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The Similarity of Remedies for Wrongful Convictions

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Wrongful Convictions in China

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Abstract

In recent years, China and western countries have discovered numerous wrongful convictions. These discoveries have led them to reform the substantive and procedural rules in order to better protect human rights and ensure criminal justice. This article explores the similarities between the nature of wrongful convictions in China and each of major western countries, like the US, England and Wales, or Canada, as well as the reforms that have been carried out in each of these countries.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See Mark Tushnet, Weak Courts Strong Rights, 2008 (Princeton: Princeton University Press), 10–15.

  2. 2.

    See Brandon L. Garrett, Convicting the Innocent: Where Criminal Prosecutions Go Wrong, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011): 7–13; also see MIKE MCCONVILLE et al., CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN CHINA: AN EMPERICAL INQUIRY (2011), 339–341.

  3. 3.

    Wu Xiaofeng, An Analysis of Wrongful Convictions in China, 36 Okla. City U.L. Rev. 451 (2011).

  4. 4.

    Yue Ma, The Powers of the Police and the Rights of Suspects Under the Amended Criminal Procedure Law of China, 26 POLICING: INT'L J. POLICE STRATEGIES & MGMT. 490, 491 (2003).

  5. 5.

    See Torture and Betrayal in Bo’s Chongqing (December 12, 2012), http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2012/12/torture-and-betrayal-in-bos-chongqing/.

  6. 6.

    See Lissa Griffin, The Correction of Wrongful Convictions: A Comparative Perspective, American University International Law Review 16, no. 5 (2001): 1241–1308.

  7. 7.

    Lissa Griffin, The Correction of Wrongful Convictions: A Comparative Perspective, American University International Law Review 16, no. 5 (2001): 1251.

  8. 8.

    Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 302 (1967).

  9. 9.

    Vincy Fon & Hans-Bernd Schaefer, State Liability for Wrongful Conviction: Incentive Effects on Crime Levels, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, Vol. 163, No. 2, June 2007; See James S. Liebman, Jeffrey Fagan, and Valerie West (2000), A Broken System: Error Rates in Capital Cases, 1973–1995, available at: http://www2.law.columbia.edu/instructionalservices/liebman/index.html.

  10. 10.

    See Death Penalty Information Center, available at: http://www.initiative-gegen-die-todesstrafe.de.

  11. 11.

    See JAMES LIEBMAN, JEFFREY FAGAN & VALERIE WEST, A BROKEN SYSTEM, ERROR RATES IN CAPITAL CASES, 1973–1995 (2000); also see Ken Armstrong & Maurice Possley, Trial and Error: How Prosecutors Sacrifice Justice to Win, CHI. TRIB., Jan. 10, 1999, at C1.

  12. 12.

    See Stanley Z. Fisher, The Prosecutor's Ethical Duty to Seek Exculpatory Evidence in Police Hands: Lessons from England, 68 FORD. L. REV. 1379, 1400 (2000).

  13. 13.

    See ANTONIO LAMER, THE LAMER COMMISSION OF INQUIRY PERTAINING TO THE CASES OF: RONALD DALTON, GREGORY PARSONS AND RANDY DRUKEN 132 (2006), available at http://www.justice.gov.nl.ca/just/lamer/LamerReport.pdf [hereinafter THE LAMER INQUIRY].

  14. 14.

    Hualing Fu, Institutionalizing criminal Process in China, in Guanghua Yu (ed.), The Development of the Chinese Legal System: Change and Challenges, Routledge, 2011.

  15. 15.

    See Homicide Must Be Detected, The Insane Being Scapegoats? SOUTH (May 6, 2010), available at: http://view.news.qq.com/a/20100511/000014.htm.

  16. 16.

    SHE Xianglin was wrongly convicted of murdering his wife in 1994, and sentenced to death. On appeal his sentence was later commuted to 15 years. He was released from prison on April 13, 2005 after a retrial based on the new evidence that his wife had turned up alive. Mrs. SHE had run away from her marriage, and had married another man. SHE Xianglin was wrongly imprisoned for 11 years. Mr. SHE and several family members were awarded compensation of $55,500 (450,000 Yuan) for wrongs committed against Mr. SHE and those family members by authorities (Several family authorities were jailed for advocating SHE’s innocence. See Wrongly Convicted Database Record, She Xianglin (Zaiyu), available at: http://forejustice.org/db/Xianglin--Zaiyu---She.html.

  17. 17.

    Local PLCs are very powerful organizations responsible for political and legal affairs. Under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee, all of local Party committees establish respective PLCs to oversee legal enforcement authorities, including the police force. See Central Politics and Law Commission of the Communist Party of China, available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Politics_and_Law_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.

  18. 18.

    See Six Push Hands of the Misjudged Case of ZHAO Zuohai [Zhao Zuohai An De Liuda Tuishou], Tengxun Review[Tengxun Pinglun] (11 May 2011), available at: http://view.news.qq.com/zt/2010/zzh/index.htm.

  19. 19.

    See Nie Shubin—wrongly executed, Amnesty International (23 March 2008), available at: http://www.amnesty.org.au/china/comments/11243/.

  20. 20.

    See Woman allegedly ‘murdered’ reappears after ‘killer’ executed, (AsiaNews/Agencies, June 17, 2005), available at: http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Woman-allegedly-murdered-reappears-after-killer-executed-3527.html.

  21. 21.

    Comment [1] to Model Rule 3.8 states that the prosecutor is not simply “an advocate” but also a “minister of justice” who has “specific obligations to see that the defendant is accorded procedural justice and that guilt is decided upon the basis of sufficient evidence; also see Berger v. United States, 295 U.S. 78, 88 (1935).

  22. 22.

    See Maurice Possley, Exonerated by DNA, Guilty In Official’s Eyes, Chicago Tribune, May 28, 2007; also see Keith Findley, Proceedings of the Conference on New Perspectives on Brady and Other Disclosure Obligations: Whet Really Works: Report of the Working Groups on Best Practices, 1 Cardozo L. Rev. 1961, 1974–1975 (2010).

  23. 23.

    Lissa Griffin, The Correction of Wrongful Convictions: A Comparative Perspective, American University International Law Review 16, no. 5 (2001): 1266; See Yale Kamisar, Wayner. La Fave, & Jerold H. Israel, Modern Criminal Procedure 1230 (8th ed. 1994).

  24. 24.

    See e.g., Article 23 of the Prosecution of Offenses Act (1985); Articles 5(1) and 6(1) of the Code for Crown Prosecutors (1994).

  25. 25.

    Lissa Griffin, The Correction of Wrongful Convictions: A Comparative Perspective, American University International Law Review 16, no. 5 (2001): 1267; see e.g., United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 734–35 (1993) and; Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 637–38 (1993).

  26. 26.

    R. v. Mcllkenny, et al., 93 Cr. App. R. 287 (1991).

  27. 27.

    See Stanley Z. Fisher, The Prosecutor's Ethical Duty to Seek Exculpatory Evidence in Police Hands: Lessons from England, 68 FORD. L. REV. 1379, 1400 (2000).

  28. 28.

    R. v. Mills, [1999] 3 S.C.R. 668 (Can.).

  29. 29.

    See Kent Roach, Wrongful Convictions in Canada, 80 U. Cin. L. Rev. (2012), available at: http://scholarship.law.uc.edu/uclr/vol80/iss4/19.

  30. 30.

    Lissa Griffin, The Correction of Wrongful Convictions: A Comparative Perspective, American University International Law Review 16, no. 5 (2001): 1259.

  31. 31.

    It specifies both criminal liability and an imprisonment term of up to seven years for those enticing the accused to change their testimony contrary to established facts or to make a false claim.

  32. 32.

    See Albert W Alschuler (1979), Plea bargaining and its history, Colum L. Rev. V. 79 (1), 01/1979, pp. 1–43.

  33. 33.

    See David Greenwald, Wrongful Convictions and Plea Bargain: Why Innocent People Sometimes Plead Guilty to Crimes They Did Not Commit, (30 May 2012), available at: http://davisvanguard.org/index.php?option=com_content&id=5404:wrongful-convictions-and-plea-bargain-why-innocent-people-sometimes-plead-guilty-to-crimes-they-did-not-commit&Itemid=100.

  34. 34.

    See Michael McConville & Chester Mirsky, Criminal Defense of the Poor in New York City, 15 N.Y.U. REV. L. & SOC. CHANGE 758, 779 (1986–87).

  35. 35.

    Lissa Griffin, The Correction of Wrongful Convictions: A Comparative Perspective, American University International Law Review 16, no. 5 (2001): 1263.

  36. 36.

    See Stephen B. Bright, Counse1 for the Poor: The Death Sentence Not for the Worst Crime but for the Worst Lawyer, 103 YALE L. J. 1835, 1836 ( 1994); Dirk Johnson, Shoddy Defense by Lawyers Puts Innocents on Death Row, N.Y. TIMES, Feb. 5, 2000, at Al.

  37. 37.

    FRANKB ELLONI & JACQUELINEH ODGSON, CRIMINALIN JUSTICE (2000), 59.

  38. 38.

    See MIKE MCCONVILLE, JACQUELINE HODGSON, LEE BRIDGES & ANITA PAVLOVIC, STANDING ACCUSED: THE ORGANISATION AND PRACTICES OF CRIMINAL DEFENCE LAWYERS IN BRITAIN (1994), 210.

  39. 39.

    See Ibid, 159, 210.

  40. 40.

    R. v. G.D.B. 2000 SCC 22.

  41. 41.

    See Dale E. Ives, The ‘Canadian’ Approach to Ineffective Assistance of Counsel, 42 BRANDEIS L.J. 239 (2003).

  42. 42.

    See China improves laws to ban exacting of evidence through torture: white paper, Xinhua English (October 9, 2012), available at: http://english.sina.com/china/2012/1008/514196.html.

  43. 43.

    Article 36 of the 2012 CPL states that ‘[D]efence lawyers can provide legal aid for criminal suspects during investigation; represent petitions, complaints; apply for changing compulsory measures; to inquiry investigation organs about suspected crimes and the situation relevant to the case, as well as putting forward opinions.’

  44. 44.

    Randall Peerenboom, Out of the Pan and into the Fire: Well-intentioned but Misguided Recommendations to Eliminate All Forms of Administrative Detention in China, 98 Nw. U. L. REv. 991, 1094–96 (2004).

  45. 45.

    See Jennifer Smith and Michael Gompers, Realizing Justice: The Development of Fair Trial Rights in China, 2 CHINESE L. & POL’Y REv. 302 (2007); also see Henry R. Zheng, The Evolving Role of Lawyers and Legal Practice in China, 36 AM. J. COMP. L. 473, 473–74 (1988).

  46. 46.

    Wu Xiaofeng, An Analysis of Wrongful Convictions in China, 36 Okla. City U.L. Rev. 465 (2011).

  47. 47.

    Wu Xiaofeng, An Analysis of Wrongful Convictions in China, 36 Okla. City U.L. Rev. 451 (2011); see Margaret K. Lewis, Controlling Abuse to Maintain Control: The Exclusionary Rule in China, 43 N.Y.U. J. INT'L L. & POL. 665, 674 (2011).

  48. 48.

    Article 54 of the 2012 CPL states that ‘criminal suspects’ or defendants’ confession collected by torture and other illegal methods and witnesses’ testimony and victims’ statements under violence, threat and other illegal methods should be excluded. Material evidence and documentary evidence collected in conflict with statutory procedures, which may seriously affect the justice, should be corrected or explained in a reasonable way. Otherwise, such evidence should be excluded…’.

  49. 49.

    Article 43 of the 2012 CPL; Article 14 of the 2010 Exclusionary Rules.

  50. 50.

    See Stigall, Dan E. (2009), Counterterrorism and the Comparative Law of Investigative Detention. Amherst, NY: Cambria.

  51. 51.

    See Berghuis v. Thompkins, 560 U.S. (2010); Davis v. US, 131 S. Ct. 2419 (2011); Herring v. US, 555 U.S. 135 (2009); Hudson v. Michigan, 547 U.S. 586 (2006).

  52. 52.

    Lissa Griffin, The Correction of Wrongful Convictions: A Comparative Perspective, American University International Law Review 16, no. 5 (2001): 1263; See also JAMES LIEBMAN, JEFFREY FAGAN & VALERIE WEST, A BROKEN SYSTEM; ERROR RATES IN CAPITAL CASES, 1973–1995, (2000), at 265; Ken Armstrong and Maurice Possley, Trial and Error: How Prosecutors Sacrifice Justice to Win, CHI. TRIB., Jan. 10, 1999, at C1, p. 9.

  53. 53.

    See Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act, Code of Practice, 1996, paras. 3.1, 4.1, 5.1; also See Stanley Z. Fisher, Just the Facts, Ma'am: Lying and the Omission of Exculpatory Evidence in Police Reports, 28 NEW ENG. L. REv. 1, 52, 53 (1993).

  54. 54.

    Lissa Griffin, The Correction of Wrongful Convictions: A Comparative Perspective, American University International Law Review 16, no. 5 (2001): 1255.

  55. 55.

    Lissa Griffin, The Correction of Wrongful Convictions: A Comparative Perspective, American University International Law Review 16, no. 5 (2001): 1255; See United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 682 (1985); Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 434 (1995).

  56. 56.

    Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24 (1967); Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 764–65 (1946), United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 734–35(1993); Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 637–38 (1993).

  57. 57.

    Criminal Appeal Act, 1995, 23 (Eng.).

  58. 58.

    See ANDREW ASHWORTH, THE CRIMINAL PROCESS 3 (2d ed. 1998).

  59. 59.

    See R. v. James, 7 (C.A. July 31, 1998) (Smith Bernal Transcript), available at: http://www.casetrack.com.

  60. 60.

    See R. v. Such, 6 (C.A. December 4, 2000) (Smith Bernal Transcript), available at: http:www.casetrack.com.

  61. 61.

    For example, see STEPHEN T. GOUDGE, REPORT OF THE INQUIRY INTO PEDIATRIC FORENSIC PATHOLOGY (2008), 473–74.

  62. 62.

    See Kenneth Chasse, Junk Science by Way of a Higher Burden of Proof, 16 CAN. CRIM. L.Rev. 323; Nayha Acharya, Law’s Treatment of Science: From Idealization to Understanding, 36 Dal. L.J. 57 (2013).

  63. 63.

    See R. v. Mohan, [1994] 2 S.C.R. 9 at 19; R. v. L.-J., [2000] 2 S.C.R. 600.

  64. 64.

    See [2007] 1 S.C.R. 239.

  65. 65.

    [2007] 1 S.C.R. 239, 1.

  66. 66.

    Article 25(2) of the 2012 CPL.

  67. 67.

    Article 25(3) of the 2012 CPL.

  68. 68.

    Kent Roach, “Less Procedure, More Justice? A Comparison of Canadian and American Wrongful Convictions”, in C. Ronald Huff and Martin Killias (eds.), Wrongful Convictions and Miscarriages of Justice: Causes and Remedies in North American and European Criminal Justice Systems. New York: Routledge, 2013.

  69. 69.

    Daniel Medwed, “Up the River with No Procedure: Innocent Prisoners and Newly Discovered Non-DNA Evidence in State Courts”, 47 Arizona Law Review 2005, 655–718; Lissa Griffin, “Correcting Injustice: Studying How the United Kingdom and the United States Reviews Claims of Innocence”, 41 University of Toledo Law Review 2009: 134.

  70. 70.

    Brandon Garrett, “Claiming Innocence”, 92 Minnesota Law Review, 2008: 1671.

  71. 71.

    Kent Roach, “Less Procedure, More Justice? A Comparison of Canadian and American Wrongful Convictions”, in C. Ronald Huff and Martin Killias (eds.), Wrongful Convictions and Miscarriages of Justice: Causes and Remedies in North American and European Criminal Justice Systems. New York: Routledge, 2013.

  72. 72.

    Brandon L. Garrett, Convicting the Innocent: Where Criminal Prosecutions Go Wrong, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011): 194.

  73. 73.

    See Brandon L. Garrett, Convicting the Innocent: Where Criminal Prosecutions Go Wrong, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011): 184.

  74. 74.

    See Colin Starger, Death and Harmless Error: A Rhetorical Response to Judging Innocence, Colum. L. Rev. Sidebar1, February 23, 2008.

  75. 75.

    See Lissa Griffin, The Correction of Wrongful Convictions: A Comparative Perspective, American University International Law Review 16, no. 5 (2001): 1271.

  76. 76.

    Lissa Griffin, The Correction of Wrongful Convictions: A Comparative Perspective, American University International Law Review 16, no. 5 (2001): 1272; see, e.g., N.Y. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW 470. 35.

  77. 77.

    Herrera v. Collins 506 U.S. 390 (1993), 420.

  78. 78.

    See Brandon L. Garrett, Convicting the Innocent: Where Criminal Prosecutions Go Wrong, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011): 195.

  79. 79.

    Brandon Garrett, “Claiming Innocence”, 92 Minnesota Law Review, 2008: 1633.

  80. 80.

    Kent Roach, “Less Procedure, More Justice? A Comparison of Canadian and American Wrongful Convictions”, in C. Ronald Huff and Martin Killias (eds.), Wrongful Convictions and Miscarriages of Justice: Causes and Remedies in North American and European Criminal Justice Systems. New York: Routledge, 2013.

  81. 81.

    Schlup v. Delo 513 U.S. 298, O’Brien, 2009.

  82. 82.

    Lissa Griffin, The Correction of Wrongful Convictions: A Comparative Perspective, American University International Law Review 16, no. 5 (2001): 1273; see Fred C. Zacharias, Structuring the Ethics of Prosecutorial Trial Practice: Can Prosecutors Do Justice, 44 VAND. L. REv 45, 67 (1991).

  83. 83.

    Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 690 (1984).

  84. 84.

    United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 682 (1985).

  85. 85.

    Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 669 (1984).

  86. 86.

    Lissa Griffin, The Correction of Wrongful Convictions: A Comparative Perspective, American University International Law Review 16, no. 5 (2001): 1274.

  87. 87.

    Lissa Griffin, The Correction of Wrongful Convictions: A Comparative Perspective, American University International Law Review 16, no. 5 (2001):1274; See, e.g., Richard Klein, The Emperor Gideon Has No Clothes: The Empty Promise of the Constitutional Right to Effective Assistance of Counsel, 13 HASTINGS CONST. L.Q. 625 (1986); The Relationship of the Court and Defense Counsel: The Impact of Competent Representation and Proposals for Reform, 29 B.C. L. REV. 531 (1988); The Eleventh Commandment: Though Shalt Not be Compelled to Render the Ineffective Assistance of Counsel, 68 IND. L.J. 363 (1993); see also Bruce A. Green, Lethal Fiction: The Meaning of “Counsel” in the Sixth Amendment, 78 IOWA L. REV. 433 (1993).

  88. 88.

    Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 697 (1984).

  89. 89.

    Lissa Griffin, The Correction of Wrongful Convictions: A Comparative Perspective, American University International Law Review 16, no. 5 (2001): 1274; see, e.g., Burdine v. Johnson, 231 F.3d 959, 957 (5th Cir. 2000); see also, Martin C. Calhoun, Note and Comment, How to Thread the Needle: Toward a Checklist-Based Standard for Evaluating Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Claims, 7 GEO. L. J. 413, 425–32 (1988).

  90. 90.

    R. v. Cooper (1968) 53 Cr. App. R 82, 86.

  91. 91.

    Lord Justice Auld, Review of the Criminal Courts, Chapter 12, 73 (2001), available at: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.criminal-courts-review.org.uk/.

  92. 92.

    J.R. Spencer, Does Our Present Criminal Appeal System Make Sense? CRIM. L. REV. 684 (2006).

  93. 93.

    See Carole McCartney and Stephanie Roberts, Building Institutions to Address Miscarriages of Justice in England and Wales: “Mission Accomplished?”, 80 U. Cin. L. Rev. (2012), available at: http://scholarship.law.uc.edu/uclr/vol80/iss4/13.

  94. 94.

    LOUIS BLOM-COOPER, THE BIRMINGHAM SIX AND OTHER CASES: VICTIMS OF CIRCUMSTANCE 8–9 (1st ed. 1997).

  95. 95.

    Criminal Appeal Act, 1968, c. 19, § 23 (U.K.).

  96. 96.

    S. Roberts, The Royal Commission on Criminal Justice and Factual Innocence: Remedying Wrongful Convictions in the Court of Appeal, 1 JUST. J. 86 (2004).

  97. 97.

    Criminal Appeal Act, 1968, c. 19, § 23(2) (U.K.), as amended by Criminal Appeal Act, 1995, c. 35, § 4 (U.K.).

  98. 98.

    Paul J. Saguil, “Improving Wrongful Conviction Review: Lessons from a Comparative Analysis of Continental Criminal Procedure”, 45 Alta. L. Rev. 117, 2007–2008.

  99. 99.

    [1980] 1 S.C.R. 759 [Palmer].

  100. 100.

    Nova Scotia, Royal Commission on the Donald Marshall, Jr., Prosecution, Commissioner's Report Findings and Recommendations, vol. I (Halifax: McCurdy’s Printing and Typesetting, 1989), 116.

  101. 101.

    See Stinchcombe, [1991] 3 S.C.R. 326.

  102. 102.

    See R. v. Trocyhm, [2007] 1 S.C.R. 239, 240 (Can.).

  103. 103.

    Kent Roach, Wrongful Convictions: Adversarial and Inquisitorial Themes, N.C. J. INT’L L. & COM. REG, 2010, 426; See North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 38–39 (1970).

  104. 104.

    See “State Compensation Standards for Mental Injury Solatium Being Promulgated with the Minimum of No Less than RMB 1000” [guojia peichang jingshen sunhai fuweijin biaozhun chutai zuidi bu shaoyu yiqian], China Worker Net [zhonggong wang] (13 October 2014), http://job.workercn.cn/310/201410/13/141013144908037_3.shtml; also see China’s Supreme Procuratorate Increases State Compensation Standard, XINHUA (17 May 2013), available at: http://english.people.com.cn/90785/8249011.

  105. 105.

    Ira Belkin, “Chapter 3 China”, in Craig M. Bradley, Criminal Procedure: A Worldwide Study (2nd edition), Carolina Academic Press 2007, 106.

  106. 106.

    FED. R. CRIM. P. 33; see, e.g., N.Y.C.P.L.R. Article 44, (4402, 4404).

  107. 107.

    131 S. Ct. 2419 (2011).

  108. 108.

    In re Davis, No. CV409-130, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 87340, at 214 (S.D. Ga. Aug. 24, 2010).

  109. 109.

    See Michael Hill, “Seen but not Heard: An Argument for Granting Evidentiary Hearings to Weigh the Credibility of Recanted Testimony”, 46 Georgia Law Review 2011, 213–248.

  110. 110.

    Schlup v. Delo 513 U.S. 298 House v. Bell 547 U.S. 518.

  111. 111.

    Herrera v. Collins 506 U.S. 390 (1993); see in Re Davis 130 S.Ct. 1 at 1 (2009); also see Joshua Lott, “The End of Innocence? Federal Habeas Corpus Relief After In Re Davis”, 27 Georgia State University Law Review, 2011: 443–488.

  112. 112.

    See Brandon Garrett, “Claiming Innocence”, 92 Minnesota Law Review, 2008: 203.

  113. 113.

    See Kent Roach, “Less Procedure, More Justice? A Comparison of Canadian and American Wrongful Convictions”, in C. Ronald Huff and Martin Killias (eds.), Wrongful Convictions and Miscarriages of Justice: Causes and Remedies in North American and European Criminal Justice Systems. New York: Routledge, 2013.

  114. 114.

    See Keith Finlay, “Defining Innocence”, 74 Albany Law Review, 2011: 1157–1208; Jordan Barry, “Prosecuting the Exonerated: Actual Innocence and the Double Jeopardy Clause”, Stanford Law Review 2012.

  115. 115.

    Kent Roach, “Less Procedure, More Justice? A Comparison of Canadian and American Wrongful Convictions”, in C. Ronald Huff and Martin Killias (eds.), Wrongful Convictions and Miscarriages of Justice: Causes and Remedies in North American and European Criminal Justice Systems. New York: Routledge, 2013.

  116. 116.

    Keith Finlay, “Defining Innocence”, 74 Albany Law Review, 2011: 1157–1208.

  117. 117.

    Brandon Garrett, “Claiming Innocence”, 92 Minnesota Law Review, 2008: 1676–1680.

  118. 118.

    Kent Roach, “Less Procedure, More Justice? A Comparison of Canadian and American Wrongful Convictions”, in C. Ronald Huff and Martin Killias (eds.), Wrongful Convictions and Miscarriages of Justice: Causes and Remedies in North American and European Criminal Justice Systems. New York: Routledge, 2013.

  119. 119.

    Herrera v. Collins, 506 U.S. 390 (1989).

  120. 120.

    Isabel Kessler, A Comparative Analysis of Prosecution in Germany and the United Kingdom: Searching for Truth or Getting a Conviction?, in Wrongful Conviction: International Perspectives on Miscarriages of Justice (C. Ronald Huff and Martin Killias, 2008), 213–248.

  121. 121.

    Ibid.

  122. 122.

    Narissa Somji, “A Comparative Study of the Post-Conviction Review Process in Canada and the United Kingdom”, 2 The Criminal Law Quarterly 58 (2012), 145.

  123. 123.

    Section 13 of the Criminal Appeal Act 1995.

  124. 124.

    Kent Roach, Chapter 17: More Procedure and Concern about Innocence But Less Justice? A Comparison of Remedies for Wrongful Convictions in Canada and the United States, in C. Ronald Huff and ‎Martin Killias, Wrongful Conviction: International Perspectives on Miscarriages of Justice (Routledge, 2013), 2010; see R. v. G.2000; or R. v. A.J. 2011.

  125. 125.

    R. v. Stinchcombe, [1991] 3 S.C.R. 326.

  126. 126.

    See Kent Roach, Chapter 17: More Procedure and Concern about Innocence But Less Justice? A Comparison of Remedies for Wrongful Convictions in Canada and the United States, in C. Ronald Huff & ‎Martin Killias, Wrongful Conviction: International Perspectives on Miscarriages of Justice (Routledge, 2013), 2010.

  127. 127.

    Re Truscott 2007 ONCA 575 at para. 110.

  128. 128.

    Ibid.

  129. 129.

    Federal Provincial Guidelines—Compensation for Wrongfully Convicted and Imprisoned Prisoners, 1988.

  130. 130.

    Manfred Nowak, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.6 (March 26, 2006).

  131. 131.

    Article 242 of the 2012 CPL.

  132. 132.

    Manfred Nowak, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, E/CN.4/2006/6/Add.6 (March 26, 2006).

  133. 133.

    See United States of America v. Burns and Rafay [2001] 1 S.C.R. 283.

  134. 134.

    See Amnesty International, Death penalty statistics, country by country, (The Guardian), available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2011/mar/29/death-penalty-countries-world.

  135. 135.

    See Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972).

  136. 136.

    See Gregg v. Georgia 428 U.S. 153 (1976).

  137. 137.

    See Woodson v. North Carolina, 428 U.S. 280 (1976).

  138. 138.

    See Roberts v. Louisiana, 428 U.S. 153 (1976).

  139. 139.

    See Antonio Lamer, “The Lamer Commission of Inquiry Pertaining to the Cases of: Ronald Dalton, Gregory Parsons and Randy Druken 71–72 (2006)”, available at: http://www.justice.gov.nl.ca/just/lamer/LamerReport.pdf.

  140. 140.

    See The Lamer Inquiry, at 167–68.

  141. 141.

    See Hon. Michael Kirby, “Miscarriages of Justice—Our Lamentable Failure?”, 17 COMMONW. L. BULLETIN 1037, 1048 (1991).

  142. 142.

    Kent Roach, Wrongful Convictions: Adversarial and Inquisitorial Themes, N.C. J. INT’L L. & COM. REG, 2010, 426; also See North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 38–39 (1970).

  143. 143.

    see R. v. Trocyhm, [2007] 1 S.C.R. 239, 240 (Can.).

  144. 144.

    See, e.g., R. v. Paul Gray, [2003] E.W.C.A. Crim. 1001, P 16 (U.K.); also see R. v. Gardner, [2004] E.W.C.A. Crim. 1639, P 43 (U.K.); R. v. Atkins and Atkins, [2009] E.W.C.A. Crim. 1876, P 31 (U.K.).

  145. 145.

    Kent Roach, Wrongful Convictions: Adversarial and Inquisitorial Themes, N.C. J. INT’L L. & COM. REG, 2010, 432.

  146. 146.

    See Ibid., 433.

  147. 147.

    Tim Bakken, “Truth and Innocence Procedures to Free Innocent Persons: Beyond the Adversarial System”, 41 U. MICH. J.L. REFORM 547, 548 (2008).

  148. 148.

    Ibid.

  149. 149.

    Kent Roach, Wrongful Convictions: Adversarial and Inquisitorial Themes, N.C. J. INT’L L. & COM. REG, 2010, 434.

  150. 150.

    Kent Roach, “Less Procedure, More Justice? A Comparison of Canadian and American Wrongful Convictions”, in C. Ronald Huff and Martin Killias (eds.), Wrongful Convictions and Miscarriages of Justice: Causes and Remedies in North American and European Criminal Justice Systems. New York: Routledge, 2013.

  151. 151.

    See Tushnet Mark, Weak Courts Strong Rights (Princeton: Princeton University Press) 2008: 5–10.

  152. 152.

    Kent Roach, “Less Procedure, More Justice? A Comparison of Canadian and American Wrongful Convictions”, in C. Ronald Huff and Martin Killias (eds.), Wrongful Convictions and Miscarriages of Justice: Causes and Remedies in North American and European Criminal Justice Systems. New York: Routledge, 2013.

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    Na Jiang

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Jiang, N. (2016). The Similarity of Remedies for Wrongful Convictions. In: Wrongful Convictions in China. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46084-9_6

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