, 31–77 (1961).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ericsson, Y.: Aluminum compounds in fluorinated toothpastes and dental prophylaxis pastes. Acta odont. scand. 20, 441–451 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ericsson, Y., and I. Hellstrom: The lactic acid content of the saliva after carbohydrate ingestion. II. Source of the salivary lactic acid and inhibition of its formation. Acta odont. scand. 10, 118–133 (1952).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ericsson, Y., and S. Ullserg: Autoradiographic investigations of the distribution of F18 in mice and rats. Acta odont. scand. 16, 363–374 (1958).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, R. J., and P. H. Phillips: The fluorine content of various fractions of milk and commercial caseins. J. Dairy Sci. 22, 621–622 (1939).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • VonDerFehr, F., and F. Brudevold: In vitro calculus formation. J. dent. Res. 39, 1041–1048 (1960).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feltman, R., and G. Kosel: Prenatal and postnatal ingestion of fluorides — fourteen years of investigation — final report. J. dent. Med. 16, 190–199 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Finn, S. B., and C. Demarco: The effect of artificial water fluoridation on the solubility of tooth enamel. J. dent. Res. 35, 185–188 (1956).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finn, S. B., and H. C. Jamison: A comparative clinical study of three dentifrices. J. Dent. Child. 30, 17–25 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, R. B., N. H. Elsheiner, and J. C. Muhler: The effect of several fluoride reagents on the structure of whole teeth. J. dent. Res. 33, 538–541 (1954b).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, R. B., and J. C. Muiler: The effect of sodium fluoride upon the surface structure of powdered dental enamel. J. dent. Res. 31, 751–755 (1952).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, R. B., J. C. Muiler, and C. J. Wust: The effects of several fluoride reagents upon the structure of powdered dental enamel. J. dent. Res. 33, 50–54 (1954 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, R., R. F. Sognnaes, and R. Stern: Dental aspects of mineralization with special reference in the metastructural pattern of enamel. In: Calcification in Biological Systems, pp. 163–202, ed. by R. F. Sognnaes, Amer. Ass. Advancement Sci., Washington, D. C. (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Galagen, D. J., and J. W. Knutson: The effect of topically applied fluorides on dental caries experience. V. Report of findings with two, four and six applications of sodium fluoride and of lead fluoride. Publ. 111th Rept. 62, 1477–1483 (1947).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galagen, D. J., and J. Vermillion: Effect of topical fluorides on teeth matured on fluoride-bearing water. Publ. Hlth Rept. 70, 1114–1115 (1955).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gedalia, I, K. A. Rosenzweig, and A. Sadeh: Fluorine content of superficial enamel layer and its correlation with the fluorine content of saliva, tooth ages and Dmft count. J. dent. Res. 40, 865–869 (1961).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerould, C. H.: Electron microscope study of the mechanism of fluoride deposition in teeth. J. dent. Res. 24, 223–233 (1945).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giesecke, F., and W. Rathje: The phosphates. Iii. Hydroxyl fluorapatite, the mineral of raw phosphate. Berichte 74B, 349–356 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gran, C. W., J. C. Muhler, and C. L. Howell: The effect of topically applied fluorostannite on the dental caries experience in children. Iii. Results at the end of three years. J. dent. Res. 38, 881–882 (1959).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gran, C. W., J. C. Muhler, and C. L. Howell: A new approach to the application of fluorides for the reduction of dental caries in children. Results at the end of five years. J. Dent. Child. 29, 65–71 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Glas, J. E., and K. A. Omnell: Studies on the ultra structure of dental enamel. I. Size and shape of the apatite crystallites as deduced from x-ray diffraction data. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 3, 334–344 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GReN, P., M. A. Spinelli, O. R. Trautz, and F. Brudevold: The effect of carbonate on the solubility of hydroxyapatite. Arch. oral Biol. 8, 251–263 (1963).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardwick, J. L.: The fluoride content of plaque: Its possible antienzymatic action. Caries Symp., Zürich, ed. by H. R. Mühlemann and K. G. König, pp. 112–119. Berne and Stuttgart: Hans Huber (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, R: Observations on the effect of topical sodium fluoride on caries incidence in children. Australia dent. J. 4, 257–260 (1959).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, M. F.: Fluorine content of New Zealand teeth. N. Z. dent. J. 45, 2–27 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartles, R. L.: The role of citric acid in mineralized tissues. Brit. dent. J. 111, 52–56 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatton, W. E., W. H. Nebergall, and J. C. Murler: The removal of fluorine from dilute solutions of sodium fluoride and stannous fluoride by powdered dental enamel. J. dent. Res. 34, 350–357 (1955).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hawes, R. R., S. Sannes, and F. Brudevold: Pilot studies of three topical fluoride application procedures. J. dent. Res. 33, 661 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, R. L., N. W. Littleton, and C. L. White: Posteruptive effects of fluoridation on first permanent molars of children in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Amer. J. Publ. Hlth 47, 192–199 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Head, J.: A study on saliva and its action on tooth enamel in reference to its hardening and softening. J. Amer. med. Ass. 59, 2118–2122 (1912).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hein, J. W., J. F. Bonner, F. Brudevold, F. A. Smith, and H. C. Hodge: Distribution in the soft tissue of the rat of radioactive fluoride administered as sodium fluoride. Nature (Lond.) 178, 1295–1296 (1956).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Held, A. J., F. Piguet: Kariesprophylaxe mit Fluortabletten. Stoma (Heidelb.) 7, 213–215 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Held, A. J., F. Piguet, and L. Rosegen: Imprégnation fluorique des dents temporaires. Bull. schweiz. Akad. med. Wiss. 7, 343–501 (1951).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hellstrom, I.: Fluorine retention following sodium fluoride mouth washing. Acta odont. scand. 18, 263–278 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, I. N., J. R. Blayney, and W. Wolf: Evanston dental caries study. Xix. Prevalence of malocclusion of children in a fluoridated and control area. J. dent. Res. 38, 782–794 (1959).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, I. N., J. R. Blayney, and W. Wolf: Evanston fluoridation study. Twelve years later. Dent. Progr. 1, 95–99 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, T. J.: Fluoride dentifrices. J. Amer. dent. Ass. 59, 1121–1127 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hine, J., M. Swartz, and R. W. Phillips: Staining of resin and silicate restorations by topically applied solutions of stannous fluoride. J. Periodont. 28, 138–144 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodge, H. C., and F. A. Smith: Some public health aspects of water fluoridation. In: Fluoridation as a Public Health Measure. ed. by R. F. Sognnaes. Amer. Ass. Advancement Sci., Washington, D. C. (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hord, H. B., and R. G. Elles: The effect of topical application of sodium fluoride on the CaF2 content of vital teeth. J. dent. Res. 30, 360–362 (1951).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howell, C. L., C. W. Gish, R. D. Smiley, and J. C. Muhler: Effect of topically applied stannous fluoride on dental caries experience in children. J. Amer. dent. Ass. 50, 14–17 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isaac, S., and F. Brudevold: Discoloration of teeth by metallic ions. J. dent. Res. 36, 753–758 (1957).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isaac, S., F. Brudevold, F. A. Smith, and D. E. Gardner: Solubility rate and natural fluoride content of surface and subsurface enamel. J. dent. Res. 37, 254–263 (1958a).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isaac, S., F. Brudevold, F. A. Smith, and D. E. Gardner: The relation of fluoride in the drinking water to the distribution of fluoride in the enamel. J. dent. Res. 37, 318–325 (1958b).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, D.: A clinical study of non-endemic mottling of enamel. Arch. oral Biol. 5, 212–223 (1961).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, G. N.: A note on the possible mode of action of fluoride in dental caries. Brit. dent. J. 104, 54–55 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, G. N.: The effect of pH on the fluoride inhibition of salivary acid production. Arch. oral Biol. 1, 33–41 (1959).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, G. N.: Anti-caries mechanism of fluorides in dentifrices. Caries Symp., Zurich, ed. by H. R. Mfihleman, N., and K. G. König, pp. 104–111. Berne and Stuttgart: Hans Huber (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mfihleman, N., and R. L. Speirs: Distribution of fluorine in human enamel. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 121, 21 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mfihleman, N., P. A. Armstrong, and R. L. Stems: Laboratory investigations on the relation of fluorine to dental caries on Tyneside and district. Proc. roy. Soc. Med. 45, 517–525 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Johansen, E., and L. G. Nordback: The chemistry of carious lesions. Iii. The fluoride content of carious dentin. Int’l. Assoc. Dental Res. 40th Genl. Meeting, Abstr. No. 143, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johansen, E., and H. F. Parks: Electron microscopic observations on the three-dimensional morphology of apatite crystallites of human dentin and bone. J. biophys. biochem. Cytol. 7, 743–746 (1960).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johansen, E., and H. F. Parks: Electron microscopic observations on sound human dentin. Arch. oral Biol. 7, 185–193 (1962).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson, B.: Remineralization of slightly decalcified enamel studied by polarized light microscopy. J. dent. Res. 44, 64–70, (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, W. A., and J. K. Peterson: Caries inhibiting value of a dentifrice containing stannous fluoride. Final report of a two year study. J. Amer. dent. Ass. 58, 42–46 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, W. A., J. R. Snyder, and U. Wilson: A study of a single application of 8 per cent SnF2. J. Dent. Child. 26, 355–359 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, W., and K. Solth: Ergebnisse der Zahnkaries-Prophylaxe durch interne Fluor-gaben. Stoma (Heidelb.) 11, 14–20 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kick, C. H., R. M. Bethe, R. H. Edointon, O. H. M. Wilder, P. R. Record, W. Wilder, T. J. Hill, and S. W. Chase: Fluorine in animal nutrition. Bull. 558, Ohio Agric. Expt. Sta. 1935.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, H.: Dental caries (Dmf) experience in relocated children exposed to water containing fluorine. II. J. Amer. dent. Ass. 33, 1136–1141 (1946).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, H.: Dental effects of community waters accidentally fluoridated for nineteen years. II. Differences in the extent of caries reduction among the different types of permanent teeth. Publ. Hlth Rept. 63, 563–573 (1948).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klinkenberg, E., and B. G. Bibby: The effect of topical applications of fluorides on dental caries in young adults. J. dent. Res. 29, 4–7 (1950).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knappworst, A.: Physikalisch-chemische Grundlagen einer lokalen Kariestherapie des Dentins mit Fluorionen. Dtsch. zahnärztl. Z. 4, 553–567 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Knutson, J. W.: Evaluation of the use of fluorine as a caries control measure. The effect of topically applied fluorides. J. Amer. dent. Ass. 38, 204–212 (1949).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knutson, J. W.: An evaluation of the Grand Rapids water fluoridation project. J. Mich. med. Soc. 53, 1001–1006 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knutson, J. W., and W. D. Armstrong: The effect of topically applied sodium fluoride on dental caries experience. Publ. Hlth Rept. 58, 1701–1715 (1943).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knutson, J. W., and W. D. Armstrong: Effect of topically applied sodium fluoride on dental caries experience. Iii. Report of findings for the third study year. Publ. Hlth Rept. 61, 1683–1689 (1946).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knutson, J. W., W. D. Armstrong, and F. M. Feldman: The effect of topically applied sodium fluoride on dental caries experience. IV. Report of findings with two, four and six applications. Publ. Hlth Rept. 62, 425–430 (1947).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koulourides, T.: Remineralization of enamel and dentin. Dental Clin. No. Am., July, 485–487 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Koulourides, T., H. Cueto, and W. Pigman: Rehardening of softened enamel surfaces of human teeth by solutions of calcium phosphates. Nature (Lond.) 189, 226–227 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kovaliv, P., and A. J. Held: Influence de fluor sur la résistance de l’émail dentaire. Schweiz. Mschr. Zahnheilk. 57, 305–332 (1947).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kutler, B., and R. L. Ireland: The effect of sodium fluoride application on the dental caries experience in adults. J. dent. Res. 32, 458–462 (1953).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuyper, A. C., and K. Kutnerian: Mechanism of incorporation of fluoride into bone salt. J. dent. Res. 41, 345–350 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kyes, F. M., N. J. Overton, and T. W. Mckean: Clinical trials of caries inhibitory dentifrices. J. Amer. dent. Ass. 63, 189–193 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, N. P.: Tooth decay in relation to diet and general health. J. Amer. med. Ass. 137, 832–837 (1948).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Law, F. E., M. H. Jeffrey, and H. C. Sheary: Topical applications of fluoride solutions in dental caries control. Publ. Hlth Rept. 76, 287–290 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrenz, M., H. H. Mitchell, and W. A. Ruth: Adaptation of the growing rat to the ingestion of a constant concentration of fluorine in the diet. J. Nutr. 19, 531–546 (1940).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leach, S. A.: Reaction of fluoride with powdered enamel and dentin. Brit. dent. J. 106, 133 by 142 (1959 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Leach, S. A.: Some notes on the solubility of enamel and dentin in acid. Arch. oral Biol. 1, 218–232 (1959b).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leatherman, G. H.: Fluoridation around the world. Int. dent. J. 9, 517–535 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Leicester, H. M.: Biochemistry of the Teeth. C. V. Mosby Co., St. Louis, Mo. 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonhardt, H.: Ergebnisse der Fluortablettenzufuhr bei Salzburger Schulkindern im Alter von 6–10 Jahren, 4 Jahre nach Beginn der Aktion. Arch. oral Biol. Spec. Suppl. 6, 17–26 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lilienthal, B.: The effect of fluoride on acid formation by salivary sediment. J. dent. Res. 35, 197–204 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lilienthal, B.: Inhibition of acid formation from carbohydrates by stannous fluoride and stannous chlorofluoride. Australian dent. J. 3, 165–173 (1958a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lilienthal, B.: The effect of a stannous fluoride mouth wash on acid formation in the mouth and some observations on the mechanism of inhibition. Australian dent. J. 3, 221–227 (1958b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lilienthal, B., and N. D. Martin: Investigations of the anti-enzymatic action of fluoride at the enamel surface. J. dent. Res. 35, 189–196 (1956).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Little, M. F., and F. Brudevold: A study of inorganic carbon dioxide in intact human enamel. J. dent. Res. 37, 991–1000 (1958).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Little, M. F., E. S. Cueto, and J. Rowley: Chemical and physical properties of altered and sound enamel. I. Ash: Ca, P, CO2, N, water, microradiolucency and density. Arch. oral Biol. 7, 173–184 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Macintire, W. H., L. J. Hardin, F. D. Oldham, and J. W. Hammond: Development of P205 insolubility in phosphate mixtures. The formation of fluorapatite as its cause. Industr. Eng. Chem. 29, 758 (1937).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malaowalla, A., and H. M. Myers: Interaction of sodium fluoride and synthetic apatite. J. dent. R-3s. 41, 413–419 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manly, R. S.: Stability of stannous fluoride dentifrices. Caries Symp., Zurich, ed. by H. R. Mühlemann, and K. G. König, pp. 70–79. Berne, Stuttgart: Hans Huber (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Manly, R. S., and B. G. Bibby: Substances capable of decreasing the solubility of tooth enamel. J. dent. Res. 28, 160–171 (1949).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manly, R. S., and D. P. Harrington: Solution rate of tooth enamel in acetate buffer. J. dent. Res. 38, 910–919 (1959).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mannerberg, F.: Appearance of tooth surface, as observed in shadowed replicas in various age groups, in long-time studies, after tooth-brushing in cases of erosion and after exposure to citrus fruit juice. Odont. Revy 11, Supp. 6 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Marthaler, T. M.: Zur Frage des Fluorvollsalzes: erste klinische Resultate. Schweiz. Mschr. Zahnheilk. 71, 671–682 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marthaler, T. M.: Die Wirkung aminfluoridhaltiger Zahnpasten auf den Karieszuwachs bei Kindern während drei Jahren überwachten Gebrauches. Schweiz. Mschr. Zahnheilk. 73, 390–409 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Marthaler, T. M., and C. Schenardi: Inhibition of caries in children after 5112 years of fluoridated table salt. Helv. odont. Acta 6, 1–6 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Massler, M., C. Tapia, and E. Zwemer: Action of acid on topically fluoridized intact enamel surfaces. J. dent. Res. 30, 515 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mccann, H. G.: Reaction of fluoride ion with hydroxyapatite. J. biol. Chem. 201, 247–259 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mccann, H. G., and F. A. Bullock: Reactions of fluoride ion with powdered enamel and dentin. J. dent. Res. 34, 59–67 (1955).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mccann, H. G., and F. A. Bullock: The effect of fluoride ingestion on the composition and solubility of mineralized tissues of the rat. J. dent. Res. 36, 391–398 (1957).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mccann, H. G., and E. H. Fath: Phosphate exchange in hydroxyapatite enamel, dentin and bone. II. Effect of fluoride on the exchange. J. biol. Chem. 231, 869–872 (1958).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mcclure, F. J.: Domestic water and dental caries. Fluorine in human saliva. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 62, 512–515 (1941 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mcclure, F. J.: Domestic water and dental caries. Iii. Fluorine in human saliva. J. dent. Res. 20, 283 (1941 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mcclure, F. J.: Ingestion of fluoride and dental caries. Quantitative relations based on food and water requirements of children 1 to 12 years old. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 66, 362–369 (1943).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mcclure, F. J., and R. C. Lnincs: The effect of fluoride on the solubility of human enamel. J. dent. Res. 28, 636 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mcclure, F. J., and R. C. Lnincs: Fluorine in human teeth studied in relation to fluorine in the drinking water. J. dent. Res. 30, 172–176 (1951).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mcclure, F. J., and H. G. McCann: Dental caries and composition of bones and teeth of white rats: Effect of dietary mineral supplements. Arch. oral Biol. 2, 151–161 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mcconnell, D.: Crystal chemistry of carbonate apatites and their relationship to the composition of calcified tissues. J. dent. Res. 31, 35–63 (1952).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mcdonald, R. E., and J. C. Mutiler: The superiority of topical applications of stannous fluoride on primary teeth. J. Dent. Child. 24, 84 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mckay, F. S.: Mass control of dental caries through the use of domestic water supplies containing fluoride. Amer. J. Publ. Hlth 38, 828–832 (1948).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mclaren, H. R., and H. K. Brown: A study of the use of a topically applied stannous fluoride solution in prevention of dental caries. Canad. J. Publ. Hlth 46, 387–395 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Megertan, D.: The deposition of fluorine in glycol-ashed bone. Univ. Rochester Atomic Energy Project Rept. No. UR-168, 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mercer, V. H., and J. C. Mutiler: Comparison of a single application of stannous fluoride with a single application of sodium fluoride or two applications of stannous fluoride. J. Dent. Child. 28, 84–86 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J., and P. Hosson: Silver nitrate and sodium fluoride on enamel caries. Brit. dent. J. 106, 246–249 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Montel, G., and G. Chaudron: The action of tricalcium phosphate and hydrated dicalcium phosphate on calcium fluoride suspensions in water. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 234, 839 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mutiler, J. C.: Effect of a stannous fluoride containing dentifrice on caries reduction in children. II. Caries experience after one year. J. Amer. dent. Ass. 50, 163–166 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mutiler, J. C.: Effects of fluoride and non-fluoride containing tin salts on the dental caries experience in children. J. dent. Res. 37, 422–426 (1958).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mutiler, J. C.: The effect of a single topical application of stannous fluoride on the incidence of dental caries in adults. J. dent. Res. 37, 415–416 (1958).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muhler, J. C.: The effect of a modified stannous fluoride-calcium pyrophosphate dentifrice on dental caries in children. J. dent. Res. 37, 448–450 (1958).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muhler, J. C.: The anticariogenic effectiveness of a single application of stannous fluoride in children residing in an optimal communal fluoride area. Results at the end of 30 months. J. Amer. dent. Ass. 61, 431–438 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Muhler, J. C.: A practical method for reducing dental caries in children not receiving the established benefits of communal fluoridation. J. Dent. Child. 28, 5–12 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Muhler, J. C., and A. W. Radike: Effect of a dentifrice containing stannous fluoride on dental caries in adults. II. Results at the end of two years of unsupervised use. J. Amer. dent. Ass. 55, 196–198 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muhler, J. C., and G. Van HuYsen: Solubility of enamel protected by sodium fluoride and other compounds. J. dent. Res. 26, 119–128 (1947).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muhler, J. C., H. G. Day, and W. H. Nebergall: Relationship between pH, age, and concentration of solutions of stannous fluoride and sodium fluoride in decreasing enamel solubility and affecting the uptake of fluoride. J. dent. Res. 31, 756–760 (1952).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muhler, J. C., A. W. Radtke, W. H. Nebergall, and H. G. A. Day: Comparison between the anti-cariogenic effects of dentifrices containingSnF2 and NaF. J. Amer. dent. Ass. 51, 556–559 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muhler, J. C.: The effect of a stannous fluoride-containing dentifrice on dental caries in adults. J. dent. Res. 35, 49–53 (1956).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, H. M., J. G. Hamilton, and H. Becks: A tracer study of the transfer of F18 to teeth by topical application. J. dent. Res. 31, 743–750 (1952).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neuman, H. H.: The milk and water intakes of small children. A survey of drinking habits. Arch. Pediat. 74, 456–462 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuman, W. F., and B. J. Mulryan: The surface chemistry of bone. IV. Further data on recrystallization. J. biol. Chem. 193, 237–241 (1951).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neuman, W. F., and M. W. Neuman: The chemical dynamics of bone mineral. Chicago, Ill.: Univ. Chicago Press 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuman, W. F., T. Y. Toribara, and B. J. Mulryan: Surface chemistry of bone. IX. Carbonate-phosphate exchange. J. Amer. chem. Soc. 78, 4263–4266 (1956).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neuman, W. F., M. W. Neuman, E. R. Main, J. O’Leary, and F. A. Smith: The surface chemistry of bone. II. Fluoride deposition. J. biol. Chem. 187, 655–661 (1950).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nevin, R. B., F. Brudevold, and M. F. Little: Uptake and loss of F18 from intact enamel. Int’l. Assoc. Dental Res. 35th Genl. Meeting, Abstr. No. 1261 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nevitt, G. A., D. H. Witter, and W. D. Bowman: Topical applications of sodium fluoride and stannous fluoride. Publ. Hlth Rept. 73, 847–850 (1958).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newbrun, E.: Studies on the physical properties of fluorosed enamel. II. Microhardness. Arch. oral Biol. 2, 21–27 (1960).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newbrun, E., and F. Brudevold: Studies on the physical properties of fluorosed enamel. I. Microradiographic studies. Arch. oral Biol. 2, 15–20, 38–674 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Niedenthal, A.: Kariesprophylaxe mit Natriumfluorid-Dragees bei Offenbacher Schulkindern. Zahnärztl. Mitt. 45, 576–578 (1957);

    Google Scholar 

  • Niedenthal, A.: Kariesprophylaxe mit Natriumfluorid-Dragees bei Offenbacher Schulkindern. Zahnärztl. Mitt. 45, 648–650 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nikiforuk, G.: Carbonates and fluorides as chemical determinants of tooth susceptibility to caries. Caries Symp., Zurich, ed. by H. R. Müilemann, and K. G. König, pp. 62–69. Berne and Stuttgart: Hans Huber (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ockerse, T.: The chemical composition of enamel and dentin in high and low caries areas in South Africa. J. dent. Res. 22, 441–446 (1943).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pameijer, J. H. N., F. Brudevold, and E. E. Hunt JR.: A study of acidulated fluoride solutions. Iii. The cariostatic effect of repeated topical sodium fluoride applications with and without phosphate: A pilot study. Arch. oral Biol. 8, 183–185 (1963).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peckham, S. C., R. S. Leopold, and W. C. Hess: Determination of fluoride in organic and inorganic factors of dentin and enamel. J. dent. Res. 75, 205–209 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Peffley, G. E., and J. C. Murler: The effect of a commercial stannous fluoride dentifrice under controlled brushing habits on dental caries incidence in children. Preliminary report. J. dent. Res. 39, 870–874 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, J. K., and W. H. Jordan: Relative caries inhibiting values of topically applied sodium silico fluoride and sodium fluoride. J. dent. Res. 36, 124–128 (1957).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Posner, A. S., and E. D. Eaves: Fluoride in bone and teeth. Norelco Reptr 10, 71–75 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Protheroe, D. H.: A study to determine the effect of topical application of stannous fluoride on dental caries in young adults. Preliminary report. Roy. Canad. dent. Corps Quart. 1, No. 4, 18–23 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rathje, W.: The formation of hydroxyfluor-apatite in tooth enamel under influence of drinking water containing fluoride. J. dent. Res. 31, 761–766 (1952).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reiss, L. Z.: Strontium 90 absorption by deciduous teeth. Science 134, 1669–1673 (1961).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reiss, L. Z.: Report of Joint Committee of American Academy of Pediatrics and American Society of Dentistry for Children: Pediatrics 23, 400–407 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rickles, N. H., and H. Becks: The effects of an acid and a neutral solution of sodium fluoride on the incidence of dental caries in young adults. J. dent. Res. 30, 757–765 (1951).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rusoff, L. L., B. S. Konikoff, J. B. Frye, J. E. Johnston, and W. W. Frye: Fluoride addition to milk and its effect on dental caries in school children. Amer. J. clin. Nutr. 11, 91–101 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, A. L.: Dental fluorosis in Grand Rapids during the seventeenth year of fluoridation. J. Amer. dent. Ass. 65, 608–612 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, A. L., and E. Elvove: Domestic water and dental caries. VI. A study of the fluoride-dental caries relationship in an adult population. Publ. Hlth Rept. 66, 1389–1401 (1951).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, A. L., and C. L. White: Dental caries in Maryland children after seven years of fluoridation. Publ. 111th Rept. 76, 1087–1093 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Santesson, G.: Aspects of salt fluoridation II: Observations on the consumption of table salt by adult. Presented at 6th Orca Congress, Pavia 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savory, A., and F. Brudevold: The distribution of nitrogen in human enamel. J. dent. Res. 38, 436–442 (1959).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SchlesrNger, E. R.: Dental caries and the pediatrician. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 105, 1–4 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt-Nielsen, B.: The solubility of tooth substances in relation to the composition of saliva. Acta odont. scand. 7, Suppl. 2, 1–88 (1946).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz, W.: Zahnschutzhärtung durch Fluorpinselung. Dtsch. zahnärztl. Z. 7, 204–208 (1952).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schraer, H., A. S. Posner, R. Schraer, and I. Zipkin: Effect of fluoride On bone crystallinity in the growing rat. Biochim. biophys. Acta 64, 565–567 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, H. E.: Inorganic content and histology of early dental calculus in man. Hely. odont. Acta 7, 17–30 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schutzmannsky, G.: Sechs Jahre Kariesprophylaxe durch Fluortablettengaben. Arch. oral Biol. Spec. Suppl. 6, 27–32 (1961).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, D. B.: Electron microscope evidence of fluoride-enamel reactions. J. dent. Res. 39, 1117 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, D. B., R. G. Picard, and W. G. Wyckoff: Studies of the action of sodium fluoride on human enamel by electron microscopy and electron diffraction. Publ. Hlth Rept. 65, 43–56 (1950)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seins, R. M., and T. Koulourides: Effects of intermittent treatments with calcifying solutions on the softening of teeth. Int’l. Assoc. Dental Res. 41st Genl. Meeting, Abstr. 285 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, L., and W. D. Armstrong: Regulation of human plasma fluoride concentrations. J. appl. Physiol. 15, 508–510 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slack, G. L.: The effect of topical application of stannous fluoride on the incidence of dental caries in 6 year old children. Brit. dent. J. 101, 7–11 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, F. A., D. E. Gardner, and H. C. Hodge: Investigations on the metabolism of fluoride. II. Fluoride content of blood and urine as a function of the fluorine in drinking water. J. dent. Res. 29, 596–600 (1950).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, F. A., S. A. Leach, and H. C. Hodge: Fluoride removal by powdered dental enamel from solutions of stannous or sodium fluoride. Nature (Lond.) 180, 1421–1422 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. C., E. M. Lanz, and H. V. Smith: The cause of mottled enamel. Science 74, 244 (1931).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sobel, A. E., A. Hanok, H. A. Kirshner, and I. Fankuchen: Calcification of teeth. II. Comparison of some properties of human and rat teeth. J. dent. Res. 28, 61–67 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobel, A. E., J. H. Shaw, A. Hanok, and S. Nobel: Calcification Xxvi. Caries susceptibility in relation to composition of teeth and diet. J. dent. Res. 39, 462–472 (1960).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sognnaes, R. F., J. H. Shaw, and R. Bagorach: Radio tracer studies on bone, cementum, dentin and enamel of Rhesus monkeys. Amer. J. Physiol. 180, 408–420 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SoLoiuoNs, C. C., J. T. Irving, and W. F. Neuman: Calcification of the dentin matrix. In: Calcification in Biological Systems, ed. by R. F. Sognnaes, Amer. Ass. Advancement Sci., pp. 203–216, Washington, D. C. (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Speirs, R. L.: The uptake, exchange and release of fluoride at the surface of teeth. Brit. dent. J. 104, 347–348 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Spinelli, M. A., J. J. Vogel, and F. Brudevold: Effect of pH and phosphate concentrations on uptake of fluoride by hydroxyapatite from aqueous solutions and saliva. Int’l. Assoc. Dental Res. 41st Genl. Meeting, Abstr. No. 330 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stack, M. V.: The chemical nature of the organic matrix of bone, dentin and enamel. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 60, 585–595 (1955).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stones, H. H., F. E. Lawton, E. R. Bransby, and H. D. Hartley: Effect of topical application of potassium fluoride and of the ingestion of tablets containing sodium fluoride on the incidence of dental caries. Brit. dent. J. 86, 263–271 (1949).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strean, L. P. and J. D. Beaudet: Dental caries inhibited by fluoride vitamin tables. Dent. Surv. 22, 689–691 (1946).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suess, P. H., and L. S. Fosdick: Solubility of normal and fluoridized enamel. J. dent. Res. 30, 177–181 (1951).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sindvall-Hagland, I.: Sodium fluoride application to the deciduous dentition. A clinical study. Acta odont. stand. 13, 5–131 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sindvall-Hagland, I., F. Brudevold, W. D. Armstrong, D. E. Gardner, and F. A. Smith: A comparison of the increment of fluoride in enamel and the reduction in dental caries resulting from topical fluoride applications. Arch. oral Biol. 1, 74–79 (1959).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Syrrist, A.: A study of the increment of fluorine content of enamel following topical applications of sodium fluoride to human teeth in vitro. Odont. T. 57, 381–394 (1949 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Syrrist, A.: Histological studies on the effect of sodium fluoride on human dental enamel. Odont. T. 57, 395–408 (1949b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Syrrist, A.: E Klinisk studie av effekten av lokale behandlinger med natriumfluorid som kariesprofylaktisk middel. Odont. T. 57, 511 (1949d).

    Google Scholar 

  • Syrrist, A., and K. Karlsen: A five year report on the effect of topical applications of sodium fluoride on dental caries experience. Brit. dent. J. 97, 1–6 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Torell, P., and H. Siberg: Mouth wash with sodium fluoride and potassium fluoride. Odont. Revy 13, 62–72 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tovborg-Jensen, A.: TJber die Ausscheidung von CaF2 und übersättigten Lösungen. Z. phys. Chem. A 180, 93–116 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  • Trautz, O. R.: Crystallographic studies of calcium carbonate phosphate. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 85, 145–160 (1960).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trautz, O. R., and R. R. Zapanta: Experiments with calcium carbonate phosphates and the effect of topical application of sodium fluoride. Arch. oral Biol. Spec. Suppl. 4, 122–133 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Public Health Service: Fluoridation memoranda. Index No. 2 and No. 8. (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, J. J., R. Naujoks, and F. Brudevold: The effective concentrations of calcium and inorganic orthophosphate in salivary secretions. Arch. oral Biol. 10, 523–535 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Volker, J. F.: Solubility of fluorosed enamel and dentin. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. and Med. (N. Y.) 43, 643–645 (1940).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Volker, J. F., and B. G. Blbby: The action of fluorine in limiting dental caries. Medicine 20, 211–227 (1941).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Volker, J. F., R. F. Sognnaes, and B. G. Brbby: Studies on the distribution of radioactive fluoride in the bones and teeth of experimental animals. Amer. J. Physiol. 132, 707–712 (1941).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, J. S., F. J. Margolism, H. L. Teate, M. L. Weil, and H. L. Wilson: Water intake of normal children. Science 140, 890–891 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, P. C.: The metabolism of F18 in normal and chronically fluorosed rats. Univ. California Rept. Ucrl-2196, 119 pp., Berkeley, Calif. (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  • Walser, M.: Ion association. VI. Interaction between calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphates, citrate and protein in normal human plasma. J. clin. Invest. 40, 723–730 (1961).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, R.: Fluorine and dental caries. Further investigations on Tyneside and in Sunderland. Brit. dent. J. 77, 185–193 (1944).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weidmann, S. M., J. A. Weatherell, and R. G. Whitehead: The effect of fluorine On the chemical composition and calcification of bone. J. Path. Bact. 78, 435–445 (1959).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, W. S.: Reduction of dental caries through use of sodium fluoride mouth wash. J. Amer. dent. Ass. 60, 438–456 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, W. S.: A comparison of the relative effects of sodium and stannous fluoride when applied topically. J. Dent. Child. 29, 22–35 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wellock, W. D., and F. Brudevold: A study of acidulated fluoride solutions. II. The caries inhibiting effect of single annual topical applications of an acidic fluoride and phosphate solution. A two year’s experience. Arch. oral Biol. 8, 179–182 (1963).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wellock, W. D., A. Maitland, and F. Brudevold: Caries increments, tooth discoloration, and state of oral hygiene in children given single annual applications of acid phosphate-fluoride and stannous fluoride. Arch. oral Biol. 10, 453–460 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wespi, H. J.: Experiences and problems of fluoridated cooking salt in Switzerland. Arch. oral Biol. 6, 33–39 (1961).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wespi, H. J.: Entwicklung und gegenwärtiger Stand der Kariesbekämpfung mit „Fluor-Vollsalz” in der Schweiz. Schweiz. Mschr. Zahnheilk. 72, 323–331 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wills, J. H.: The secretion of intravenously ingested fluorine in the submaxillary saliva of cats. J. dent. Res. 19, 585–590 (1940).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, J., and F. Neuwirth: Reparative Vorgänge an der Oberfläche natürlicher und künstlich hervorgerufener Schmelzdefekte. Z. Zahn-, Mund-u. Kieferheilk. 8, 222–349 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wrzodek, G.: Ist eine Kariesprophylaxe mit Fluordragees erfolgversprechend ? Zahnärztl. Mitt. 47, 258–262 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wynn, W., J. Raldi, K. D. Bentley, and M. L. Law: Dental caries in the albino rat in relation to the chemical composition of the teeth and of the diet. II. Variations in the Ca/P ratio of the diet induced by changing the phosphorus content. J. Nutr. 58, 325–334 (1956).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wynn, W., J. Raldi, K. D. Bentley, and M. L. Law: Dental caries in the albino rat in relation to the chemical composition of the teeth and of the diet. Iii. Composition of incisor teeth of animals fed diets with different Ca/P ratios. J. Nutr. 63, 57–64 (1957).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoox, S. H., F. Brudevold, F. A. Smith, D. E. Gardner, and N. Soni: Distribution of fluorine in teeth and alveolar bone. J. Amer. dent. Ass. 61, 565–570 (1960a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoox, S. H., F. Brudevold, D. E. Gardner, and F. A. Smith: Distribution of fluoride in teeth from areas with different levels of fluoride in the water supply. J. dent. Res. 39, 845–856 (1960b).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ziegler, E.: Grundlagen der Milchfluorierung in Winterthur. Schweiz. Mschr. Zahnheilk. 69, 111–114 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziemnowicz-Glowacka, W.: Prevention of caries with “Fluordar” tablets. Czas. stomat. 13, 719–728 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zipkin, I., F. J. Mcclure, and W. A. Lee: Relation of the fluoride content of human bone to its chemical composition. Arch. oral Biol. 2, 190–195 (1960).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zipkin, I., A. S. Posner, and E. C. Eanes: The effect of fluoride on the x-ray diffraction pattern of the apatite of human bone. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 59, 255–258 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zwemer, J. D.: Lactic acid formation by lactobacilli exposed to fluoridized enamel. J. dent. Res. 36, 182–191 (1957).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1966 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Brudevold, F. (1966). The Role of Fluorides in Tooth Chemistry and in the Prevention of Dental Caries. In: Smith, F.A. (eds) Pharmacology of fluorides. Handbuch der experimentellen Pharmakologie / Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 20. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-25198-0_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-25198-0_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-23198-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-25198-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics