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Laserscanning

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Photogrammetrie und Fernerkundung

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Zusammenfassung

Laserscanning ist eine polare Messmethode, die Daten flächenhaft aufnimmt und auswertet, also eine „polare Photogrammetrie“. Laserscanning liefert Punktwolken für die Modellierung unserer Umgebung, z. B. die topographische Situation oder Kulturgüter. Die aktive Messmethode einschließlich der Laser-Bathymetrie zur Flussgrundvermessung werden beschrieben und die Aufnahmegeometrie im terrestrischen und luftgestützten Fall diskutiert. Die Orientierung und Kalibrierung der Sensoren wird sowohl auf Basis markanter Punkte als auch unter Ausnützung der gesamten vermessenen Flächen vorgestellt. Im letzten Abschnitt werden die Eigenschaften von Laserscanning-Punktwolken beschrieben und Methoden zur Gewinnung digitaler Geländemodelle aus Laserscanning erläutert.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Hier wird die Terminologie von Signal und Echo verwendet. Das Signal wird im Laserscanner erzeugt und gesendet, das Echo des Signals, bzw. die Echos zu einem Signal, im Sensor detektiert. Der Begriff Puls ist auch gebräuchlich, aber sowohl für das ausgesendete Signal als auch für die empfangenen Echos (erster Puls, letzter Puls). Um sicherzustellen, dass keine Verwechslungen auftreten, wird daher hier die Signal-Echo-Terminologie verwendet.

  2. 2.

    Dies ist nicht notwendiger Weise das einzige Konstruktionsprinzip. Auch zwei unabhängig drehende Spiegel können zur Strahlablenkung genutzt werden.

  3. 3.

    Eine noch stärkere Bündelung des Lasersignals ist bei der verwendeten kurzen Wellenlänge (532 nm) zwar technisch möglich, wird allerdings durch die erforderliche Einhaltung der Augensicherheit begrenzt. Die Hersteller geben diesbezüglich in den Sensorspezifikationen die Entfernungen an, ab denen das System mit dem freiem Auge oder bewaffnetem Auge ungefährlich ist (engl. Nominal Occular Hazard Distance, NOHD bzw. extended Nominal Occular Hazard Distance, eNOHD).

  4. 4.

    Die Datenerfassung erfolgt im ALS i. d. R. durch parallele, einander teilweise überlappende Längsstreifen. Querstreifen sind zur Stabilisierung des Flugblockes empfehlenswert und für hohe Genauigkeitsansprüche erforderlich.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department für Geodäsie und Geoinformation, Technische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich

    Norbert Pfeifer, Gottfried Mandlburger & Philipp Glira

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  1. Norbert Pfeifer
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  2. Gottfried Mandlburger
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Correspondence to Norbert Pfeifer .

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  1. Institut für Photogrammetrie und GeoInformation, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany

    Christian Heipke

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Pfeifer, N., Mandlburger, G., Glira, P. (2017). Laserscanning. In: Heipke, C. (eds) Photogrammetrie und Fernerkundung. Springer Reference Naturwissenschaften . Springer Spektrum, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47094-7_44

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