Skip to main content

Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Skin Viscoelasticity During Climacteric Aging

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Skin, Mucosa and Menopause

Abstract

During perimenopause, the skin and a series of other organs become altered as prominent sex hormone declines. The natural climacteric is associated with a decline in functional properties of various tissues including viscoelasticity of the dermal connective tissue. There are many ways for assessing in vivo skin viscoelasticity, and the various procedures frequently measure distinct physical characteristics. The suction method has been selected by a majority of investigators looking at dermal functional changes during climacteric. Some women benefit from oral hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or transdermal estrogen therapy (TET) for controlling some unpleasant climacteric changes (osteoporosis, vasomotor instability, skin withering, dermal depletion in versican-hyaluronic acid, etc.). In particular, the hormonal repair exhibits some preventive and corrective effects in the functional decline of the dermal physical properties.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Piérard GE. Aging across the life span: time to think again. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2004;3:50–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Braverman ER. Ageprint for anti-ageing medicine. J Eur Anti-Ageing Med. 2005;1:7–8.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Kanda N, Watanabe S. Regulatory roles of sex hormones in cutaneous biology and immunology. J Dermatol Sci. 2005;38:1–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Quatresooz P, Piérard-Franchimont C, Kharfi M, Al Rustom K, Chian CA, Garcia R, et al. Skin in maturity. The endocrine and neuroendocrine pathways. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2007;29:1–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Farage M, Miller KW, Zouboulis CC, Maibach H. Gender differences in skin aging and the changing profile of the sex hormones with age. Steroid Hormon Sci. 2012;3:1000109.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Murthy V, Chamberlain RS. Menopausal symptoms in young survivors of breast cancer: a growing problem without an ideal solution. Cancer Control. 2012;19:317–29.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Piérard GE. The quandary of climacteric skin ageing. Dermatology. 1996;193:273–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Li C, Samsioe G, Borgfeldt C, Lidfeldt J, Agardh CD, Nerbrand C. Menopause-related symptoms: what are the background factors? A prospective population-based cohort study of Swedish women (The Women’s Health in Lund Area Study). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189:1646–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Calleja-Agius J, Brincat M. The effect of menopause on the skin and other connective tissues. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2012;28:273–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Shifren JL. Androgens, estrogens, and metabolic syndrome at midlife. Menopause. 2009;16:226–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288:321–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Chlebowski RT, Hendrix SL, Langer RD, Stefanick ML, Gass M, Lane D, et al. Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women: the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trial. JAMA. 2003;289:3243–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Wassertheil-Smoller S, Hendrix SL, Limacher M, Heiss G, Kooperberg C, Baird A, et al. Effect of estrogen plus progestin on stroke in postmenopausal women: the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trial. JAMA. 2003;289:2673–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Seifert-Klauss V, Kingwell E, Hitchcock CL, et al. Estrogen and progestogen use in peri- and postmenopausal women. March 2007 position statement of the North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2007;14:168–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Marjoribanks J, Farquhar C, Roberts H, Lethaby A. Long term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(7):CD004143.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Eriksen EF. Hormone replacement therapy or SERMS in the long term treatment of osteoporosis. Minerva Ginecol. 2012;64:207–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Patrelli TS, Gizzo S, Franchi L, Berretta R, Pedrazzi G, Volpi L, et al. A prospective, case-control study on the lipid profile and the cardiovascular risk of menopausal women on oestrogen plus progestogen therapy in a northern Italy province. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2013;288:91–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Piérard-Franchimont C, Piérard GE. Post-menopausal aging of the sebaceous follicle. A comparison between women receiving hormone replacement therapy or not. Dermatology. 2002;204:17–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Thirion L, Piérard-Franchimont C, Arrese JE, Quatresooz P, Gaspard U, Piérard GE. The skin and menopause. Rev Med Liege. 2006;61:159–62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Quatresooz P, Piérard GE. Downgrading skin climacteric aging by hormone replacement therapy. Expert Rev Dermatol. 2007;2:373–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Piérard-Franchimont C, Cornil F, Dehavay J, Deleixhe-Mauhin F, Letot B, Piérard GE. Climacteric skin ageing of the face. A prospective longitudinal intent-to-treat trial on the effect of oral hormone replacement therapy. Maturitas. 1999;32:87–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Buster JE. Transdermal menopausal hormone therapy: delivery through skin changes the rules. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2010;11:1489–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Piérard GE, Letawe C, Dowlati A, Piérard-Franchimont C. Effect of hormone replacement therapy for menopause on the mechanical properties of skin. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995;43:662–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Piérard GE, Henry F, Piérard-Franchimont C. Comparative effect of short-term topical tretinoin and glycolic acid on mechanical properties of photodamaged facial skin in HRT-treated menopausal women. Maturitas. 1996;23:273–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Ryu HS, Joo YH, Kim SO, Park KC, Youn SW. Influence of age and regional differences on skin elasticity as measured by the Cutometer. Skin Res Technol. 2008;14:354–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Krueger N, Luebberding S, Oltmer M, Streker M, Kerscher M. Age-related changes in skin mechanical properties: a quantitative evaluation of 120 female subjects. Skin Res Technol. 2011;17:141–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Piérard GE. EEMCO guidance to the in vivo assessment of tensile functional properties of the skin. Part 1: relevance to the structures and ageing of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. Skin Pharmacol Phys. 1999;12:352–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Piérard GE, Hermanns-Lê T, Piérard-Franchimont C. Scleroderma: skin stiffness, assessment using the stress-strain relationship under progressive suction. Expert Opin Med Diag. 2013;7:119–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Rodriguez L, EEMCO Group. EEMCO guidance to the in vivo assessment of tensile functional properties of the skin. Part 2: instrumentation and test modes. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 2001;14:52–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Diridollou S, Black D, Lagarde JM, Gall Y, Berson M, Vabre V, et al. Sex- and site-dependent variations in the thickness and mechanical properties of human skin in vivo. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2000;22:421–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Piérard GE, Piérard S, Delvenne P, Piérard-Franchimont C. In vivo evaluation of the skin tensile strength by the suction method. Pilot study coping with hysteresis and creep extension. Int Scholarly Res Network Dermatol. 2013;2013:841217.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Malm M, Samman M, Serup J. In vivo skin elasticity of 22 anatomical sites. The vertical gradient of skin extensibility and implications in gravitational aging. Skin Res Technol. 1995;1:61–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Piérard GE, Henry F, Castelli D, Ries G. Ageing and rheological properties of facial skin in women. Gerontology. 1998;44:159–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Berardesca E, Gabba P, Farinelli N, Borroni G, Rabbiosi G. Skin extensibility time in women. Changes in relation to sex hormones. Acta Derm Venereol. 1989;69:431–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Dupuytren G. Traité théorique et pratique des blessures par armes de guerre. Bruxelles: Librairie Dumont; 1835. p. 1–66.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Malgaigne JF. Traité d’anatomie chirurgical et de chirurgie expérimentale. Paris: Librairie Baillère; 1838.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Langer K. Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Haut. III- Uber die Elasticität der Cutis. Sitzungsber Math CI Kaiserlich Acad Wiss. 1862;45:156.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Piérard GE, Nikkels-Tassoudji N, Piérard-Franchimont C. Influence of the test area on the mechanical properties of skin. Dermatology. 1995;191:9–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Piérard-Franchimont C, Letawe C, Goffin V, Piérard GE. Skin water-holding capacity and transdermal estrogen therapy for menopause. A pilot study. Maturitas. 1995;22:151–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Paquet F, Piérard-Franchimont C, Fumal I, Goffin V, Paye M, Piérard GE. Sensitive skin at menopause: dew point and electrometric properties of the stratum corneum. Maturitas. 1998;28:221–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Piérard GE, Hermanns-Lê T, Paquet P, Piérard-Franchimont C. Skin viscoelasticity during hormone replacement therapy for climacteric ageing. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2014;36(1):88–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Diridollou S, Patat F, Gens F, et al. In vivo model of the mechanical properties of the human skin under suction. Skin Res Technol. 2000;6:214–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Piérard GE, Piérard-Franchimont C, Vanderplaetsen S, Franchimont N, Gaspard U, Malaise M. Relationships between bone mass density and tensile strength of the skin in women. Eur J Clin Invest. 2001;31:731–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Piérard GE, Vanderplaetsen S, Piérard-Franchimont C. Comparative effect of hormone replacement therapy on bone mass density and skin tensile properties. Maturitas. 2001;40:221–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Thurston RC, Santoro N, Matthews KA. Adiposity and hot flashes in midlife women: a modifying role of age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:e1588–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Wend K, Wend P, Krum SA. Tissue-specific effects of loss of estrogen during menopause and aging. Front Endocrinol. 2012;3:19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Farage M, Miller KW, Zouboulis CC, Maibach H. Gender differences in skin aging and the changing profile of the sex hormones with age. J Steroid Hormonal Sci. 2012;2:1000109.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Quatresooz P, Piérard-Franchimont C, Gaspard U, Piérard GE. Skin climacteric aging and hormone replacement therapy. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2006;5:3–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Sator PG, Sator MO, Schmidt JB, Nahavandi H, Radakovic S, Huber JC, et al. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the influence of a hormone replacement therapy on skin aging in postmenopausal women. Climacteric. 2007;10:320–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Verdier-Sévrain S. Effect of estrogens on skin aging and the potential role of selective estrogen receptor modulators. Climacteric. 2007;10:289–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Castelo-Branco C, Figueras F, Martinez de Osaba MJ, Vanrell JA. Facial wrinkling in postmenopausal women effects of smoking status and hormone replacement therapy. Maturitas. 1998;20:75–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Hendriks FM, Brokken D, Oomens CW, Bader DL, Baaijens FP. The relative contributions of different skin layers to the mechanical behavior of human skin in vivo using suction experiments. Med Eng Phys. 2006;28:259–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Dealleau A, Josse G, Lagarde JM, Zahouani H, Bergheau JM. A non-linear elastic behavior to identify the mechanical parameters of human skin in vivo. Skin Res Technol. 2008;14:152–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Goh KL, Meakin JR, Aspden RM, Hukins DW. Stress transfer in collagen fibrils reinforcing connective tissues: effects of collagen fibril slenderness and relative stiffness. J Theor Biol. 2007;245:305–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Berardesca E, Gabba P, Farinelli N, Borroni G, Rabbiosi G. Skin extensibility time in women. Changes in relation to sex hormones. Acta Dermatol Venereol. 1989;69:431–3.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gérald E. Piérard MD, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Piérard, G.E., Hermanns-Lê, T., Piérard, S., Piérard-Franchimont, C. (2015). Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Skin Viscoelasticity During Climacteric Aging. In: Farage, M., Miller, K., Fugate Woods, N., Maibach, H. (eds) Skin, Mucosa and Menopause. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44080-3_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44080-3_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-44079-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-44080-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics